East Asian studies | |||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 东亚研究 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 東亞研究 | ||||||
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Korean name | |||||||
Hangul | 동아시아학 | ||||||
Hanja | 東아시아學 | ||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||
Kanji | 東アジア研究 | ||||||
Kana | ひがしあじあけんきゅう | ||||||
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East Asian studies is a distinct multidisciplinary field of scholarly enquiry and education that promotes a broad humanistic understanding of East Asia past and present. The field includes the study of the region's culture,written language,history and political institutions. East Asian studies is located within the broader field of Asian studies and is also interdisciplinary in character,incorporating elements of the social sciences (anthropology,economics,sociology,politics etc.) and humanities (literature,history,art,film,music,etc.),among others. The field encourages scholars from diverse disciplines to exchanges ideas on scholarship as it relates to the East Asian experience and the experience of East Asia in the world. In addition,the field encourages scholars to educate others to have a deeper understanding of and appreciation and respect for,all that is East Asia and,therefore,to promote peaceful human integration worldwide.
At universities throughout North America and the Western world,the study of East Asian humanities is traditionally housed in EALC (East Asian Languages and Civilizations or Cultures) departments,which run majors in Chinese and Japanese language and literature and sometimes Korean language and literature. East Asian studies programs,on the other hand,are typically interdisciplinary centers that bring together literary scholars,historians,anthropologists,sociologists,political scientists,etc. from their various departments and schools to promote instructional programs,conferences and lecture series of common interest. East Asian studies centers also often run interdisciplinary undergraduate and master's degree programs in East Asian studies.
The sub-field dedicated to China,Chinese history,Chinese culture,Chinese literature,and the Chinese language. In the context of the Republic of China also specified as Taiwan studies (Academia Sinica).
The sub-field dedicated to Japan,Japanese culture,Japanese history,Japanese literature,and the Japanese language. The foundation of the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama in 1872 by men such as Ernest Satow and Frederick Victor Dickins was an important event in the development of Japanese studies as an academic discipline.
The sub-field dedicated to Korea,Korean culture,Korean history,Korean literature,and the Korean language. The term Korean studies first began to be used in the 1940s,but did not attain widespread currency until South Korea rose to economic prominence in the 1970s. In 1991,the South Korean government established the Korea Foundation to promote Korean studies.
The sub-field dedicated to Mongolia,Mongolian culture,Mongolian literature and the Mongolian language. Mongolian studies are also presented as a sub-field of the study of Inner Asia (as opposed to East Asia). The American Center for Mongolian Studies was founded in 2002.
In addition to the above,studies about the history of the Orient have mainly developed in Japan. Orient means areas in North Africa,Eurasia except Europe and islands around them because of chaos due to studies about the history of Greater China and Korea under the Tokugawa shogunate before 1868 and those about the Eastern world from the establishment of European-style high-educational institutions after that year.
The notion about Oriental history that was made between 1868 and 1945 did not spread on other East Asian areas including Korea as the colony of Japan. There have been some Japanese notable historians about Oriental history but they are less famous in other countries.
In universities across the United States,as part of the opposition to the Vietnam War in the 1960s,younger faculty and graduate students criticized the field for complicity in what they saw as American imperialism. In particular,the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars debated and published alternative approaches not centered in the United States or funded,as many American programs were,by the American government or major foundations. They charged that Japan was held up as a model of non-revolutionary modernization and the field focused on modernization theory in order to fend off revolution.
In the following decades,many critics were inspired by Edward Said's 1978 book Orientalism ,while others,writing from the point of view of the quantitative or theoretical social sciences,saw area studies in general and East Asian studies in particular,as amorphous and lacking in rigor. [1]
Critiques were also mounted from other points in the political spectrum. Ramon H. Myers and Thomas A. Metzger,two scholars based at the generally conservative Hoover Institution,charged that "the 'revolution' paradigm increasingly overshadowed the 'modernization' paradigm" and "this fallacy has become integral to much of the writing on modern Chinese history",discrediting or ignoring other factors in the history of modern China. [2]
In Europe,notable scholars of East Asian studies have long occupied professorships at prominent universities in the United Kingdom,Germany,the Netherlands,France and Italy,while recent publications also suggest that the "Nordic countries offer some unique contributions in the field of East Asian studies." [3]
Some journals also cover other regions of Asia in addition to East Asia.
Sinology, also referred to as China studies, is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."
American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field of scholarship that examines American literature, history, society, and culture. It traditionally incorporates literary criticism, historiography and critical theory.
Japanese studies or Japan studies, sometimes known as Japanology in Europe, is a sub-field of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on Japan. It incorporates fields such as the study of Japanese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science.
