Burkini

Last updated

A woman wearing a burkini while swimming in the waves. Dance With Waves.jpg
A woman wearing a burkini while swimming in the waves.

A burkini (or burqini; portmanteau of burqa and bikini, though qualifying as neither of these garments) is a style of swimsuit for women. The suit covers the whole body except the face, the hands, and the feet, while being light enough for swimming. This type of swimwear was designed with the intention of creating swimwear for Muslims who observe hijab in this way. The amount of skin covered is about the same as the person wearing a full body wetsuit and a swimming cap. [1]

Contents

The burkini was originally designed in Australia by Aheda Zanetti. [2] Zanetti's company Ahiida owns the trademarks to the words burkini and burqini, but they are sometimes used as generic terms for similar forms of swimwear. [3]

In 2016, a number of French municipalities banned the wearing of burkinis, which sparked international controversy and accusations of Islamophobia. The resulting publicity caused a significant increase in sales, especially sales to non-Muslims and to survivors of skin cancer. Before then, Zanetti's company had sold about 700,000 burkinis worldwide. [2]

Creation of the burkini

A burkini displayed on a mannequin in a museum at the Chemical Heritage Foundation. The exhibit highlights the use of polyester and spandex to create elastic clothing. Burkini modesty swimsuit PROP 178 MG 2016 01.jpg
A burkini displayed on a mannequin in a museum at the Chemical Heritage Foundation. The exhibit highlights the use of polyester and spandex to create elastic clothing.

The burkini is not a traditional item of clothing. It was originally designed by Aheda Zanetti, a Muslim Australian. Zanetti has indicated that several experiences influenced her creation of the burkini. One was watching her niece play netball, wearing traditional Muslim clothing, including a headscarf. Zanetti recognized that there was a lack of sportswear for Muslim girls and women that would meet the needs of both modesty and physical activity, so she designed some culturally appropriate activewear clothing. Without clothing that they considered appropriate, women in the Muslim community were uncomfortable going to public pools and beaches. [4] Cultural restrictions on physical activity have been shown to have serious health implications for Muslim women. [5] [6] [7] Zanetti began to think about how to design Muslim-friendly sportswear. [4]

The creation of the burkini was also a response to the 2005 Cronulla riots in Sydney, Australia. On 4 December 2005, a small number of volunteer surf lifesavers were involved in an altercation with some young men of Middle Eastern descent. A verbal exchange escalated, resulting in a pushing match that became a fight. One of the lifeguards was badly hurt after falling and striking his head. [8] The following weekend, a racially incited mob of thousands of white Australians gathered and rioted at North Cronulla beach. Following the riots, Surf Life Saving Australia began an initiative to promote diversity and acceptance on Sydney's beaches by recruiting Muslim lifeguards. [9] [10] Muslim women were uncomfortable with the available swimwear. By 2007, Zanetti had designed a uniform to be worn by female Muslim lifeguards: a special yellow and red two-piece swimsuit that covered the head and body. [11] [4] [10] [2] [12]

Description

Zanetti's Sydney-based company Ahiida owns the trademarks to the words burqini and burkini, but the words have become generic terms for similar forms of modesty swimwear. [3] This type of suit covers the whole body except the face, the hands and the feet, whilst being light enough to enable swimming. [13]

Generally, a pair of straight-legged pants and a long-sleeved tunic tie together so that the tunic will not float up when the swimmer is in the water. A hood, or in some cases a hood and a swim cap, accommodate the wearer's hair and cover the neck, fitting closely around the face. [11] The hood may or may not be attached to the tunic. [14] The suit resembles a full-length wetsuit with a built-in hood, but is somewhat looser. [15] The suits are made of SPF50+ fabric, generally using a finely knit polyester swimsuit fabric rather than the heavier neoprene used for wetsuits. [11]

Depending on the manufacturer and model, a suit can consist of two to four pieces. Aheda Zanetti's original burkini consisted of two pieces: pants and a tunic with an attached hood. It was made from 100 percent polyester. [14] Ahiida now markets three types of burkini (modest fit, slim fit, and active fit) in a variety of colors. The active fit style is more snug than the others and uses a polyester-spandex blend fabric which is coated with Teflon to decrease water resistance. [11]

