Slim-fit pants

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Codyskylarjanes.jpg
A man in the emo fashion wearing skinny jeans in 2009.

Slim-fit pants or skinny jeans (when made of denim) are tight trousers that have a snug fit through the legs and end in a small leg opening that can be anywhere from 9" to 20" in circumference, depending on size. [1] Other names for this style include drainpipes, stovepipes, tight pants, cigarette pants, pencil pants, skinny pants, gas pipes, skinnies, and tight jeans.

Contents

Skinny pants taper completely at the bottom of the leg, whereas drainpipes are skinny but then the lower leg is straight instead of tapering and so they are often slightly baggier at the bottom of the leg than skinny jeans. In some very skinny styles, zippers are needed at the bottom of the leg to facilitate pulling them over the feet because the leg opening is so small. Stretch denim, with anywhere from 2% to 4% spandex, may be used to allow jeans to have a "super-slim fit". Skinny jeans come in a variety of colors and styles. [2]

History

Origins

Tight-fitting breeches, as worn during the 17th and 18th centuries as part of the three piece suit French mens suit 1765 LACMA.jpg
Tight-fitting breeches, as worn during the 17th and 18th centuries as part of the three piece suit

Before the 18th century, European men wore breeches and hose. In Tudor times, these breeches were loose-fitting, but by the 1660s, tight breeches were fashionable. These were popularised by Frenchmen at the court of Louis XIII, as part of the three piece suit that also included a type of frock coat called a Justacorps, a tricorne hat, a powdered wig, and a long waistcoat. During the Restoration era, the tighter breeches were introduced to England, and the rest of Europe, because the cut was deemed more flattering to the leg. [3]

From the 16th until the 19th century, the Mughlai nobility attired themselves in tight-fitting churidars which were worn tied below the knee. These trousers, and other elements of traditional clothing like the shalwar kameez, were often worn by Englishmen working in India, especially officers of the East India Company. [4]

The early 19th century

Regency era dandy wearing tailcoat and tight-fitting pantaloons Eugene Delacroix - Louis-Auguste Schwiter.jpg
Regency era dandy wearing tailcoat and tight-fitting pantaloons

Tight-fitting trousers were fashionable from 1805 until 1850, being descended from the loose work trousers worn as a political statement by Sans-Culottes during the French Revolution. [5] These "pantaloons," popularised by Regency era Englishmen such as Beau Brummel, were worn high on the waist and tailored to accentuate the leg like the breeches previously fashionable among the upper class. [6] Pantaloons were tied (or buttoned) around the ankle and commonly put into boots.

Decline, 1890–1940

Pants, which had come to mean tight-fitting trousers, but now just a synonym, fitted more loosely from the 1840s onwards as mass-production replaced tailoring. Beginning in the Edwardian era and continuing into the 1920s, baggy "Oxford" or "collegiate" trousers and plus fours were fashionable among the younger generation. As the name suggests, Oxford bags originated at the UK's elite universities, where young upper class men pursued an active, sports-centred lifestyle. [7]

1950s

Elvis Presley wearing drainpipe jeans. In the 1950s; the waist was higher than on modern skinny jeans. Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg
Elvis Presley wearing drainpipe jeans. In the 1950s; the waist was higher than on modern skinny jeans.

Drainpipe trousers re-emerged in the 1950s, with popular Western stars such as the singing cowboy Roy Rogers, The Lone Ranger, The Cisco Kid, Zorro and Gene Autry and actresses Marilyn Monroe and Sandra Dee wearing their pants very slim to the ankle from 1955 onwards. [8] Tapered jeans became most notable with country music stars and with the birth of rock and roll in the 1950s, when Elvis Presley donned slim-fitting jeans and shocked the country.