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies is a private research university based in Seoul, in South Korea. The university currently teaches 45 foreign languages. In addition, it contains studies in humanities, law, political science, social sciences, business, medical science, natural sciences, and engineering.
Middle Eastern studies is a name given to a number of academic programs associated with the study of the history, culture, politics, economies, and geography of the Middle East, an area that is generally interpreted to cover a range of nations including Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen. It is considered a form of area studies, taking an overtly interdisciplinary approach to the study of a region. In this sense Middle Eastern studies is a far broader and less traditional field than classical Islamic studies.
Asian studies is the term used usually in North America and Australia for what in Europe is known as Oriental studies. The field is concerned with the Asian people, their cultures, languages, history and politics. Within the Asian sphere, Asian studies combines aspects of sociology, history, cultural anthropology and many other disciplines to study political, cultural and economic phenomena in Asian traditional and contemporary societies. Asian studies form a field of post-graduate study in many universities.
Korean studies is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of Korea, which includes South Korea, North Korea, and diasporic Korean populations. Areas commonly included under this rubric include Korean history, Korean culture, Korean literature, Korean art, Korean music, Korean language and linguistics, Korean sociology and anthropology, Korean politics, Korean economics, Korean folklore, Korean ethnomusicology and increasingly study of Korean popular culture. It may be compared to other area studies disciplines, such as American studies and Chinese studies. Korean studies is sometimes included within a broader regional area of focus including "East Asian studies".
African studies is the study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies. The field includes the study of Africa's history, demography, culture, politics, economy, languages, and religion. A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist".
The Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (HJAS) is an English-language scholarly journal published by the Harvard-Yenching Institute. HJAS features articles and book reviews of current scholarship in East Asian Studies, focusing on Chinese, Japanese, and Korean history, literature and religion, with occasional coverage of politics and linguistics. It has been called "still Americas's leading sinological journal."
Edward Hetzel Schafer was an American historian, sinologist, and writer noted for his expertise on the Tang dynasty, and was a professor of Chinese at University of California, Berkeley, for 35 years. Schafer's most notable works include The Golden Peaches of Samarkand and The Vermilion Bird, which both explore China's interactions with other cultures and regions during the Tang dynasty.
Oriental studies is the academic field that studies Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology. In recent years, the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Middle Eastern studies and Asian studies. Traditional Oriental studies in Europe is today generally focused on the discipline of Islamic studies; the study of China, especially traditional China, is often called Sinology. The study of East Asia in general, especially in the United States, is often called East Asian studies.
Iranian studies, also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies.
Southeast Asian studies (SEAS) refers to research and education on the language, culture, and history of the different states and ethnic groups of Southeast Asia. Some institutions refer to this discipline as ASEAN Studies since most of the countries that they study belong to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN. Definitions of what constitutes Southeast Asia differ between scholars, which blurs the boundaries between Southeast Asian studies and other regional studies like Oriental studies and post-colonial studies. Southeast Asian studies incorporates anthropology, religious studies, linguistics, and international relations.
The University of Hawaiʻi Press is a university press that is part of the University of Hawaiʻi.
The Hamilton Library at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa is the largest research library in the state of Hawaii. The Library serves as a key resource for the flagship Manoa campus as well as the other University of Hawaiʻi system campuses.
The Oriental Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences is a research institution founded in 1922, specializing in the field of Oriental Studies. It is one of the oldest institutions dedicated to the study of Oriental cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. Since 1992, it has operated under the auspices of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The Oriental Institute collaborates with universities across Czechia for teaching and training purposes and organizes public events and lectures.
Martina Deuchler is a Swiss academic and author. She was a professor of Korean studies at the SOAS University of London from 1991 to 2001.
Jaroslav Průšek (1906–1980) was a Czech sinologist. He was considered as the founder of the Prague School of Sinology. He trained as an historian, with an interest in the history of ancient Greece, Byzantium and Roman Empire at Charles University. After graduating from Charles University, he went to Germany and Sweden and became the student of Bernard Karlgren. He was sent to China and Japan in the 1930s, where he became friends with many Chinese intellectuals, including Lu Xun. He went back to Czechoslovakia in 1937. In 1952, he was appointed head of Institute of East Asian Studies of Charles University.
Richard C. Rudolph was an American professor of Chinese Literature and Archaeology at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Mongolian studies or Mongolistics is an interdisciplinary field of scholarly inquiry concerning Mongolian language, Mongolian history, and Mongolian culture. Scholars who work in the field of Mongolian studies are often referred to as Mongolists.