Ambonese people

Ambonese

Orang Ambon
Ambon bride and groom in traditional costumes.
Total population
c. 1.590.000
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia   Netherlands   Suriname
Indonesia (Maluku)	c. 1.500.000
Netherlands	c. 90.000
Languages
Ambonese Malay, Indonesian (in Indonesia), Dutch (in Netherlands)
Religion
Islam and Christianity [1]
Related ethnic groups
Melanesians, Polynesians, Moluccans, Malagasy

The Ambonese (Ambonese: Orang Ambon) are an ethnic group of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian origin from Ambon Island in Maluku, an island group in Indonesia located between Sulawesi and New Guinea. They also live on the southwest of Seram Island, which is part of the Moluccas, Java, Western New Guinea, and other regions of Indonesia. Additionally, there are about 35,000 Ambonese people living in the Netherlands. ^[2] By the end of the 20th century, there were 258,331 (2007 census) Ambonese people living in Ambon, Maluku. ^[3] The Ambonese are largely Muslim and Christian. ^[1]

Language

An Ambonese Malay speaker, recorded in the United States.

The dominant language is Ambonese Malay, also known as Ambonese. It developed as a trade language in central Maluku and is spoken as a second language elsewhere in Maluku. Many Ambonese people speak Indonesian, especially around Ambon City. ^[4]

Religion

Oldest mosque in Ambon.

The predominant religions of the Ambonese are Christianity (Reformed Christianity and Roman Catholicism) and Islam (Sunni Islam). According to Mikhail Anatolievich Chlenov, the relationship between the adherents of both faiths here have generally been peaceful, based on the union of the communities' pela; which in the Ambonese language means "friend." ^[5] However, he also mentions that clashes between Ambonese people and other non-indigenous ethnic groups occur on religious grounds. Mounted tension in the 1990s resulted in the 1998 inter-religious conflict in Ambon. With the threat of civil war, many were forced to move to refugee camps in Ambon, with divisions between Muslim and Christian sections. ^[6] The conflict resulted in thousands of casualties and up to 700,000 displaced people. ^[7]

History

A group of men after the institute of the M.P. in a church in Ambon, pre-1943.

Ambon was first colonized by Portugal in 1526, before being occupied by the Dutch in 1605. There was significant mixing of the indigenous populations of Ambon Island and Seram Island, a prominent slave trade, and immigrants from other parts of Indonesia and Europe. ^[8] The spice trade established under the rule of the Sultanate of Ternate was also seized by the Portuguese and Dutch. ^[9]

The Ambonese people resisted the Dutch colonization until the beginning of the 19th century. However, they have achieved a privileged position in Indonesia since the mid-19th century, with many Europeanized. The wealthy townspeople were legally equated with the ruling colonizers, and they were involved in state and military services. However, many indigenous customs such as tattooing have largely disappeared as a result. ^{[10] [11]} For such loyalty, the Ambonese authorities were nicknamed "black Dutch". ^[12]

During the Indonesian National Revolution war for the Independence of Indonesia in 1945–1949, large groups of Ambonese people, especially members of the colonial army, emigrated to the Netherlands and New Guinea. ^[2]

Economy

The arrival of the fishermen at Ambon, Maluku, pre-1919.

Ambon is a center of production of spices such as carnation and nutmeg, ^[13] as well as sago as a food source. ^[14] The Ambonese have been producers of nutmeg since the 17th century; which led to the conquest of the Dutch colonial in Ambon Island and its surrounding region in 1605 as an attempt to monopolize the nutmeg trade, resulting in the Amboyna massacre. ^[13] Developed fishery, agriculture, horticulture and small trades are also means of earning a living in Ambon. ^[15] Ambonese craftsmen work in various industries such as pottery, blacksmithing, weapons making, shipbuilding, carving on tortoiseshell shell and mother of pearl, making ornamental crafts from buds of carnation, weaving boxes and mats from strips of palm leaves. ^[16]

Social structure

A portrait of the King and his entourage in Ambon, Maluku, between 1890 and 1915.

The Ambonese live in traditional rural communities called negeri, headed by a starosta called a raja. Communities are divided into territorial groups called soa, which unite patrilineal clans called mata ruma. Marriage ceremonies are performed only within sectarian groups. For the Ambonese, these are traditionally characterised by patrilocal marriages. ^[17] Relations between members of the community are governed by traditional norms of behaviour called adat. Today, adat largely governs matters of family, inheritance and land rights, and elections for leadership positions. ^[18]

Culture and lifestyle

A group portrait of Ambonese people with musical instruments.

