Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and itchiness. It may be used during pregnancy.[3] It works by blocking glucose uptake and oxidative phosphorylation by the worm.[4]
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and itchiness.[3] Rarely, dizziness, skin rash, drowsiness, perianal itching, or an unpleasant taste occur. For some of these reasons, praziquantel is a preferable and equally effective treatment for tapeworm infestation.[citation needed]
Of note, niclosamide kills the pork tapeworm in such a way that causes a multitude of viable eggs to be released and may result in cysticercosis. So, a purge should be given one or two hours after treatment. CNS cysticercosis is a life-threatening condition and may require brain surgery.[8][9]
Mechanism of action
Niclosamide inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm.[10]
Use as a pesticide
Niclosamide's metabolic effects are relevant to a wide ranges of organisms, and accordingly it has been applied as a control measure to organisms other than tapeworms. For example, it is an active ingredient in some formulations, such as Bayluscide, for killing lamprey larvae,[11][12] as a molluscide,[13] and as a general-purpose piscicide in aquaculture. Niclosamide has a short half-life in water in field conditions; this makes it valuable in ridding commercial fish ponds of unwanted fish; it loses its activity soon enough to permit restocking within a few days of eradicating the previous population.[13] Researchers have found that niclosamide is effective in killing invasive zebra mussels in cool freshwater aquatic environments.[14]
Medical research
Niclosamide is under investigation as a potential treatment for certain types of cancer,[15] bacterial infections,[16] and viral infections.[17][18]
In 2018, niclosamide was observed to be a potent activator of PTEN-induced kinase 1 in primary cortical neurons.[19]
It appears to show in-vitro antifungal effects against some forms of eumycetoma.[20]
↑ Lanusse CE, Alvarez LI, Sallovitz JM, Mottier ML, Sanchez Bruni SF (13 May 2013). "Antinematodal Drugs". In Riviere JE, Papich MG (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. John Wiley & Sons. p.1096. ISBN978-1-118-68590-7. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
↑ Boogaard MA (2003). "Chapter 6: Delivery Systems of Piscicides"(PDF). Integrated management techniques to control nonnative fishes. La Crosse, Wisconsin: US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. pp.39–50. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
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