![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 of the 33 seats in the Legislative Assembly | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 55.02% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
|
Legislative elections were held in Macau on 15 September 2013 [1] according to the provisions of the Basic Law of Macau. This election was the first of its kind succeeding the reform of the Legislative Assembly that created four new seats; two new geographical constituency seats and two new functional constituency seats. Out of a total of 33 seats, 14 were elected by universal suffrage under the highest averages method, while 12 were voted on from the Functional constituency, and 7 from nomination by the Chief Executive. [2]
Formerly a Portuguese colony, Macau has been a Special Administrative Region within China since 1999. [3] As a Special Administrative Region it is entitled to a high degree of autonomy from the mainland Chinese legal system through the year 2050, although China represents the city on foreign policy matters. [3] Macau's economy is based primarily on its status as a tech and financial sector, as well as its internationally famous casino industry. [3]
The previous legislative election took place in 2009. The pro-democracy camp ANMD+APMD, led by António Ng, received 19.35% of the votes cast, and the next largest party, the pro-establishment camp UPD, received 14.88% in vote with 2 seats while the pro-establishment ACUM received 12.00% with 2 seats. Due to the characteristics of the Macau election system, only 14 members are directly elected. On 1 July 2013 twenty-two parties have submitted their nominations for the direct election including current incumbents (Kwan Tsui Hang, Chan Meng Kam, António Ng, Paul Chan, Angela Leong, Ho Ion Sang, Au Kam San, José Pereira Coutinho, Mak Soi Kun, and Melinda Chan) and new candidates. [4]
Macau's government is headed by the Chief Executive, who controls government appointments and in many ways serves as the face of the city. [5] Prior to 2012, the Chief Executive was elected by a 300-member Election Committee consisting of representatives from functional constituencies. 100 total came from the industrial, commercial and financial sectors, 18 from the culture sector, 20 from the education sector, 30 from the "specialty" sector, 12 from the sports sector, 40 from the labor sector, 34 from the social services sector, and 6 total from various religious groups. 16 were representatives of the Legislative Assembly of Macau and 24 were Macau representatives in the mainland Chinese government. [6] While all members of the Election Committee are technically elected, in practice they are effectively appointed as each functional constituency usually nominates only one candidate. [6]
Most power in the Macau government is concentrated in the Legislative Assembly. Macau's Legislative Assembly is unicameral (consisting of a single house). Prior to 2012 it had 29 members - 12 directly elected (in citywide elections), 10 indirectly elected (appointed through election by functional constituencies representing "employee", "business", "professional" and "charity/culture/education/sports" interests) and 7 appointed by the Chief Executive. [6]
Democracy advocates in Macau had criticized the large number of indirectly elected members, charging that these tended to be pro-establishment and pro-Beijing businesspeople. As an alternative, they called for a larger number of directly elected legislators. [7]
As a result of the 2012 passage of "Amendment to Electoral Law for the Legislative Assembly of Macau" also known as the "+2+2+100" Law, the number of Legislative Council members is increased from 29 to 33. Two new geographical constituency seats, and two new indirectly elected Functional Constituency seats are created. Another key proposal was increasing the Election Committee for the chief executive election from 300 members to 400 on the next Chief Executive election in 2014. [7] [8] These changes were designed to create representation for a larger number of groups in the Election Committee and to reduce the power of the Chief Executive over the Legislative Assembly. However, democracy advocates criticized the law for not going far enough. [7] [8]
Under the constitutional reform package passed in 2012, this election saw AL increase its total size from 29 seats to 33 seats, half of which are geographical constituencies (GCs) and half functional constituencies (FCs). The GC seats are returned by universal suffrage in citywide elections, with gaining two extra seats.