Other styles of "Islamic" swimwear include the brands Veilkini and MyCozzie. [16] The MyCozzie brand, based in Dubai but designed by Australian Jenny Nicholson, was not designed solely for Islamic women. The basic suit consists of two pieces, and has an optional hood. The material contains both lycra and polyester. [14] [17] In 2009, Zanetti criticized the MyCozzie suit, claiming that its use of lycra could make it heavier and that the optional hood could be unsafe, claims which Nicholson disputed. [14] The Veilkini brand offers skirted two piece suits in multiple styles, made of a spandex and polyester mix. [18]

Other companies that make body-covering suits include Splashgear (California), Acquagym (Brazil), Haşema (Turkey), Nike, and Speedo. Suits such as the Nike "Swift Suit" may be more body-hugging, designed to maximize hydrodynamics, rather than address issues of modesty. [11]

In addition to modesty, full-body swimsuits offer protection from the sun, and in some cases, enhanced athletic performance. They satisfy real needs for populations that include both Muslim and non-Muslim women. [11] : 26 

Modest dress

A women wearing Burkini at a Beach Burqini.jpg
A women wearing Burkini at a Beach

The design of the burkini is intended to be in accord with the hijab. [11] However, what constitutes proper attire for women is a matter of debate in Islamic tradition, and differs by country and community. Some moderate Muslims accept the burqini as meeting a commonly applied standard that requires a woman to cover all parts of her body except her hands and face (including covering her hair) when in mixed company. [11] : 28 

Others are concerned that stretchy or clinging fabric reveals the outline of the body. [19] More restrictive Muslims may also advocate that the head covering be long enough to cover the breasts, or that a skirt cover the hips. For similar reasons, pants are sometimes considered overly revealing. Hanafi scholars such as those at Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, reject full-body swimsuits as allowable wear in mixed company. [11] : 29–30 

An even stricter standard requires covering of the face except for the eyes, the niqab. [11] : 30  The most restrictive standard of dress involves covering the entire body with a burqa or chadaree which includes a screen over the face and eyes. [11] : 30  The burqa, which is not a swimsuit, provides much more cover than the burkini, although the two are sometimes confused by non-Muslims due to the similarity in names. The issue of women's dress is very much an issue of gendered gaze. In single-sex pools, where men are not allowed, the degree of women's cover is not considered a problem. [11] : 30 

"Muslim women are not the only women (or men) who would like some latitude, please, in their choices of swim (and other) attire. Not all people like to share the shape or sight of their body with others, particularly strangers." [11] : 28 

"I received my new burqini today... It may seem like such a small thing to some, but I had to fight back the tears today when I tried it on... finally, I can be Muslim and still do all the things I love, comfortably." [11] : 25 

As noted by professor of Dress Studies and Fashion Design Heather Marie Akou, arguments about the burkini (and other forms of female dress) are not just about a garment, but also about the symbolism, assumptions, and political implications projected onto it. [11] : 26  Discussions of feminism, immigration, and secularism bring forth widely differing views of the burqini and other modesty swimwear. The burqini can be seen as a personal clothing choice, an indicator of women's subjugation, an enabler of women's increased physical freedom, or a militant and fundamentalist religious symbol that challenges a secularist state. [11] : 31–34 

Users

Woman wearing a burkini while playing beach handball, where uniforms typically are bikini or similar adapted sports wear. XOKA5718s (15794821896).jpg
Woman wearing a burkini while playing beach handball, where uniforms typically are bikini or similar adapted sports wear.