1960s

In the early 1960s, drainpipes were worn by numerous rock bands and musicians, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan. Fashion icon Audrey Hepburn also raised the popularity of drainpipe jeans. Slim fitting pants and jeans were worn not just by members of the teenage Mod or greaser subculture but also ordinary people. By 1962, Sears were selling tight jeans made from "stretch" denim that incorporated elastane. [9] The trend lasted until the end of the 1960s when "hippie" culture gave rise to flared pants and bell bottom jeans.

1970s

In the early 1970s, glam rock and rockabilly bands reviving the Teddy Boy look popularised drainpipe jeans in contrast to the flared trousers worn by hippies. Red tartan drainpipe jeans (as they were then called) were popular in the punk subculture of the late 1970s, and were worn by many bands and scene leaders such as Ramones, The Clash and Sex Pistols.

1980s

1980s glam metal band Poison wearing stonewashed drainpipe jeans Poison.JPG
1980s glam metal band Poison wearing stonewashed drainpipe jeans

Skin-tight acid-washed jeans were also popular in the 1980s with most heavy metal bands, and in particular those in the thrash metal scene, such as Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica and Slayer. This was the trend for those who did not wear spandex, which was popular with the dominant heavy metal scene at the time. They were often worn with white high-top sneakers or basketball shoes like Converse. By the late 1980s, drainpipe pants were largely superseded by straight leg jeans like Levi 501s, but remained popular among fans of hard rock until the 1990s. Tight-fitting jeans were also worn by pop stars like Michael Jackson and Freddie Mercury. The 1980s also saw the revival of "stretch jeans," pioneered and popularized in the United States by Steven Kohn and Sal Parasuco.

1990s

By the early 1990s, many glam metal bands such as Poison, Mötley Crüe, Kiss, Bon Jovi, and Slaughter, abandoned spandex and wore form fitted jeans. Tight jeans were also worn by members of the casual subculture from the late 80s until the mid 90s, including Ewan McGregor in Trainspotting . [10] However, with the rise of grunge and hip-hop music in the mid 1990s and the post thrash movement, drainpipe jeans quickly went out of fashion in favor of baggy carpenter jeans, as worn by hip-hop/rap acts such as Kris Kross, Another Bad Creation, and Snoop Dogg. Flared jeans also made a comeback from the mid-1990s onward, furthering the move away from the drainpipe styles.

2000s

Scene kids wearing skinny jeans, late-2000s Scene kids2.jpg
Scene kids wearing skinny jeans, late-2000s

The 2000s saw the continued rejection of slim-fitting pants and jeans throughout the early and middle years in mainstream fashion. However, in 2005, fitted pants were reintroduced to the mainstream market for women. This new style of pants was called "skinny jeans". During its first year, skinny jeans were only sold online, and they were not available in stores. Initially, they were not well received by the public, though there were some early adopters. In 2006 It Was Still Starting To Grow Gradually Slowly In The World, and by this time skinny jeans were being sold at shopping malls. [11] Until 2008 many fashions like low-rise pants, Bell Bottom Pants for women and wide pants for men were still in fashion, while skinny jeans were still gradually growing in popularity. [12] Men's skinny jeans were introduced in the late 2000s, and became the norm by 2009, For Men and Women. [13] [14]

2010s and 2020s

Skinny jeans for men, street style in Strasbourg, France, October 2013 Skinny jeans street style a Strasbourg octobre 2013.jpg
Skinny jeans for men, street style in Strasbourg, France, October 2013

Skinny jeans first spread to men's fashion in 2009. [15] This has continued into the 2010s, entering the mainstream fashion in 2011. They eventually became one of the decade's defining fashion pieces for both men and women. Many men expanded their wardrobe to include tight-fitting chino trousers coming with variety of colors, but often in khaki, brown or white. [16] [17] Women's skinny jeans also came in various colors, often neutral colors like khaki and white. Starting in the mid-2010s, high-waisted women’s skinny jeans became stylish.[ citation needed ]

In the mid to late 2010s, skinny jeans peaked in popularity. Starting in the late 2010s, straight legged jeans would increase in popularity and lead to a steady decline in skinny jeans popularity. Stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated a trend toward more comfortable, loose-fitting clothing and athleisure apparel. [18]