Geographical constituency | No. of Seats | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2012 | Change | |||
Macau | 12 | 14 | +2 |
The Welfare, Culture, Education, and Sports constituency is split into two groups. Culture and Sports retains the two seats of the initial group, with the two incumbents (Victor Cheung Lup Kwan and Chan Chak Mo) running unopposed. Culture and Sports continues to be run by the Excellent Culture and Sports Union Association. A new constituency is created for Welfare and Education, receiving one seat (Cahn Hong, unopposed). Welfare and Education is managed by the Association for Promotion of Social Services and Education.
Additionally, one seat is added to the Professionals constituency, led by the Macau Professional Interest Union. Chan Lek Lap is elected, unopposed.
Functional Constituency | 2008 | 2012 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Business | 4 | 4 | 0 |
Labor | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Professional | 2 | 3 | +1 |
Welfare and Education | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Culture and Sport | 0 | 1 | +1 |
This year, there are three lists for the pro-democrats instead of two campaigning on high property prices and freedom of speech. The three lists included the New Macau Association (ANM), New Hope (NE), and the addition of New Macau Liberals.
Antonio Ng for ANM campaigns for universal suffrage, promotion of a minimum wage and public housing, and increasing government accountability. [9]
José Maria Pereira Couthino of NE campaigns for improvements in public housing and pension services, equal pay for workers, and increasing government accountability. [10]
Jason Chao Teng-hei is a radical young candidate for New Macau Liberals and a prominent social activist for LGBT rights. [11]
Pro-establishment Chan Meng-kam, casino owner and lawmaker-elect of the ACUM, said he believed the city should implement universal suffrage "step by step", and that functional constituencies should be preserved.
Others with casino links on the pro-establishment lists were Angela Leong On-kei of New Union for Macau's Development and Melinda Chan Mei-yi of the Alliance for Change. Leong is married to gambling mogul Stanley Ho Hung-sun, while Chan is married to casino tycoon David Chow Kam-fai. [11]
Macau's direct electoral system is based around proportional representation, with elections carried out through a closed party-list balloting system. [12] This means that each geographic electoral district has multiple members, with the number of its seats filled by each competing party determined by the proportion of the vote that party receives. Parties nominate a slate of candidates (generally, one per seat in each district where the party is competing). After the election, party leaders decide who from the slate will fill the party's legislative seats.
Shortly before usual campaign period for the 2013 elections, the Electoral Affairs Commission of Macau banned the use of commercial advertising by election candidates. [13] The new election rules stipulate that candidates should not carry out activities that could influence voters in the two-month period between their registration and the start of the campaign period on August 31. Commercial advertising is barred from most public areas, except those specially designated by the government. [13] Even in areas where campaigning is permitted, it is still limited to a 14-day official campaign period. [14] These restrictions are intended to limit the advertising advantage of wealthy business interests. However, they have been criticized for limiting the amount of canvassing candidates with less money can do, thus encouraging clientelistic bloc voting where parties simply strike deals with associations, business interests and community leaders to turn out assured votes in their favor. [14] Working around the rules, candidates resorted to using loudspeakers to promote their campaigns. [13]
Among the most powerful special interests in Macau are casinos. Macau's casino industry has a long history of Triad and other organized crime connections. Since laws around casinos were liberalized in 2002 to promote more foreign investment, the Triad has lost its stranglehold on Macau's casino industry (although it remains deeply embedded in it). [15] Casinos have long played a major role in clientelistic politics in Macau, and since liberalization their influence has further increased. [6] [15] [16]
The total of the void ballot is very close to the total of the winning vote [17]