In 2016, Zanetti estimated that 40% of her customer base has been non-Muslim. She stated: "We've sold to Jews, Hindus, Christians, Mormons, women with various body issues. We've had men asking for them, too." [10]

Notable non-Muslim wearers have included Nigella Lawson, who wore a burkini in Australia in 2011, not out of religious observance, but to protect her skin. [20] When introduced at Marks & Spencer stores in Britain in March 2016, burkinis sold out. [21]

For modesty

The burkini has also found popularity in Israel, both among Orthodox Jews and among Muslims, and is called either burkini or simply "modest swimwear". [22]

To avoid sun exposure

The burkini has also been adopted by cancer survivors and others who are at high risk of skin cancer. [23] [1] Like other types of sun protective clothing, people who wear burkinis may reduce their risk of skin cancer. [24]

In Asia, where light-colored complexions are fashionable, the burkini is used by women who want to be outside without tanning. [25] They may pair it with a facekini to avoid having a darker-skinned face. It has also been worn by celebrities to avoid sunburns or UV-induced skin damage, which can lead to premature skin aging. [25]

By country

France

In August 2009, a woman in France was prevented from swimming in a public pool wearing a burkini, amidst ongoing controversy about Muslim dress. The action was justified by reference to a law that forbids swimming in street clothes. [26] The controversy over the burkini in France may also be seen as reflecting broadly held French attitudes against religious expression in public. French law emphasizes the importance of creating a "religiously neutral arena" in which people are expected to appear similar, as well as being treated equally. In this, France differs significantly from countries such as the United States, which emphasizes individual freedom of choice about whether to express religious sentiments. [11] : 33 

In August 2016, the mayor of Cannes banned the swimsuits, claiming a possible link to Islamic extremism. [27] At least 20 other French towns, including Nice, subsequently joined the ban. [28] [29] Following this, dozens of women were issued fines, with some tickets citing not wearing "an outfit respecting good morals and secularism"; furthermore, some women were verbally attacked by bystanders when they were confronted by the police. [29] [30] [31] [32] Enforcement of the ban also hit beachgoers wearing a wide range of modest attire besides the burkini, such as an ordinary long-sleeved shirt and leggings worn over a typical swimsuit. [29] [32] The media reported that in one case, armed police forced a woman to remove the burkini she was wearing over her clothes on a beach in Nice. [30] [31] [32] The mayor of Nice's office denied that she was forced to do so, and the mayor condemned what he called the "unacceptable provocation" of wearing such clothes in the aftermath of the Nice terrorist attack. [29] [32] As of August 2016, the ban enacted by the commune of Villeneuve-Loubet has been suspended by France's highest administrative court, setting a potential precedent for further legal challenges. [33]

Reactions

The ban was supported by a number of French politicians, including the socialist prime minister Manuel Valls, who said: "The burkini is not a new range of swimwear, a fashion. It is the expression of a political project, a counter-society, based notably on the enslavement of women." [34] Some commentators in France criticized the bans, and reports of Muslim women being stopped by police for wearing headscarves and long-sleeved clothes on beaches caused outrage among members of the French Socialist Party and rights groups. [32] A poll showed that 64% of the French public supported the bans, while another 30% were indifferent. [35]

The bans and their enforcement prompted criticism and ridicule abroad, particularly in English-speaking countries. [29] [36] [37] A New York Times editorial called French politicians' "paternalistic pronouncements on the republic's duty to save Muslim women from enslavement" bigotry and hypocritical. [38] Liberal British Muslim activist Maajid Nawaz offered a critique of both the swimsuit and its ban: "Burkini is sad symbol of Islam today going backwards on gender issues. Banning it is sad symbol of liberalism today going backwards in reply." [39] Other Muslim commentators, particularly Muslim women, have argued that the burkini gives women who do not wish to expose their body for religious or other reasons the freedom to enjoy the beach. [36] [40] [41] [42]

Human Rights Watch also criticized the ban, stating that it "actually amounts to banning women from the beach, in the middle of the summer, just because they wish to cover their bodies in public. It's almost a form of collective punishment against Muslim women for the actions of others." [43]

Some drew parallels between the burkini ban and the French ban of the Catholic soutane some 111 years earlier after the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. [44]

Germany

In December 2018, the municipality of Koblenz, citing hygiene concerns, voted to ban the burkini in public swimming pools in 2018, with CDU, AfD and Freie Wähler councillors forming a majority for the decision. [45]