Medical problems

Victorian doctors theorised that tight trousers caused an outbreak of apoplexy in New York. However, the veracity of this claim is questionable, given the often speculative nature of early modern medicine. [19]

In modern times, some physicians believe tight trousers may cause numbness due to compression of nerves. For example, this may affect the outer thigh in the condition meralgia paraesthetica. [20]

A recent study by Korean doctors suggests that skinny jeans can cause varicose veins. [21] Among men, tight trousers may also cause dyspermia due to overheating of the testes. [22]

A study in 2015 documented the case of skinny jeans causing rhabdomyolysis, bilateral peroneal and tibial neuropathies. [23]

Bans and violence

Some opposers of skinny or tight pants believe that they are immoral, immodest, overtly sexual, or a threat to local traditions. [24] In conservative regions of the Southern United States and some other western countries, like Russia, it was often linked to homosexuality as of the 2000s. [25]

A number of schools around the world have banned students from wearing overly slim pants like "skinny jeans". [26] [27] In the United States, the ban in Brigham Young University–Idaho caught the attention of mainstream media in 2011; the ban was lifted in that college the same year. [28] In one case, a student was banned from taking an exam for wearing skinny jeans. [29] In India some colleges have advised against or prohibited tight pants for female students, citing their own safety. [30] In Tanzania it was reported a female parliament member was asked to leave the parliament for wearing "skin-tight pants", with the parliament speaker calling it 'non-parliamentary attire'. [31] There have also been reported incidents in the world of court defendants being turned away for wearing such "unappropriate" slim pants. [32] Female police officers in Mexico have reported becoming victims of sexism for outfits which included tight pants. [33]

In the 2010s, several religious fundamentalist governments, especially radical Islamists, disapproved of tight trousers. In Saudi Arabia, the police were reportedly instructed to arrest teenagers who dress this way because the tight jeans are seen as un-Islamic and, when worn by men, a sign of homosexuality. [34] In the Gaza strip, Palestinian youths caught wearing skinny jeans have been arrested and beaten by the Hamas police. [35] Incidents of wearers being imprisoned or fined have been reported in places including Sudan [36] and in territories that were controlled by ISIL in 2015. [37] In Israel, a number of Rabbis signed a decree prohibiting devout Jewish men from wearing tight pants. [38] [39]

Some people wearing them have been met with violence, such as in 2012 when unknown individuals murdered between twelve and one hundred people in Iraq—among them were "emos" of both sexes wearing tight clothes and emo hairstyles. [40] There has also been a case in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where security officers attacked a number of women who were wearing tight pants. [41]

Since the Cold War, many Communist dictatorships have disapproved of skinny jeans. In Russia, they were associated with anticommunist juvenile delinquents like the Stilyagi beatniks during the 1950s or the so-called "hairies" during the 1960s. In Cuba during the late 2010s and early 2020s, law enforcement have used tight pants as a marker for male homosexuality in the context of arresting. [42] In May 2021, North Korea banned "skinny jeans" and a number of other fashion items for its citizens, citing it as "capitalistic". [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeans</span> Pants/trousers made from denim or dungaree cloth

Jeans are a type of trousers made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term "jeans" refers to a particular style of trousers, called "blue jeans", with the addition of copper pocket rivets added by Jacob W. Davis in 1871 and patented by Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873. Prior to the patent, the term "blue jeans" had been long in use for various garments, constructed from blue-colored denim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tights</span> Heavy, opaque stockings woven in one with panties

Tights are a kind of cloth garment, most often sheathing the body from the waist to the toe tips with a tight fit, hence the name. They come in absolute opaque, opaque, sheer and fishnet styles — or a combination, such as the original concept of the American term pantyhose with sheer legs and opaque panty. A variant, toe tights, are tights with individual toes, in the same way toe socks are socks with individual toes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell-bottoms</span> Trousers cut wider at the ankle than the knees

