Stachys

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Stachys
20130703Stachys sylvatica1.jpg
Stachys sylvatica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Lamioideae
Genus: Stachys
L. [1]
Type species
Stachys sylvatica
L.
Species

About 360; see text

Synonyms [2]
  • BetonicaL.
  • GaleopsisHill 1756 not L. 1753 nor Adans. 1763 nor Moench 1794
  • GaleopsisMoench 1794 not L. 1753 nor Adans. 1763 nor Moench 1794 nor Hill 1756
  • ZieteniaGled.
  • TrixagoHaller
  • BonamyaNeck.
  • EriostomumHoffmanns. & Link
  • TetrahitumHoffmanns. & Link
  • EriostemumSteud
  • OlisiaSpach
  • OrtostachysFourr.
  • TrixellaFourr.
  • AspasiaE.Mey. ex Pfeiff.
  • StachyusSt.-Lag.
  • LamiostachysKrestovsk.
  • Menitskia(Krestovsk.) Krestovsk.

Stachys is a genus of plants, one of the largest in the mint family Lamiaceae. [3] Estimates of the number of species vary from about 300, [3] to about 450. [4] Stachys is in the subfamily Lamioideae [3] and its type species is Stachys sylvatica . [5] The precise extent of the genus and its relationship to other genera in the subfamily are poorly known.

Contents

Range and naming

The distribution of the genus covers Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and North America. Common names include hedgenettle, [6] heal-all, self-heal, woundwort, betony, and lamb's ears. Wood betony, S. officinalis, was the most important medicinal herb to the Anglo-Saxons of early medieval England, and was used for many medicinal purposes from Ancient Roman times to the Early Modern period.

Stachys was named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753. [7] The name is derived from the Greek word σταχυς (stachys), meaning "an ear of grain", [8] and refers to the fact that the inflorescence is often a spike. The name woundwort derives from the past use of certain species in herbal medicine for the treatment of wounds.

Human uses

The Chinese artichoke or Crosne ( S. affinis ), is grown for its edible tuber. [4] Several species are cultivated as ornamentals. Woolly betony ( S. byzantina ) is a popular decorative garden plant. Wood betony ( S. officinalis ) was historically a highly valued medicinal plant.

Use by other species

Stachys species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the moths Coleophora auricella , C. lineolea , and C. wockeella , all recorded on S. officinalis. They are also widely used by the European wool carder bee (Anthidium manicatum), which scrape the hairs from the plant in order to use them for building their nests. [9]

Description

Stachys is a genus of shrubs and annual or perennial herbs. The stems vary from 50–300 cm (20–120 in) tall, with simple, opposite, triangular leaves, 1–14 cm (0.4–5.5 in) long with serrate margins. In most species, the leaves are softly hairy. The flowers are 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long, clustered in the axils of the leaves on the upper part of the stem. The corolla is 5-lobed with the top lobe forming a 'hood', varying from white to pink, purple, red or pale yellow.

Circumscription

The distinction between Stachys and other genera is unclear and has varied from one author to another. In 2002, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Stachys officinalis is not closely related to the rest of the genus. [10] This study also found six other genera to be embedded within Stachys as it is currently circumscribed. The embedded genera are Prasium, Phlomidoschema, Sideritis , Haplostachys, Phyllostegia , and Stenogyne.

Fossil record

Stachys pliocenica fossil seeds are known from Upper Miocene strata of Bulgaria and Pliocene strata of south-eastern Belarus. The fossil seeds are similar to the seeds of Stachys cretica . [11]

Diversity

Selected species include: [12]

Stachys tenuifolia var. hispida Stachys tenuifolia var. hispida.jpg
Stachys tenuifolia var. hispida
Stachys alpina Stachys alpina fontaine-des-carmes 55 080602 1.JPG
Stachys alpina
Stachys byzantina Stachys byzantina flowers.jpg
Stachys byzantina
Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae Stachys cooleyae 3949.JPG
Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae
Stachys palustris Stachys palustris 2005.07.03 12.12.10.jpg
Stachys palustris
Stachys sylvatica Stachys sylvatica - mets-noianoges.jpg
Stachys sylvatica

Formerly placed here

Related Research Articles

<i>Satureja</i> Genus of flowering plants

Satureja is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. It is native to North Africa, southern and southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. A few New World species were formerly included in Satureja, but they have all been moved to other genera. Several species are cultivated as culinary herbs called savory, and they have become established in the wild in a few places.