Protests were held against the decision gathering some 70 individuals from Central Council of Muslims in Germany, Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance 90/The Greens. [46] In June 2019, German courts overruled and lifted the ban citing violations to the German constitution's call for equality. [47]

In June 2018, a school in western Germany created controversy after it was found handing out burkinis to students who otherwise refused to attend swim classes. [48] Some argued that the school is sending a misogynistic message, including Julia Klöckner, a member of Angela Merkel's Christian Democratic party, who said the school creates a "misogynistic understanding in a place where children and teenagers are supposed to learn the opposite." [49] Others, including Franziska Giffey, the German minister of family affairs, support the school's decision saying, "the most important thing is the well-being of the children, and that means that all learn to swim." [48] The school has stated that burkinis were paid for by private donations. [49]

Morocco

In 2014 some private pools in Morocco's tourist hotspots prohibited the wearing of burkinis, citing "hygiene reasons", which also sparked political controversy. [50]

Switzerland

In December 2017, the Swiss city of Geneva passed a law requiring swimmers to wear swimsuits that do not go lower than the knee and keep the swimmer's arms bare, which would effectively ban not only burkinis but also the bodyskins used by elite swimmers, swim dresses, rash guards, wetsuits, and other styles of swimsuits. [51] They simultaneously banned topless swimming in the city pools. [51]

The ban refined a rule that went into force in September 2017, which required swimmers to wear "any clothing that is specifically used for swimming". [52] The September rule was prompted by young people swimming in public pools in street wear (e.g., ordinary T-shirts), which had caused concerns about hygiene. [51] The more restrictive ban sparked controversies among some, including Sami Kanaan, the city's socialist administrative advisor, who called the rule a "denial of an open, multicultural and liberal Geneva". [53] Before the ban, councillors were only aware of one person having ever worn a burkini to the city's pools. [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bikini</span> Two-piece swimwear

A bikini is a two-piece swimsuit primarily worn by women that features one piece on top that covers the breasts, and a second piece on the bottom: the front covering the pelvis but usually exposing the navel, and the back generally covering the intergluteal cleft and some or all of the buttocks. The size of the top and bottom can vary, from bikinis that offer full coverage of the breasts, pelvis, and buttocks, to more revealing designs with a thong or G-string bottom that covers only the mons pubis, but exposes the buttocks, and a top that covers only the areolae. Bikini bottoms covering about half the buttocks may be described as "Brazilian-cut".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming</span> Self propulsion of a person through water

Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, such as saltwater or freshwater environments, usually for recreation, sport, exercise, or survival. Swimmers achieve locomotion by coordinating limb and body movements to achieve hydrodynamic thrust that results in directional motion. Newborns can instinctively hold their breath underwater and exhibit rudimentary swimming movements as part of a survival reflex. Swimming requires endurance, skill, and efficient techniques to maximize speed and minimize energy consumption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimsuit</span> Clothing worn for swimming

A swimsuit is an item of clothing designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun-orientated activities, such as sun bathing. Different types may be worn by men, women, and children. A swimsuit can be described by various names, some of which are used only in particular locations or for particular types of suit, including swimwear, bathing suit, bathing attire, swimming costume, bathing costume, swimming suit, swimmers, swimming togs, bathers, cossie, or swimming trunks, besides others.

Speedo International Limited is an Australian-British distributor of swimwear and swim-related accessories based in Nottingham, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One-piece swimsuit</span> Swimwear worn mainly by women and girls

A one-piece swimsuit most commonly refers to swimwear worn primarily by women and girls when swimming in the sea or in a swimming pool, playing water polo, or for any activity in the sun, such as sun bathing. Today, the one-piece swimsuit is usually a skin-tight garment that covers the torso, although some designs expose the back or upper chest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toplessness</span> Having a womans torso exposed above the waist

Toplessness refers to the state in which a woman's breasts, including her areolas and nipples, are exposed, especially in a public place or in a visual medium. The male equivalent is known as barechestedness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Competitive swimwear</span> Swimsuit, clothing, equipment and accessories used in the aquatic competitive sports

Competitive swimwear refers to the swimsuit, clothing, equipment, and accessories used in the aquatic sports of swimming, diving, artistic swimming, triathlon, and water polo.