Bell-bottoms are a style of trousers that become wider from the knees downward, forming a bell-like shape of the trouser leg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leggings</span> Several types of leg coverings

Leggings are several types of leg attire that have varied through the years. Modern usage from the 1960s onwards has come to refer to elastic close-fitting high-rise garments worn over the legs typically by women, such as leg warmers or tights. Usage from the 18th century refers to men's wear usually made of cloth or leather that is wrapped around the leg down to the ankle. In the 19th century, leggings usually referred to infants' leg clothing that were matched with a jacket, as well as leg-wrappings made of leather or wool and worn by soldiers and trappers. Leggings prominently returned to women's fashion in the 1960s, drawing from the form-fitting clothing of dancers. With the widespread adoption of the synthetic fibre Lycra and the rise in popularity of aerobics, leggings came to further prominence in the 1970s and 1980s, and eventually made their way into streetwear. Leggings are a part of the late 2010s into the 2020s athleisure fashion trend of wearing activewear outside sporting activities and in casual settings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breeches</span> Clothing with coverings for each leg

Breeches are an article of clothing covering the body from the waist down, with separate coverings for each leg, usually stopping just below the knee, though in some cases reaching to the ankles. Formerly a standard item of Western men's clothing, they had fallen out of use by the mid-19th century in favour of trousers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culottes</span> Womans split skirt; earlier, breeches or knickers

Culottes are an item of clothing worn on the lower half of the body. The term can refer to either split skirts, historical men's breeches, or women's underpants; this is an example of fashion-industry words taken from designs across history, languages and cultures, then being used to describe different garments, often creating confusion among historians and readers. The French word culotte is panties, pants, knickers, trousers, shorts, or (historically) breeches; derived from the French word culot, meaning the lower half of a thing, the lower garment in this case.

Wide-leg jeans, colloquially called baggy pants, are a style of clothing popular from the early 1980s to the 2000s, and also during a revival in the 2020s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990s in fashion</span> Costume and fashion of the 1990s

Fashion in the 1990s was defined by a return to minimalist fashion, in contrast to the more elaborate and flashy trends of the 1980s. One notable shift was the mainstream adoption of tattoos, body piercings aside from ear piercing and, to a much lesser extent, other forms of body modification such as branding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jodhpurs</span> Full-hipped riding trousers

Jodhpurs, in their modern form, are tight-fitting trousers to the ankle, where they end in a snug cuff, and are worn primarily for horse riding. The term is also used as slang for a type of short riding boot, also called a paddock boot or a jodhpur boot, because they are worn with jodhpurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1980s in fashion</span> Costume and fashion in the 1980s

Fashion of the 1980s was characterized by a rejection of 1970s fashion. Punk fashion began as a reaction against both the hippie movement of the past decades and the materialist values of the current decade. The first half of the decade was relatively tame in comparison to the second half, which was when apparel became very bright and vivid in appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000s in fashion</span> Fashion in the decade 2000–2009

The fashions of the 2000s were often described as a global mash up, where trends saw the fusion of vintage styles, global and ethnic clothing, as well as the fashions of numerous music-based subcultures. Hip-hop fashion generally was the most popular among young people of both sexes, followed by the retro-inspired indie look later in the decade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1945–1960 in Western fashion</span> Costume and fashion in the post-war years 1945-1960

Fashion in the years following World War II is characterized by the resurgence of haute couture after the austerity of the war years. Square shoulders and short skirts were replaced by the soft femininity of Christian Dior's "New Look" silhouette, with its sweeping longer skirts, fitted waist, and rounded shoulders, which in turn gave way to an unfitted, structural look in the later 1950s.

