To express "Kaili people" it is called in the Kaili language by using the prefix "To", namely To Kaili. There are several opinions that put forward the etymology of the word Kaili, one of which states that the word which is the name of the Kaili tribe comes from the name of the Kaili tree which generally grows in the forests of this area, especially on the banks of the Palu River and Palu Bay. In ancient times, the coast of Palu Bay was indented 34km from the current beach location, namely in Bangga village. As proof, in the area from Bobo to Bangga there are many corals and sea grasses. There is even a well where the water rises when the sea is high and also recedes when the sea water recedes.
According to the story (tutura), a long time ago, on the shore near Bangga village grew a kaili tree that grew tall. This tree became the direction or guide for sailors or fishermen who entered Palu Bay to go to the port at that time, Bangga.[1]
Kaili sub-ethnic
The Kaili is an ethnic group that has its own sub-ethnic. The Kaili family consists of more than 30 families or sub-ethnic, such as, Kaili Rai, Kaili Ledo,[2] Kaili Ija, Kaili Moma, Kaili Da'a,[3] Kaili Unde, Kaili Inde, Kaili Tara, Kaili Bare'e, Kaili Doi, Kaili Torai, etc.[4]
Language
The Kaili people know more than twenty languages that are still alive and used in daily conversation. Uniquely, among the villages which are only 2km away we can find different languages from one another. However, the Kaili people have a lingua franca, which is known as the Ledo language. The word "Ledo" means "no". This Ledo language can be used to communicate with other Kaili languages. The original Ledo language (not yet influenced by the language of the immigrants) is still found around Raranggonau and Tompu. Meanwhile, the Ledo language used in the Palu city, Biromaru and its surroundings has been assimilated and contaminated with several languages of the immigrants, especially Mandar and Malay languages.
The languages that are still used in daily conversation, namely Tara language (Tondo, Vatu Tela, Talise, Tanamodindi, Lasoani, Kavatuna, Poboyan, and Parigi), Rai language (Mamboro, Taipa, Tawaeli, Labuan, Toaya, and Tompe), Doi Kaili language (Pantoloan and Kayumalue), Unde Kaili language (Ganti, Banawa, Loli, Dalaka, Limboro, Tovale, and Kabonga), Ado language (Shibalaya, Sibowi, and Pander), Ido language (Pakuli and Tuva), Eja language (Bora and Vatunonju), Da'a Kaili language (Balan, Uwemanje, Rondingo, Pobolobia, Kayumpia, Wayu, Dombu, and Jono'oge), Moma language (Kulawi), and Bare'e language (Tojo, Una-Una, and Poso). All the root words of the language mean "no".[5]
Traditional life
The main livelihood of the Kaili people is farming in the fields, in the fields and planting coconuts. Besides that, the people of the Kaili tribe who live in the highlands, they also take forest products such as rattan, resin, and candlenut, and raise livestock. While the people of the Kaili who live on the coast besides farming and gardening, they also live as fishermen and trade between islands such as to Borneo.
The native food of the Kaili tribe is generally rice, because most of the plains in the Palu valley, Parigi to Poso are rice fields. Sometimes in the famine season the people plant corn, so they often eat rice made from corn rice (a mixture of rice and ground corn).
The Kaili people's farming tools include: pajeko (plow), salaga (comb), pomanggi (hoe), pandoli (crowbar), and taono (machete); fishing tools include, panambe, jala, and meka.
Culture
Traditional clothes of the Kaili Tado.
Like other tribes in the Nusantara region, the Kaili tribe also has customs as part of cultural wealth in social life, has customary law as rules and norms that must be obeyed, and has sanctions rules in customary law.
Traditional ceremonies are usually held at weddings (no-rano, no-raego; youth rhyming art), at the death ceremony (no-vaino; tells the goodness of the deceased), at the harvest ceremony (no-vunja; giving offerings to the God of Fertility), and ceremonial healing of diseases (no-balia; enter the spirit to treat the sick).[6] In the era before the introduction of Islam and Christian religions, traditional ceremonies like this were still carried out with incantations containing animism.
After the arrival of Islam and Christianity, weddings and funerals have been adjusted between local traditional ceremonies and ceremonies according to the adherents' religion. Likewise, ceremonies that follow Islamic teachings such as: circumcision (posuna), khatam (popatama), and hair cutting for babies aged 40 days (niore ritoya), are held based on Islamic teachings.