High-technology swimwear, or tech suits, are scientifically advanced materials used for swimwear in competitive water sports such as swimming and triathlon. Materials of this type are normally spandex and nylon composite fabrics with features to reduce drag against the water. The fabrics include features that increase the swimmer's glide through water and reduce the absorption of water by the suit as opposed to regular swimsuits. Additionally, the suits are extremely tight, which make the swimmers body more streamlined and help reduce the buildup of lactic acid in the body. Since 2010, high-tech swimsuits, specifically those offering significant performance-enhancing features and made from non-textile materials, have been banned in professional competitive swimming. This decision was made by FINA after the 2008 and 2009 swimming seasons, during which many world records were broken by swimmers wearing high-tech swimsuits, raising concerns about the impact of technology on the sport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic scarf controversy in France</span> Controversy over wearing of the hijab in France

In France, there is an ongoing social, political, and legal debate concerning the wearing of the hijab and other forms of Islamic coverings in public. The cultural framework of the controversy can be traced to France's history of colonization in North Africa, but escalated into a significant public debate in 1989 when three girls were suspended from school for refusing to remove their headscarves. That incident, referred to in France as l'affaire du foulard or l'affaire du voile, initially focused the controversy on the wearing of the hijab in French public schools. Because of the wide-ranging social debates caused by the controversy, l'affaire du foulard has been compared to the Dreyfus affair in its impact on French culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LZR Racer</span> Line of competition swimsuits

The LZR Racer is a line of competition swimsuits manufactured by Speedo using a high-technology swimwear fabric composed of woven elastane-nylon and polyurethane. The swimsuits are available in a full-body length; they compress the body and trap air for buoyancy. The LZR Pro and LZR Elite were launched on February 13, 2008; the higher-priced LZR Elite was replaced by the LZR Elite 2 in early 2014. The LZR X was launched in early 2015. The technology is patented in Italy, and protected worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swim briefs</span> Any briefs-style male swimsuit

A swim brief or racing brief is any briefs-style male swimsuit such as those worn in competitive swimming, diving and water polo. The popularity of the Australian Speedo brand racing brief has led to the use of its name in many countries around the world to refer to any racing brief, regardless of the maker. Occasionally, the speedo genericized trademark is applied to square cut swimsuits, but in general the generic term is used in reference to swimming briefs. Swim briefs are also referred to as competition briefs, swimming trunks, bathers, togs, racer bathers, posing briefs, racing briefs, and colloquially in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as budgie smugglers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bikini variants</span> Swimsuits based on or influenced by the bikini

Many stylistic variations of the bikini have been created. A regular bikini is a two-piece swimsuit that together covers the wearer's crotch, buttocks, and breasts. Some bikini designs cover larger portions of the wearer's body while other designs provide minimal coverage. Topless variants are still sometimes considered bikinis, although they are technically not a two-piece swimsuit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the bikini</span>

Evidence of bikini-style women's clothing has been found as early as 5600 BC, and the history of the bikini can be traced back to that era. Illustrations of women wearing bikini-like garments during competitive athletic events in the Roman era have been found in several locations, the most famous of which is at Villa Romana del Casale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming (sport)</span> Water-based sport

Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in pools or open water. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay. A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arena X-Glide</span> Swimsuit brand

Arena X-Glide is a swimsuit from the Arena brand, made of pure polyurethane that causes a swimmer to slide through water faster when swimming. One notable example of the efficacy of this suit design is that of Paul Biedermann of Germany who wore the suit in the 2009 World Championships, breaking two world records. The design of the suit covers basically the whole torso and the legs with the impermeable polyurethane, thereby exposing less skin to the water and improving the swimmer's buoyancy and streamlined shape. This significantly reduces the drag on the swimmer as they move through the water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Facekini</span> Mask designed for swimmers and beachgoers