Churidars, also churidar pyjamas, are tightly fitting trousers worn by both men and women in the Indian subcontinent. Churidars are a variant of the common shalwar pants. Shalwars are cut wide at the top and narrow at the ankle. Churidars narrow more quickly so that contours of the legs are revealed. They are usually cut on the bias, making them naturally stretchy, which is important when pants are closefitting. They are also longer than the leg and sometimes finish with a tightly fitting buttoned cuff at the ankle. The excess length falls into folds and appears like a set of bangles resting on the ankle. When the wearer is sitting, the extra material is the "ease" that makes it possible to bend the legs and sit comfortably. The word churidar is from Hindi and made its way into English only in the 20th century. Earlier, tight-fitting churidar-like pants worn in India were referred to by the British as Moghul breeches, long-drawers, or mosquito drawers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trousers</span> Clothing for the legs and lower body

Trousers, slacks, or pants are an item of clothing worn from the waist to anywhere between the knees and the ankles, covering both legs separately. In some parts of the United Kingdom, the word pants is ambiguous: it can mean underpants rather than trousers. Shorts are similar to trousers, but with legs that come down only to around the area of the knee, higher or lower depending on the style of the garment. To distinguish them from shorts, trousers may be called "long trousers" in certain contexts such as school uniform, where tailored shorts may be called "short trousers" in the UK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeggings</span> Leggings designed to resemble denim

Jeggings are leggings that are made to look like skin-tight denim jeans. The word is a portmanteau of the words jeans and leggings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010s in fashion</span> Fashion-related events during the 2010s

The 2010s were defined by hipster fashion, athleisure, a revival of austerity-era period pieces and alternative fashions, swag-inspired outfits, 1980s-style neon streetwear, and unisex 1990s-style elements influenced by grunge and skater fashions. The later years of the decade witnessed the growing importance in the western world of social media influencers paid to promote fast fashion brands on Pinterest and Instagram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-rise (fashion)</span> 20th century and 21st century fashion phenonemon

A high-rise or high-waisted garment is one designed to sit high on, or above, the wearer's hips, usually at least 8 centimetres (3 inches) higher than the navel. In western cultures, high-rise jeans were especially common in the 1970s, late 1980s through the late 1990s, derided as mom jeans in the 2000s, and popular again in the mid-to-late 2010s and continues to be popular into the present in competition with low-rise pants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yoga pants</span> Non-binding stretch pants originally worn as athletic or leisurewear

Yoga pants are high-denier hosiery reaching from ankle to waist, originally designed for yoga as exercise and first sold in 1998 by Lululemon, a company founded for that purpose. They were initially made of a mix of nylon and Lycra; more specialised fabrics have been introduced to provide moisture-wicking, compression, and odour reduction.

Disco pants are a type of pants or trousers created in the style of denim jeans and originally made from a combination of nylon and spandex designed to be completely form-fitting with a high shine and high waist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-crotch pants</span> Style of pants

Low-crotch pants, also known as drop-crotch pants, are a type of pants with the crotch of trousers designed to sag down loosely toward the knees. Low-crotch pants have been available in styles for both men and women but the skinny-legged, dropped-crotch types of jeans and pants rose to popularity in the 2010s.

