Directly elected member (Macau)

Last updated

Macau
Geographical constituency
for the Legislative Assembly of Macau
Macau Constituency.svg
Region Macau
Current constituency
Created 1976
Number of members14 (2013–)
12 (2005–2013)
10 (2001–2005)
8 (1992–2001)
6 (1976–1992)

Macau is the only geographical constituency in the elections for the Legislative Assembly of Macau, with three sub-geographical constituencies under it.

Contents

Overview

The constituency was set up in 1976 election when the highest averages method of the closed party-list proportional representation electoral system was introduced. No change of boundary had been made throughout since 1976.

The constituency covers all the parishes and zone in Macau. Members have been elected under proportional representation with seats apportioned under the highest averages method using the D'Hondt method. Suffrage was opened to Macau Residents without Portuguese citizenship in 1984.

Background

The constituency was formed since the 1976 legislative election. Seats for the constituency have gradually increased.

Distribution of seats
Direct suffrageTotalPercentage
1976 61735.3%
1980
1984
1988
1992 82334.8%
1996
2001 102737.0%
2005 122941.4%
2009
2013 143342.4%
2017
2021

Return Members

Below are all the members since the creation of the Macau constituency.

Election 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992
Deputy
Party
Carlos d'Assumpção
ADIM (1976–1984), UE (1984–1992)
Leong Heng Teng
UNIPRO
Deputy
Party
Diamantino Ferreira
ADIM
Manuel Borges
UE
Leong Kam Chu
AAAH
Tong Chi Kin
UPD
Deputy
Party
Susana Chou
ADIM
Joaquim Valente
CDM
Lau Cheok Vá
UE
Lao Kuoung Po
UE
Kou Hoi In
UNIPRO
Deputy
Party
Jorge Rangel
GEDEC
Joaquim Alves
ADIM
Leonel Alves
UE
António Ng
ANMD
Deputy
Party
José Guterres
CDM
Leonel Boralho
GIMA
Alberto Ferreira
ECP
Wong Cheong Nam
AAAH
Fernando Chui
UPD
Deputy
Party
José Noronha
ADIM
Anabela Ritchie
ADIM
Alexandre Hó
FADM (1984–1988), AAAH (1988–1992), AA (1992–1996)
Deputy
Party
New Seat Susana Chou
UNIF
Deputy
Party
New Seat Alberto Noronha
LABOR
Election 1996 1996 (b) 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021
Deputy
Party
Chan Kai-kit
APPEM
Iong Weng Ian
UNIPRO (1996–2001), UPP (2001–2009)
Ho Ion Sang
UPP
Leong Hong Sai
UPP
Deputy
Party
Liu Yuk Lun
APPEM
Leong Iok Wa
UPD
Lee Chong Cheng
UPD
Si Ka Lom
ACUM
Deputy
Party
Leong Heng Teng
UNIPRO (1996–2001), UPP (2001–2009)
Mak Soi Kun
UMG
Lo Choi In
UMG
Deputy
Party
Fong Chi Keong
UDM
Jorge Manuel Fão
CODEM
Fong Chi Keong
UBM
Melinda Chan
MUDAR
Lam Iok Fong
Cívico
Lam U Tou
PS
Deputy
Party
Tong Chi Kin
UPD
Kwan Tsui Hang
UPD
Lei Cheng-i UPD
Deputy
Party
Kou Hoi In
UNIPRO
Au Kam San
ANMD
Ngan Iek Hang
UPP
Deputy
Party
David Chow
CODEM
Paul Chan
APMD
Zheng Anting
UMG
Deputy
Party
António Ng
ANMD (1996–2009), APMD (2009–)
Ma Io Fong
ABL
Deputy
Party
New Seat Vitor Cheung
ARSEM
Chan Meng Kam
ACUM
Wong Kit Cheng
ABL
Deputy
Party
New Seat João Bosco Cheang
AEA
Ung Choi Kun
ACUM
Song Pek Kei
ACUM
Deputy
Party
New Seat Angela Leong
NUDM
Lei Leong Wong
ACUM
Deputy
Party
New Seat José Maria Pereira Coutinho
NE
Deputy
Party
New Seat Wong Kit Cheng
UPP
Leong Sun Iok UPD
Deputy
Party
New Seat Leong Veng Chai
NE
Sulu Sou Ka Hou
AMN
Che Sai Wang
NE

Related Research Articles

Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone. Under other election systems, a bare plurality or a scant majority are all that are used to elect candidates. Further, a PR system is one that produces mixed and balanced representation, reflecting how votes are cast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Party-list proportional representation</span> Family of voting systems

Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.