The facekini is a mask designed for swimmers and beachgoers that covers the head and face, revealing only the eyes, nose, and mouth. The mask is made of stretchy fabric commonly used in bathing suits, and comes in different colors and patterns. They are often worn in combination with various sun protective clothing, such as body suits with long sleeves, sunglasses, visors, or umbrellas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of competitive swimwear</span>

The history of competitive swimwear has been dominated by concerns over public nudity in the first half of the 20th century and by efforts to reduce water drag in the second half. Those efforts initially led swimmers to reduce the early sagging one-piece swimsuits down to briefs only. With the development of new materials that tightly fit the body and offered lower resistance to water than human skin, this trend was reversed to a complete body coverage from heels to neck and wrists. FINA banned full-body suits from competition effective from 1 January 2010, stating that it "wishes to recall the main and core principle is that swimming is a sport essentially based on the physical performance of the athlete".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of swimwear</span>

The history of swimwear traces the changes in the styles of men's and women's swimwear over time and between cultures, and touches on the social, religious and legal attitudes to swimming and swimwear.

Aheda Zanetti is a Lebanese-born Australian fashion designer for Muslim women.

A swimming dress, also known as a swim dress, is a modern dress worn by women while swimming, that preserves traditional religious definitions of modesty. Swimming dresses are popular among Christians belonging to the conservative holiness movement, Orthodox Jews and many Muslims; many wearers of swimming dresses, such as the Methodists of the conservative holiness movement, believe that modern popular practice of the wearing of trousers by women blurs the distinction between men and women, while others, such as adherent Muslims teach that pants should not be worn by women as they reveal the contour of the legs that should be hidden to maintain modesty. Swimming dresses have sleeves that usually go beyond the elbows as well as hemlines that extend beyond the knees for the purpose of maintaining traditional religious definitions of modesty. In Israel, they are known as Schwimmkleid. In recent years, the demand for modest clothing has risen, which may be due to the growth of religious traditions such as Apostolic Pentecostalism. This has led to a greater interest in swimming dresses.

