Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea, diarrhea, headache, cough, rash, and elevated liver enzymes.[5] Severe side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions.[5] Liver injury is, however, unusual.[8] Oral use during pregnancy is not typically recommended.[5] The cream and ointment may result in itchiness but are generally well tolerated.[1] Terbinafine is in the allylamines family of medications.[5] It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to synthesize ergosterol.[5] It appears to result in fungal cell death.[9]
As a cream or powder, it is used topically for superficial skin infections such as jock itch (tinea cruris), athlete's foot (tinea pedis), and other types of ringworm (tinea corporis).[13]
Tablets by mouth are often prescribed for the treatment of onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection, typically by a dermatophyte or Candida species. Fungal nail infections are located deep under the nail in the cuticle to which topically applied treatments are unable to penetrate in sufficient amounts. The tablets may, rarely, cause hepatotoxicity, so patients are warned of this and may be monitored with liver function tests. Alternatives to oral administration have been studied.[citation needed]
Many side effects and adverse drug reactions have been reported with oral terbinafine hydrochloride,[15][16] possibly due to its extensive biodistribution and the often extended durations involved in antifungal treatment (longer than two months). A comprehensive list of adverse events associated with terbinafine use includes:
Central nervous system or neurological problems: Headaches, dizziness, vertigo, light-headedness, decreased concentration levels, paraesthesia (pins and needles)
Sensory problems: Complete loss of taste (ageusia), decreased taste (hypogeusia) and distorted taste (dysgeusia), often involving a metallic taste sensation and dry mouth, visual disturbances including blurred vision, green vision and double vision. In extremely rare cases, the loss or impairment of taste is permanent [17]
Auditory system problems: Tinnitus and hearing loss have been reported in rare cases.[18] The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb and WHO's global VigiBase database both reported multiple cases of tinnitus and hearing loss associated with oral terbinafine use.[19]
Like other allylamines, terbinafine inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of squalene to lanosterol. In fungi, lanosterol is then converted to ergosterol; in humans, lanosterol becomes cholesterol. However, as fungi and animals diverged around 1.1 billion years ago - there is enough difference in this enzyme that terbinafine preferentially binds fungal squalene epoxidase, making it selective for inhibiting ergosterol production in fungi without significantly affecting cholesterol production in mammals. This is thought to fatally disrupt the fungal cell membrane.[citation needed]
Terbinafine is highly lipophilic and tends to accumulate in hair, skin, nails, and fat cells. This accumulation results in therapeutic levels of terbinafine even after 80 days following one week treatment of 250mg/day.
Terbinafine is produced by coupling of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne (tert-butylacetylene) with acrolein as a key step, followed by coupling of the product of that reaction, 6,6-dimethylhept-1-en-4-yn-3-ol, with N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethanamine.[20] Multiple patents and publication to alternate syntheses are available.
Terbinafine first became available in Europe in 1991 and in the United States in 1996. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the first generic versions of prescription Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) tablets. The remaining patent or exclusivity for Lamisil expired on June 30, 2007.
On September 28, 2007, the FDA stated that terbinafine is now approved for use by children age four and up. The antifungalgranules can be sprinkled on a child's food to treat scalp fungus.[21]
In the United States the price in 1999 was $547 for a 12-week course; this fell to $10 by 2015, after the patent had expired.[22]
Society and culture
Brand names
Terbinafine is sold in India as Terboderm by Omega Pharma and Tyza (Abbott Healthcare).[23]
Lamisil in Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh,[24] Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Egypt, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines,[25] Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela
Corbinal and Terbisil in Turkey, Pakistan, Undofen in Poland. Another alternate is Terbistad (Stada Arzneimittel).
As a generic oral medication, it is sold as Sebifin, Tinasil, Terbisil, Terbicor, and Tamsil in Australia, whilst the generic topical medication is sold there as SolvEasyTinea and Tamsil.[26][27]
It is also available as a generic medication in the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Switzerland, Brazil, Mexico, Canada and France.
In India, terbinafine hydrochloride is available in topical form under the brand names Triabin by Medley Pharmaceuticals, Sebifin (Sun Pharma), Zimig (GSK Pharma) and mycoCeaze (Progreś Laboratories). MycoVa, developed by Apricus Biosciences, is a topical nail solution of terbinafine and DDAIP, which has completed three phase-III studies for the treatment of onychomycosis.
Other names include Terbinaforce (Mankind Pharma) and Tafine (Deurali Janta Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd.) Turbo (Apex Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd) in Nepal.
The topical form is sold as Lamisil AT in the United States.
1 2 Organization WH (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06.
↑ Yan J, Wang X, Chen S (August 2014). "Systematic review of severe acute liver injury caused by terbinafine". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 36 (4): 679–683. doi:10.1007/s11096-014-9969-y. PMID24986266. S2CID12867807.
↑ "Terbinafine". www.drugbank.ca. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
↑ "Lamisil (terbinafine): Side Effects". Doublecheckmd.com. 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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