Jason Chao chairman of New Macau Association accuse the CAEAL (Electoral Affairs Commission) being biased suggesting the New Macau Liberals should modifying their political platform by deleting two sentences "Secretary for Administration and Justice Florinda Chan must step down for her ineffectuality," and "an investigation into former Chief Executive Edmund Ho’s alleged abuse of power." On 23 August Jason Chao suggests he may sue the CAEAL after the legislative election. [18]
Mr. He, who was a member of a social community of Macau, and Mr. Huang were accused of bribing potential voters and caught by the Commission Against Corruption on September 13. Mr. He has called several members of his community and asked them to support a candidate. He offered free meals and transportation in exchange for the support. Mr. Huang has helped Mr. He call more than one hundred voters based on Mr. He's testimony. [19]
Kwan Tsui Hang (Union for Development) and Mak Soi Kun (Macau-Guangdong Union) were both accused of illegal campaigning on 8 August 2013. In various locations banner supporting Kwan Tsui Hang were hung outside of the campaigning period. Lee Kin Yun claims UGM vice-president Mak Soi Kun was vote buying during a function gift bags were handed out with the name, photo and address of Mak Soi Kun with the estimated value of 100 Macanese pataca. [20]
On March 22, four members of Macau Conscience delivered campaign material at Haojiang High School without permission and monitored by more than ten police officers. They are even asked to join the protest around the campus. [21]
Luiz Pedruco president of 21st Century Macau Association was accused of replacing José Estorninho with his own named on the nomination list. Under the pressure, he purposes a rally in 30 June 3013 to properly nomination its list of members. Electoral Affairs Commission of Macau soon disqualified 21st Century Macau Association for the lack of valid signatures required for Nomination. [22]
During the voting day, 14 people were reported to police because of illegally recording voting process. They came from 8 different polling stations. 13 of them were arrested immediately by police, and one of them were brought back to the police station for further questioning. [23]
Since July 2013, voting notifications with important information regarding voting agenda and other relevant information have been sent to citizens. By August 2013, all the notifications have been sent, but 8000 of them were sent back by postal service. This incident has caused repercussions in Macau society. [23]
The 2013 elections were met with a significant improvement in voter quality, with nearly 280,000 Macau residents having registered as voters for the election. Despite being called the “low-profile” election by many in the media, this election in fact reflected a high voter turnout at 55%. [14] This marked an increase of 80% from the 2001 election, and the turnout rate exceeded 59%. This enormous increase in political participation may be attributed to the high levels of competition between the political parties and the introduction of dynamic newcomers in the face of candidates backed by powerful local families. [24]
However, ultimately the top two lists, in terms of number of votes received, featured candidates hailing from, and relying on clanship connections with, the Fujianese and Guangdong communities. Macau's strong “association culture” [14] that advantages such candidates was demonstrated clearly in this year's elections with the win of ACUM's pro-Beijing candidate, Chan Meng-kam, who is both a Fujianese community leader and a casino owner. He secured the highest number of votes at 26,385 (18% of the total), breaking a record in Macau by winning three seats from a single candidate list. [11]
Meanwhile, newer, pro-democrat candidates such as Jason Chao Teng-hei, a radical young candidate for New Macau Liberals faced difficulties winning out at the polls. Initially hoping to secure the youth vote, he was only able to get 3,227 votes in the face of the new restrictions on campaigning, ultimately resulting in a loss of one of the democrats’ three seats. [11]
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macau United Citizens Association | 26,426 | 18.04 | 3 | +1 | |
Macau-Guangdong Union | 16,251 | 11.09 | 2 | +1 | |
Union for Promoting Progress | 15,815 | 10.79 | 2 | +1 | |
New Macau Development Union | 13,093 | 8.94 | 1 | 0 | |
Union for Development | 11,960 | 8.16 | 1 | –1 | |
Alliance for Change | 8,755 | 5.98 | 1 | 0 | |
Pro-Beijing camp | 92,300 | 63.00 | 10 | +2 | |
New Hope | 13,130 | 8.96 | 2 | +1 | |
Democratic Prosperous Macau Association | 10,987 | 7.50 | 1 | –1 | |