References

  1. ↑ Mary Schoeser (1996-09-15), "Legging It", The gendered object, Manchester University Press, ISBN   978-0-7190-4475-5
  2. ↑ Smith, Ray A. (6 July 2009). "Tight Squeeze: Making Room For a New Men's Fashion". The Wall Street Journal. New York.
  3. ↑ Waugh, Norah (1964). The Cut of Men's Clothes 1600–1900. London: Routledge. ISBN   0-87830-025-2.
  4. ↑ Yule, Henry and A. C. Burnell (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. London: John Murray.
  5. ↑ Sans-Culottes
  6. ↑ Oswald Curtis (1998), Nineteenth-century costume and fashion, Courier Corporation, p. 142, ISBN   978-0-486-40292-5
  7. ↑ "Oxford Bags" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  8. ↑ What Jeans looked like the year you were born
  9. ↑ "Sears catalog 1962". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  10. ↑ "From Spud to Slimane: how Trainspotting helped invent the skinny jean". The Guardian . 2017-01-31. Archived from the original on 2023-07-15.
  11. ↑ "Skinny legs and all: Jeans get slender". usatoday. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "G1 > Edição Rio de Janeiro - NOTÍCIAS - Calças boca-de-sino e pantalonas voltam à moda sem desbancar a skinny". g1.globo.com. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
  13. ↑ Smith, Ray A. (July 6, 2009). "Tight Squeeze: Making Room For a New Men's Fashion". The Wall Street Journal. New York. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Jerkin' Jeneration". Los Angeles Times. May 31, 2014.
  15. ↑ Men's skinny jeans
  16. ↑ Dockers khakis
  17. ↑ New gap
  18. ↑ Kai McNamee (April 11, 2024). "So long, skinny jeans. See you in the next cycle". NPR.
  19. ↑ "A New Disease", New York Times, April 17, 1884
  20. ↑ Boyce, J. R. (1984), "Meralgia paresthetica and tight trousers", Journal of the American Medical Association, 251 (12): 1553, doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03340360021010, PMID   6700050
  21. ↑ Kim So-hee (2013-04-06). "스키니진이 우리에게 미치는 악영향". medicaldaily. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  22. ↑ F Parazzini, M Marchini, L Luchini, L Tozzi, R (1995), "Tight underpants and trousers and risk of aspermia", International Journal of Andrology, 18 (3): 137–140, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1995.tb00400.x , PMID   7558376 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Wai, K.; Thompson, P. D.; Kimber, T. E. (2016). "Fashion victim: rhabdomyolysis and bilateral peroneal and tibial neuropathies as a result of squatting in 'skinny jeans'". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (7): 782. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-310628. PMID   26105172. S2CID   207007418 . Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  24. ↑ Skinny jeans banned at Pakistan university
  25. ↑ "When did Guys wearing Skinny Jeans become Acceptable?". www.messycloset.com. Fashion News and Blog. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  26. ↑ Willingham, A. J. (2016-05-19). "Banning skinny jeans in school? NC students lash out". CNN. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  27. ↑ Savva, Anna (2017-08-07). "Parents furious after skinny jeans and leggings banned by school". CambridgeshireLive. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  28. ↑ SNOW, RACHEL (7 December 2011). "University's issue with skinny jeans goes national". Standard Journal. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  29. ↑ "BYU Student Banned From Exams For Wearing Skinny Jeans". Jezebel. 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  30. ↑ February 8, Nick; Pm, 2017 at 3:49. "India: the rapist's veto?". Free Speech Debate. Retrieved 2022-10-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ "'Go Dress Up Well': Tanzanian Woman MP Asked to Leave Parliament for Wearing 'Tight Pants'". News18. 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  32. ↑ INews (2019-06-03). "Jamaica: Tight clothes-wearing defendants irk judge". INews Guyana. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  33. ↑ "'I trained to be a police officer, not a showgirl': Mexican cops claim attractiveness review". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  34. ↑ Girls arrested for being emo
  35. ↑ Gaza hairstyle crackdown
  36. ↑ Peter Martell (8 October 2008), "Sudan outrage at trouser arrests", BBC News
  37. ↑ Isis bans skinny jeans
  38. ↑ Marilus, Itamar (2012-08-29). "Rabbis launch battle on men's skinny jeans". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  39. ↑ Ghert-Z, Renee (20 March 2013). "Thou shalt not wear tight pants". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  40. ↑ "Massacre of emos in Iraq goes to core of a damaged society | Scott Long". The Guardian . 2012-03-18. Archived from the original on 2023-02-28.
  41. ↑ "Joint Committee Print 109-33 - COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES FOR 2004 VOLUME I" . Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  42. ↑ "Rice and Beans with a Side of Queer: Socio-Legal Developments in the Cuban LGBTQ+ Communityin the Cuban LGBTQ+ Commun" . Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  43. ↑ "North Korea bans skinny jeans as symbol of 'capitalistic lifestyle'". The Guardian. 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
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