Betony is a common name for a plant which may refer to:

<i>Actephila</i> Genus of flowering plants

Actephila is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 1826. It is one of 8 genera in the tribe Poranthereae, and is most closely related to Leptopus. The name of the genus is derived from two Greek words, akte, "the seashore", and philos, "loving". It refers to a coastal habitat.

<i>Nauclea</i> Genus of trees

Nauclea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The species are evergreen trees or shrubs that are native to the paleotropics. The terminal vegetative buds are usually strongly flattened. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words naus, meaning "ship" and kleio, meaning "to close". It refers to the resemblance of the cells of the capsule to a ship's hull.

<i>Betonica</i> Genus of flowering plants

Betonica is a genus of the plants in the family Lamiaceae.

<i>Stachys byzantina</i> Species of flowering plant

Stachys byzantina, the lamb's-ear or woolly hedgenettle, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Armenia, Iran, and Turkey. It is cultivated throughout much of the temperate world as an ornamental plant, and is naturalised in some locations as an escapee from gardens. Plants are very often found under the synonym Stachys lanata or Stachys olympica.

<i>Betonica officinalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Betonica officinalis, commonly known as common hedgenettle, betony, purple betony, wood betony, bishopwort, or bishop's wort, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.

<i>Stachys palustris</i> Species of flowering plant

Stachys palustris, commonly known as marsh woundwort, clown's woundwort, clown's heal-all, marsh hedgenettle, or hedge-nettle, is an edible perennial grassland herb growing to 80 centimeters tall. It is native to parts of Eurasia but has been introduced to North America. The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.

Platycarpha is a genus of South African plants within the family Asteraceae.

Hedyotis (starviolet) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Many species of this genus such as Hedyotis biflora, H. corymbosa and H. diffusa are well known medicinal plants. Hedyotis is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and to islands of the northwest Pacific. It comprises about 115 species. The type species for the genus is Hedyotis fruticosa.

<i>Stagonomus venustissimus</i> Species of true bug

Stagonomus venustissimus, common name woundwort shieldbug, is a species of shieldbug belonging to the family Pentatomidae, subfamily Pentatominae.

<i>Coleophora lineolea</i> Species of moth

Coleophora lineolea is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in most of Europe.

<i>Stachys recta</i> Species of flowering plant

Stachys recta, commonly known as stiff hedgenettle or perennial yellow-woundwort, is herbaceous perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae.

<i>Stachys hispida</i> Species of flowering plant

Stachys hispida, commonly known as hispid hedgenettle, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is native to eastern North America, where it is found in Canada and the United States. Its natural habitat is in moist areas, such as alluvial banks, bottomland forests, and wet meadows.

<i>Stachys annua</i> Species of plant in the genus Stachys

Stachys annua, called the annual yellow woundwort, is a widespread species of flowering plant in the hedgenettle genus Stachys, native to Europe, the Middle East, and western Siberia, and introduced in Cyprus, eastern North America, and Amur Oblast and Primorsky Krai in far eastern Russia. It is a common plant in fields, road verges and waste places.

<i>Phyteuma betonicifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Phyteuma betonicifolium, common name betony-leaved rampion, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae.

References

  1. "Genus: Stachys L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
  2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. 1 2 3 Harley, R. M., et al. 2004. "Labiatae". pages 167–275. In: Kubitzki, K. (editor) and J. W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN   978-3-540-40593-1
  4. 1 2 Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.
  5. Stachys In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).
  6. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Stachys". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  7. Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. Species Plantarum 2:580. Laurentii Salvii. (see External Links below).
  8. Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN   978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see External links below).
  9. Eltz, Thomas; Küttner, Jennifer; Lunau, Klaus; Tollrian, Ralph (6 January 2015). "Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool-carder bees, with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00086 .
  10. Lindqvist, C. and V. A. Albert. 2002. Origin of the Hawaiian endemic mints within North American Stachys (Lamiaceae). American Journal of Botany 89(10), 1709–24.
  11. The Pliocene flora of Kholmech, south-eastern Belarus and its correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. Velichkevich and Ewa Zastawniak - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003
  12. "Stachys L." Plants Of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-31.