Democratic New Macau Association | 8,827 | 6.02 | 1 | 0 | |
New Macau Liberals | 3,227 | 2.20 | 0 | – | |
Innovative Action | 1,642 | 1.12 | 0 | 0 | |
Macau Dream | 1,006 | 0.69 | 0 | New | |
Association for Democracy Activism | 923 | 0.63 | 0 | 0 | |
Pro-democracy camp | 39,742 | 27.12 | 4 | 0 | |
Civil Watch | 5,225 | 3.57 | 0 | 0 | |
Caring for Macau | 5,323 | 3.63 | 0 | 0 | |
Association for Joint Efforts to Improve the Community | 2,306 | 1.57 | 0 | New | |
Association for Promotion of Civic Rights | 848 | 0.58 | 0 | New | |
Grassroots Supervision | 368 | 0.25 | 0 | New | |
Workers' Movement Front | 227 | 0.15 | 0 | New | |
Democratic Society Alliance | 179 | 0.12 | 0 | New | |
Functional constituencies and appointees | |||||
Macau Business Interest Union | 4 | 0 | |||
Macau Professional Interest Union | 3 | +1 | |||
Employees Association Joint Candidature Commission | 2 | 0 | |||
Association for Promotion of Social Services and Education | 1 | New | |||
Excellent Culture and Sports Union Association | 2 | 0 | |||
Chief Executive appointees | 7 | 0 | |||
Total | 146,518 | 100.00 | 33 | +4 | |
Valid votes | 146,518 | 96.47 | |||
Invalid votes | 1,083 | 0.71 | |||
Blank votes | 4,280 | 2.82 | |||
Total votes | 151,881 | 100.00 | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 276,034 | 55.02 | |||
Source: Boletim Oficial |
Voting System: Closed party-list proportional representation with the Highest averages method.
Results of Macanese legislative election, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macau Geographical Constituency (澳門) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Business (4 seats) | ||||
Party/Allegiance | List No. | Candidate(s) | Elected | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Macau Business Interest Union União dos Interesses Empresariais de Macau (OMKC) | 1 | Ho Iat Seng | walkover | |
2 | Kou Hoi In | walkover | ||
3 | Cheang Chi Keong | walkover | ||
4 | José Chui Sai Peng | unopposed | ||
Labor (2 seats) | ||||
Employees Association Joint Candidature Commission Comissão Conjunta da Candidatura das Associações de Empregados (CCCAE) | 1 | Lam Heong Sang | walkover | |
2 | Lei Cheng I | unopposed | ||
Professionals (3 seats) | ||||
Macau Professional Interest Union União dos Interesses Profissionais de Macau (OMCY) | 1 | Chui Sai Cheong | walkover | |
2 | Leonel Alberto Alves | walkover | ||
3 | Chan Iek Lap | unopposed | ||
Welfare and Education (1 seat) | ||||
Association for Promotion of Social Services and Education Associação de Promoção do Serviço Social e Educação (APSSE) | 1 | Chan Hong | unopposed | |
Culture and Sport (2 seats) | ||||
Excellent Culture and Sports Union Association Associação União Cultural e Desportiva Excelente (União Excelente, UE) | 1 | Victor Cheung Lup Kwan | walkover | |
2 | Chan Chak Mo | walkover |
The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) is a pro-Beijing conservative political party registered since 1992 in Hong Kong. Chaired by Gary Chan and holding 13 Legislative Council seats, it is currently the largest party in the legislature and in terms of membership, far ahead of other parties. It has been a key supporting force to the SAR administration and the central government's policies on Hong Kong.
The 2004 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 12 September 2004 for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). The election returned 30 members from directly elected geographical constituencies and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 11 were unopposed.
In the political systems of Hong Kong, a functional constituency is a professional or special interest group involved in the electoral process. Eligible voters in a functional constituency may include natural persons as well as other designated legal entities such as organisations and corporations.
Elections in Hong Kong take place when certain political offices in the government need to be filled. Hong Kong has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in the Legislative Council. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong is nonpartisan but has to work with several parties to form a coalition government.
Macau elects at the regional level its head of government and legislature. The Legislative Assembly is made up of 33 members, of whom 14 are elected by popular vote under proportional representation, 12 elected from functional constituencies and 7 appointed by the Chief Executive. The Chief Executive of Macau is returned by a 400-member Election Committee on five-year intervals.