Some of the musical instruments known in the art of the Kaili people include: kakula (also called gulintang; a type of pentatonic gamelan), lalove (flute), nggeso-nggeso (two-stringed fiddle), gimba (drum), gamba-gamba (flat/small gamelan), goo (gong), and suli (flute).
One of the crafts of the Kaili people is weaving sarongs. This is an activity for women in the Wani, Tavaili, Palu, Tipo, and Donggala areas. This woven sarong in the Kaili language is called buya sabe but by the general public it is now known as the "Donggala Sarong". This type of buya sabe also has its own names based on the woven motifs, such as bomba, Subi, and Kumbaja. Likewise, the designation of the color of the Donggala sarong is based on natural colors, such as the color of sesempalola (eggplant flower; purple), lei-kangaro (red parrot; red-orange), and lei-pompanga (red spit of betel).
In the Kulawi area, it is still found that clothing made from bark is known as katevu. These clothes made of katevu bark are mostly worn by women in the form of closed traditional clothing.
Before the arrival of religion to the Land of Kaili, the Kaili people still adhered to animism, worship of ancestral spirits and the god of the Creator (Tomanuru), the god of fertility (Buke or Buriro), and the god of healing (Tampilangi). The religion of Islam entered the Land of Kaili, after the arrival of a Muslim Cleric, descendant of a datuk who came from Minangkabau named Syekh Abdullah Raqie. He and his followers came to Land of Kaili after years of living studying religion in Mecca. In the Land of Kaili, Sheikh Abdullah Raqie is known as "Dato Karama" (Sacred Datuk), because society often sees his abilities that are beyond the capabilities of humans in general. Dato Karama's grave is now a cultural heritage under the supervision of the Regional Government.
The kinship of the Kaili people is very evident in their cooperation in the activities of traditional parties, funerals, marriages and farming activities which are called sintuvu (mutual cooperation).
Government
Government in the past, it was known that there was a government organizational structure within a Kingdom (Kagaua) known as Magau (King), and Madika Malolo (Viceroy). In administering the government, Magau is assisted by Libu Nu Maradika (Royal Government Council) which consists of: Madika Matua (Chairman of the Royal Council/Prime Minister) with Punggawa (Supervisor of Customs/Internal Affairs), Galara (Traditional Judge), Pabicara (Spokesperson), Tadulako (Security Affairs/War Commander), and Sabandara (Treasurer and Port Affairs).[7]
Besides the Libu Nu Maradika council, there is also the Libu Nto Deya (People's Consultative Council) which is a representative of the people in form Pitunggota Ngata (Council Representing the Seven Corners of the Region) or Patanggota Ngata (Council Representing the Four Corners of the Region). The shape of the City of Pitunggota or the City of Patanggota is based on the extent of the kingdom's territory which has many soki (village) representatives from several directions. The head of Pitunggota City or Patanggota City is called Baligau.
The social strata of the Kaili people used to recognize several levels, namely Madika or Maradika, (groups of royal or noble descent), Totua Nungata (descendent group of community leaders), To Dea (community class), and Batua (servant/slave class).
In the pre-Dutch colonial era, The Kaili Land area has several kings who each control their territory, such as Banawa, Palu, Tavaili, Parigi, Sigi, and Kulawi. These kings had kinship ties and marital ties with one another, with the intention of preventing fighting between one another and strengthening kinship.
When the Dutch entered the Land of Kaili area, The Dutch tried to pit one king against the other in order to make it easier for the Dutch to control all the royal areas in Land of Kaili. But, most of these kings fought against the Dutch army, they fought and were not willing to be colonized by the Dutch. With Dutch cunning after receiving reinforcements from Java, finally several kings were conquered, some of them were even captured and taken prisoner by the Dutch and then exiled to the Java Island.
Some of the war weapons used by the Kaili tribe include: guma (a type of machete), pasatimpo (a type of dagger), toko (spear), kanjai (trident spear), and kaliavo (shield).
Central Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female. The official estimate as at mid 2022 was 3,066,143. Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,605.72 km2 (23,786 sq mi), the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province is Indonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while there are several indigenous language spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi. Islam is the dominant religion in the province, followed by Christianity which is mostly adhered to by the people in the eastern part of the province.