References

  1. 1 2 Noman, Natasha. "The inventor of the burkini says nearly half of her customers are not actually Muslim". Mic.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Taylor, Adam (19 August 2016). "The surprising Australian origin story of the burkini". The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Has burqini become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 Zanetti, Aheda (24 August 2016). "I created the burkini to give women freedom, not to take it away". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  5. ↑ Kaaki, Lisa (17 June 2010). "Yasmin Altwaijri: Mother, wife and scientist". Arab News. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  6. ↑ "Project Principle Investigators". Saudi National Health and Stress Survey. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Zafar, Rahilla (24 December 2014). "Yasmin Altwaijri: A Saudi Scientist Tackles Mental Health and Obesity". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  8. ↑ "Burkini Altercation" (PDF). abc.net.au. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  9. ↑ Farrell, Paul (8 December 2015). "How Cronulla's summer of simmering tension boiled over into race riots". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 Adam Taylor (24 August 2016). "7 uncomfortable facts about France's burkini controversy". Washington Post.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Akou, Heather Marie (18 November 2013). "A Brief History of the Burqini". Dress. 39 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1179/0361211213Z.0000000009. S2CID   218667980.
  12. ↑ "Why do some people find the burkini offensive?", BBC, 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  13. ↑ Taylor, Adam (17 August 2006). "The surprising Australian origin story of the 'burkini'". Washington Post.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Chandab, Taghred (30 August 2009). "Itsy bitsy teeny weeny burqini design battle". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  15. ↑ Taylor, Rob (17 January 2007). "Not so teenie burqini brings beach shift". Reuters . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  16. ↑ Ali Khan, Ujala (2 June 2014). "Desi girl: Most desis don't swim but they do love to be by the seaside". The National. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  17. ↑ Belleza, Irish Eden (31 August 2009). "Filling void in modest swimwear". Gulf News General.
  18. ↑ "Veilkini". Veilkini.com. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  19. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Laura (19 July 2007). "The New Swimsuit Issue". Splashgear. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  20. ↑ Jones, Lucy (19 April 2011). "Nigella Lawson's burkini: can you blame her? by Lucy Jones at telegraph.co.uk/". Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  21. ↑ Rodionova, Zlata (23 August 2016). "Marks & Spencer burkini collection sells out". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "אופנת בגדי הים החדשה במגזר החרדי (In Hebrew)". Haaretz. 11 August 2012.
  23. ↑ "France's Burkini Ban Backfires: Non-Muslim Women Suit Up". The Hollywood Reporter. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  24. ↑ "'Burkini' could save lives through skin cancer protection - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  25. 1 2 Khan, Aina (1 July 2019). "Fan of Modest Swimwear? These are the Brands That You Need to Know About". Vogue Arabia. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "French pool bans 'burkini' swim". 12 August 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  27. ↑ "Cannes bans burkinis over suspected link to radical Islamism". BBC News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "Nice joins growing list of French towns to ban burqini". The Local.fr. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 ALISSA J. RUBIN (24 August 2016). "French 'Burkini' Bans Provoke Backlash as Armed Police Confront Beachgoers". The New York Times.
  30. 1 2 Harry Cockburn (24 August 2016). "Burkini ban: Armed police force woman to remove her clothing on Nice beach". The Independent.
  31. 1 2 Ben Quinn (23 August 2016). "French police make woman remove clothing on Nice beach following burkini ban". The Guardian.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 Angelique Chrisafis (24 August 2016). "French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at Nice beach". The Guardian.
  33. ↑ "France burkini: Highest court suspends ban". BBC. 26 August 2016.
  34. ↑ Kroet, Cynthia (17 August 2016). "Manuel Valls: Burkini "not compatible" with French values". Politico Europe .
  35. ↑ "France 'burkini ban': Court to rule on beach fines". BBC. 25 August 2016.
  36. 1 2 "Critics say France's ban on beach burkinis absurd, illogical, raises questions over French way of integration". AFP/The Straits Times. 20 August 2016.
  37. ↑ "Burkini bans cause ripples in France, consternation abroad". AFP/Bangkok Post. 18 August 2016.
  38. ↑ Editorial Board (18 August 2016). "France's Burkini Bigotry". The New York Times .
  39. ↑ "maajid nawaz on Twitter". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020.
  40. ↑ "'It's about freedom': Ban boosts burkini sales 'by 200%'". BBC. 24 August 2016.
  41. ↑ Ritu Upadhyay (24 August 2016). "French burkini ban puzzles, upsets Muslim fashion designers". Los Angeles Times.
  42. ↑ "Cannes "burkini" ban: What do Muslim women think?". BBC. 13 August 2016.
  43. ↑ Jeannerod, Bénédicte (25 August 2016). "France's Shameful and Absurd Burkini Ban". Human Rights Watch.
  44. ↑ Chassany, Anne-Sylvaine (15 September 2016). "France: Islam and the secular state". Financial Times. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  45. ↑ "Burkini-Verbot in Koblenzer Bädern: Beschluss stößt auf Kritik". www.rhein-zeitung.de (in German). 17 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  46. ↑ Aktuell, S. W. R. "Demonstration gegen Burkini-Verbot". swr.online (in German). Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  47. ↑ "German court lifts city's ban on burkini swimsuits". New York Post. 14 June 2019.
  48. 1 2 "Germany burkinis: Minister says garments should be allowed in schools". BBC News. 25 June 2018.
  49. 1 2 "German politicians row over use of burkinis in school swimming lessons". The Telegraph. 25 June 2018.
  50. ↑ "No Burkinis! Morocco hotels ban 'halal' suit". Al Arabiya News. 26 August 2014.
  51. 1 2 3 4 "Geneva Bans Burkini and Topless Bathing in City's Swimming Pools". The Local. 7 December 2017.
  52. ↑ "Burkini ban: Geneva says women must bare arms and legs". MSN News. 11 December 2017.
  53. ↑ "Burkini ban: Geneva says women must bare arms and legs". Independent. 11 December 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.