A typical Ambonese village consists of about 1,500 people who live in houses made from woven sago leaves ^[14] or plastered bamboo, wood, coral stones, on stone foundations. ^[19] The people cultivate the surrounding hillsides. ^[10] Traditional rural settlements of Ambonese people are located on the shore and have a linear layout. Houses are built on stilts.^{[ citation needed ]}

Clothing

Men adopted modern European style clothing due to colonization, ^[20] and only on special occasions they would wear short jackets and black trousers. ^[21] Women wear thin blouses or small-patterned sarongs. Older women typically wear black, while younger women typically wear bright colored cotton dresses up to knee-length. ^{[22] [23]}

Food

The basis of the Ambonese diet is porridge made from sago starch, ^[14] vegetables, taro, cassava, and fish. The inhabitants of the Ambon Island also have access to imported rice.

Music

The Ambonese people have a rich musical folklore, much of which has absorbed many European musical elements—for example, the Ambonese quadrille (katreji) ^[24] and the songs of the lagoon, which are accompanied by a violin and with a lap steel guitar. ^[25] Traditional musical instruments include the 12 gongs, ^[26] drums, bamboo flute (efluit), ^[27] xylophone (tatabuhan kayu) ^[28] and the Aeolian harp.

References

1. "Indonesia: The violence in Ambon - Indonesia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1999-03-31. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
2. Georgina Ashworth, ed. (1977). "Minority Rights Group". World Minorities, Volume 1. Quartermaine House. p. 140. ISBN   978-0-905898-00-1.
3. Adam, Jeroen (2010). "How ordinary folk became involved in the Ambonese conflict: Understanding private opportunities during communal violence". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 166 (1): 25–48. doi: 10.1163/22134379-90003624 . JSTOR   27868550.
4. James T. Collins (1980). Ambonese Malay and Creolization Theory. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ASIN   B007FCCSKG.
5. Михаил Анатольевич Членов (1976). Население Молуккских Островов. Наука. OCLC   10478045.
6. Patricia Spyer (October 2002). "Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon's Violence: Media Effects, Agency, and the Work of Imagination". Indonesia. 74 (74): 31. doi:10.2307/3351523. hdl: 1813/54277 . JSTOR   3351523.
7. "Ambon: Colonialism, Peace and Music". What an Amazing World!. 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
8. Илья Полонский (2018). Кровь джунглей: партизанские войны в Азии. Litres. ISBN   978-50-403-3809-2.
9. Muridan Satrio Widjojo (2009). The Revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-Cultural Alliance-making in Maluku, C.1780-1810. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN   978-90-041-7201-2.
10. "Grolier Incorporated". Academic American Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Grolier. 1989. ISBN   978-0-7172-2024-3.
11. Maarten Hesselt Van Dinter (2005). The World Of Tattoo: An Illustrated History. Centraal Boekhuis. ISBN   978-90-683-2192-0.
12. Budy P Resosudarmo & Frank Jotzo, ed. (2009). Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 278. ISBN   978-98-123-0959-4.
13. A. Kurniawan Ulung (29 September 2017). "Banda Islands a hidden treasure in Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
14. Ellen Hitipeuw-Palyama (1 January 2018). "Siwalima Museum, Treasures from the Moluccas Revisited". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
15. John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN   978-0-313-29654-3.
16. Richard Chauvel (1990). Nationalists, soldiers and separatists: the Ambonese islands from colonialism to revolt, 1880–1950. KITLV Press. p. 41. ISBN   978-90-671-8025-2.
17. Frank L. Cooley (1962). Ambonese kin groups. Ethnology. Vol. 1. p. 102. OCLC   882992239.
18. Frank L. Cooley (1966). "Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies". Indonesia: A Semi-Annual Journal Devoted to Indonesia's Culture, History and Social and Political Problems. Indonesia, No. 2: 140. ISSN   0019-7289.
19. John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. ISBN   978-0-313-29654-3.
20. Roxana Waterson (2009). Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation. KITLV Press. p. 96. ISBN   978-90-671-8307-9.
21. H. W. Ponder (1944). In Javanese Waters: Some Sidelights on a Few of the Countless Lovely, Little Known Islands Scattered Over the Banda Sea & Some Glimpses of Their Strange & Stormy History. Seeley, Service & Company Limited. p. 176. OCLC   274703.
22. The National Geographic Magazine, Volume 73. National Geographic Society. 1938. p. 707.
23. Reimar Schefold, Vincent Dekker & Nico de Jonge (1991). Indonesia in focus: ancient traditions, modern times. Kegan Paul International. p. 126.
24. Don Van Minde (1997). Malayu Ambong: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. Research School CNWS. p. 342. ISBN   978-90-737-8294-5.
25. Don Niles & Denis Crowdy, ed. (2000). Papers from Ivilikou: Papua New Guinea Music Conference & Festival (1997). Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. p. 22. ISBN   978-99-806-8041-9.
26. Jaap Kunst (2013). Music in Java: Its history, Its Theory and Its Technique. Springer. p. 160. ISBN   978-94-017-7130-6.
27. Tom Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (1994). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Walter de Gruyter. p. 262. ISBN   978-3-11-088309-1.
28. Jaap Kunst, Elisabeth den Otter, Felix van Lamsweerde & Maya Frijn (1994). Sammlung. Royal Tropical Institute Press (KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen). p. 193.

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