The Election Committee is a Hong Kong electoral college, the function of which is to select the Chief Executive (CE) and, since 2021, to elect 40 of the 90 members of the Legislative Council. Established by Annex I of the Basic Law of Hong Kong which states that "the Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly representative Election Committee in accordance with this Law and appointed by the Central People's Government ." It is formed and performs its selection function once every five years, even in the event of a CE not completing their term. The membership of the Election Committee was expanded to 1,500 under the massive overhaul of the electoral system in 2021. The Election Committee has been criticised for its "small-circle" electoral basis and its composition favouring pro-Beijing and business interests.
The Kowloon East geographical constituency was one of the five geographical constituencies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2021. It was established in 1998 for the first SAR Legislative Council election and was abolished under the 2021 overhaul of the Hong Kong electoral system. In the 2016 Legislative Council election, it elected five members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation. The constituency corresponded to the today's districts of Wong Tai Sin and Kwun Tong.
The Civic Party (CP) was a pro-democracy liberal political party in Hong Kong.
The League of Social Democrats (LSD) is a social democratic party in Hong Kong. Chaired by Chan Po-ying, wife of Leung Kwok-hung, it positions itself as the radical wing of the pro-democracy camp and stresses on "street actions" and "parliamentary struggles".
The 2008 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 7 September 2008 for the 4th Legislative Council since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. There were 60 seats in the 4th Legislative Council, with 30 members elected by geographical constituencies through direct elections, and 30 members by functional constituencies. Candidates for 14 functional constituency seats were unopposed.
The 1998 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 24 May 1998 for members of the 1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) in 1997. Replacing the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) strictly controlled by the Beijing government and boycotted by the pro-democracy camp, the elections returned 20 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 10 seats from the Election Committee constituency and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 10 were uncontested.
Legislative elections were held in Macau on 20 September 2009. The official campaign began on 5 September, and several candidates received warnings from the Electoral Affairs Commission for having begun campaign activities beforehand.
The 2012 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 9 September 2012 for the 5th Legislative Council (LegCo) since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
The 2011 Election Committee subsector elections took place between 7:30 am and 10:30 pm on 11 December 2011. The Election Committee sub-sector elections are a part of the contemporary political process of Hong Kong. The election's purpose is to decide the 1,044 members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong. The resulting Election Committee is then responsible for electing the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) in the 2012 Election.
The 1988 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was an indirect election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo); was held on 22 September 1988. It was the second ever election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history based on the 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, as the Government's democratisation process according to the agreement of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. There were 12 members elected by Electoral Colleges, 14 members from functional constituencies.
The 2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform was a proposed reform for the 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election and 2016 Legislative Council election.
The 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 4 September 2016 for the 6th Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). A total of 70 members, 35 from geographical constituencies (GCs) and 35 from functional constituencies (FCs), were returned. The election came after the rejection of the 2016/2017 constitutional reform proposals which suggested the electoral method for the 2016 Legislative Council remains unchanged.
Legislative elections were held in Macau on 17 September 2017 according to the provisions of the Basic Law of Macau. Out of a total of 33 seats, 14 were directly elected by universal suffrage under the highest averages method, while 12 were voted on from the Indirect election, and 7 from nomination by the chief executive.
The 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes were initiated by the National People's Congress (NPC) on 11 March 2021 to "amend electoral rules and improve the electoral system" of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) for its Chief Executive (CE) and the Legislative Council (LegCo), in order to ensure a system in which only "patriots", according to the Chinese definition, govern Hong Kong. The reforms have been widely criticized for their negative impact on the democratic representation in the Hong Kong legislature.
A by-election was held for the Election Committee constituency in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong on 18 December 2022 after resignation of four Legislative Councillors appointed to the new government led by Chief Executive John Lee Ka-chiu.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)