Single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an electoral system used to elect multiple winners. It is a generalization of first-past-the-post, applied to multi-member districts with each voter casting just one vote. Unlike FPTP, which is a single-winner system, in SNTV multiple winners are elected, typically in electoral districts; additionally, unlike FPTP, SNTV produces mixed representation and makes it unlikely for a single party to take all the seats in a city or a set area, which can happen under FPTP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Additional-member system</span> Mixed electoral system with compensation

The additional-member system (AMS) is a mixed electoral system under which most representatives are elected in single-member districts (SMDs), and the other "additional members" are elected to make the seat distribution in the chamber more proportional to the way votes are cast for party lists. It is distinct from parallel voting in that the "additional member" seats are awarded to parties taking into account seats won in SMDs, which is not done under parallel voting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed-member proportional representation</span> Type of mixed electoral system

Mixed-member proportional representation is a mixed electoral system which combines local majoritarian elections with a compensatory tier of party list votes, which are used to allocate additional members in a way that aims to produce proportional representation overall. In most MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. Some countries use single vote variants of MMP, although this article focuses primarily on dual vote versions of MMP.

The Webster method, also called the Sainte-Laguë method, is a highest averages apportionment method for allocating seats in a parliament among federal states, or among parties in a party-list proportional representation system. The Sainte-Laguë method shows a more equal seats-to-votes ratio for different sized parties among apportionment methods.

An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, electorate, or (election) precinct, is a subdivision of a larger state created to provide its population with representation in the larger state's constituency. That body, or the state's constitution or a body established for that purpose, determines each district's boundaries and whether each will be represented by a single member or multiple members. Generally, only voters (constituents) who reside within the district are permitted to vote in an election held there. District representatives may be elected by a first-past-the-post system, a proportional representative system, or another voting method. They may be selected by a direct election under universal suffrage, an indirect election, or another form of suffrage.

At a national level, Greece holds elections for its legislature, the Hellenic Parliament.

Macau elects at the regional level its head of government and legislature. The Legislative Assembly is made up of 33 members, of whom 14 are elected by popular vote under proportional representation, 12 elected from functional constituencies and 7 appointed by the Chief Executive. The Chief Executive of Macau is returned by a 400-member Election Committee on five-year intervals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hong Kong legislative elections</span>

Legislative elections are held in Hong Kong every four years Legislative Council (LegCo) in accordance with Article 69 of the Basic Law. Legislative elections are held either at the expiry of a four-year term or when the Chief Executive dissolves the legislature and calls a new election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geographical constituency</span> Type of constituency, as compared to functional constituency

In Hong Kong, geographical constituencies, as opposed to functional constituencies, are elected by all eligible voters according to geographically demarcated constituencies. There are currently 5 geographical constituencies in Hong Kong, returning 35 members to the Legislative Council. Following the 2021 electoral reforms passed by the Standing Committee of the mainland National People's Congress, the number of members returned by geographical constituencies would be lowered to 20, while the total number of seats in the Legislative Council would be increased to 90.

Panachage is a mixed single vote variant of proportional representation. In panachage, voters support individual candidates. Voters have multiple votes, which they can split between individual candidates in different party lists. Seats are then allocated to parties based on the total number of votes for all of their candidates, combined. Seats within a party go to that party's most-popular candidates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Hong Kong legislative election</span> Elections in Hong Kong

The 1998 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 24 May 1998 for members of the 1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) in 1997. Replacing the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) strictly controlled by the Beijing government and boycotted by the pro-democracy camp, the elections returned 20 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 10 seats from the Election Committee constituency and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 10 were uncontested.

Electoral districts go by different names depending on the country and the office being elected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electoral system</span> Method by which voters make a choice between options

An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices.

The District Council (Second) functional constituency was a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong which was created in the 2012 constitutional reform package. It was the largest functional constituency consisted of registered voters who were not eligible for voting in the other functional constituencies.

Legislative elections were held in Macau on 15 September 2013 according to the provisions of the Basic Law of Macau. This election was the first of its kind succeeding the reform of the Legislative Assembly that created four new seats; two new geographical constituency seats and two new functional constituency seats. Out of a total of 33 seats, 14 were elected by universal suffrage under the highest averages method, while 12 were voted on from the Functional constituency, and 7 from nomination by the Chief Executive.

Legislative elections were held in Macau on 17 September 2017 according to the provisions of the Basic Law of Macau. Out of a total of 33 seats, 14 were directly elected by universal suffrage under the highest averages method, while 12 were voted on from the Indirect election, and 7 from nomination by the chief executive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rural–urban proportional representation</span> Canadian hybrid proportional electoral system

Rural–urban proportional representation (RUP), also called flexible district PR, is a mixed electoral system which combines the use of single- and multi-member constituencies in a lower tier and top-up seats in an upper tier to meet the different needs of both rural and urban areas, while protecting the objective of proportionality. The term was coined by Fair Vote Canada, which devised a rural–urban system with the intention of meeting the special challenges of Canada's geography, which includes wide-flung, sparsely populated areas.

Apportionment in the Hellenic Parliament refers to those provisions of the Greek electoral law relating to the distribution of Greece's 300 parliamentary seats to the parliamentary constituencies, as well as to the method of seat allocation in Greek legislative elections for the various political parties. The electoral law was codified for the first time through a 2012 Presidential Decree. Articles 1, 2, and 3 deal with how the parliamentary seats are allocated to the various constituencies, while articles 99 and 100 legislate the method of parliamentary apportionment for political parties in an election. In both cases, Greece uses the largest remainder method.

References