Poso is the administrative capital of Poso Regency, Indonesia. It is the main port and transportation hub for the central-southern coast of Central Sulawesi. Its urban area consists of three districts, Poso Kota, North Poso Kota, and South Poso Kota. Poso lies in the middle of the province on the shore of the Gulf of Tomini, right in the central part of Sulawesi island. With a total population of 47,477 in 2020, it is one of the biggest and the oldest towns in the province.
Palu, which is officially known as the City of Palu, is the capital and largest city of Central Sulawesi. Palu is located on the northwestern coast of Sulawesi and borders Donggala Regency to the north and west, Parigi Moutong Regency to the east, and Sigi Regency to the south. The city boundaries encompass a land area of 395.06 km2 (152.53 sq mi). According to the 2020 Indonesian census, Palu has a population of 373,218, making it the third-most populous city on the island after Makassar and Manado; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 377,030. Palu is the center of finance, government, and education in Central Sulawesi, as well as one of several major cities on the island. The city hosts the province's main port, its biggest airport, and most of its public universities.
Donggala Regency is a regency in the Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It lies between 0° 30" north and 2°20" south latitude, and between 119° 45°" and 121° 45" east longitude, and covers a land area of 5,275.69 km2. It had a population of 277,236 at the 2010 Census and 300,436 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 305,890. The administrative capital of Donggala Regency is the town of Banawa, located a 30-minute drive (34 km) northwest from the city of Palu, the capital of the province.
Telephone numbers in Indonesia have different systems for land lines and mobile phones: land lines use area codes, while mobile phones do not.
Lisela or Rana people is an ethnic group mostly living on Indonesian island Buru, as well as on some other Maluku Islands. They belong to the eastern Indonesian anthropological group and are sometimes referred to as northern Buru people. From an ethnographic point of view, Lisela are similar to other indigenous peoples of Buru island. They speak the Lisela language.
Kaili is an Austronesian dialect cluster of the Celebic branch, and is one of the principal languages of Central Sulawesi. The heartland of the Kaili area is the broad Palu River valley which stretches southward from Central Sulawesi's capital city, Palu. Kaili is also spoken in the mountains which rise on both sides of this valley, and along the coasts of the Makassar Strait and the Gulf of Tomini.
Poso Regency is a regency of Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 7,112.25 km2, and had a population of 209,228 at the 2010 Census and 244,875 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 252,650. The principal town lies at Poso.
Ledo Kaili is the largest member of the Kaili languages, which are a dialect chain within the Kaili–Pamona language family. These languages are spoken in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Kaili with all of its dialects is one of the largest languages in Sulawesi. One third of the population of Sulawesi Tengah province were (1979) native speakers of a Kaili language. The object language of this article is the main dialect Ledo, which is spoken in the Donggala and Sigi districts (Kabupaten) in and around the provincial capital Palu.
Tana Toa is a village in the Kajang district, Bulukumba Regency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The village is located in the east coast of South Sulawesi, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from town of Kajang, about 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of Bulukumba and 210 kilometres (130 mi) southeast of Makassar. The village is inhabited majority by the Kajang tribe. The village is famous throughout Makassar territory as the place of great mystical power.
Pamona people inhabits almost the entire Poso Regency, parts of Tojo Una-Una Regency and parts of North Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi; in fact there are some even in East Luwu Regency of South Sulawesi, whereas a small remainder lives in other parts of Indonesia. The ancestors of the Pamona people originally came from the land of Salu Moge because they were once from the mountains which is far from the central governance thus they were brought down by Macoa Bawalipu of Wotu, East Luwu Regency to be nearer to the central governance, which is the surrounding region of Mangkutana. But it was until a revolt by the DI/TII rebellion broke out that they spread to Central Sulawesi and to other regions. If there are Pamona people in certain regions, then it is common that a Rukun Poso is formed there, which serves as a means of a group of people from a common ethnic background to engage in various activities within the region. Almost all of the Pamona people practices Christianity. Christianity came into the region about 100 years ago and until today it is widely accepted as the religion of the people. Today, all churches of common denomination are grouped under the Central Sulawesi Christian Church headquartered in Tentena, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A large part of the common folk uses Pamona and Indonesian language that is mixed with the local slang. The Pamona people are usually farmers, government officials, pastors, entrepreneurs and so on.
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