German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies often include classes on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Common German names for the field are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology.
Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics and Germanophone literature studies.
German linguistics is traditionally called philology in Germany, as there is something of a difference between philologists and linguists.[ vague ] It is roughly divided as follows:
In addition, the discipline examines German under various aspects: the way it is spoken and written, i.e., spelling; declination; vocabulary; sentence structure; texts; etc. It compares the various manifestations such as social groupings (slang, written texts, etc.) and geographical groupings (dialects, etc.).
The study of German literature is divided into two parts: [ citation needed ]Ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft deals with the period from the beginnings of German in the early Middle Ages up to post-Medieval times around AD 1750, while the modern era is covered by Neuere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft. The field systematically examines German literature in terms of genre, form, content, and motifs as well as looking at it historically by author and epoch. Important areas include edition philology, history of literature, and textual interpretation. The relationships of German literature to the literatures of other languages (e.g. reception and mutual influences) and historical contexts are also important areas of concentration. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory: Fourth Edition ( ISBN 0-14-051363-9) is printed in English but contains many German-language literary terms that apply cross-culturally in the field of literary criticism; quite a few of the in terms in the book originated in German but have since been adopted by English-language critics and scholars.
At least in Germany and Austria, German studies in academia play a central role in the education of German school teachers. Their courses usually cover four fields: [1]
Several universities offer specialized curricula for school teachers, usually called "Deutsch (Lehramt)". In Germany, they are leading to a two step exam and certificate by the federated states of Germany cultural authorities, called the Staatsexamen ("state exam").
As an unsystematic field of interest for individual scholars, German studies can be traced back to Tacitus' Germania. The publication and study of legal and historical source material, such as Medieval Bible translations, were all undertaken during the German Renaissance of the sixteenth century, truly initiating the field of German studies. As an independent university subject, German studies was introduced at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Georg Friedrich Benecke, the Brothers Grimm, and Karl Lachmann.
"German studies" is taught at many German universities. Some examples are:
David E. Wellbery is an American professor of German Studies at the University of Chicago. As of 2022 he is the chair of the department of Germanic Studies and holds the LeRoy T. and Margaret Deffenbaugh Carlson University Professorship in the department. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Franz-Josef Deiters is a German-Australian literary scholar. From 2006 to 2020, he was associate professor in German Studies at Monash University. In December 2021, he was appointed as Honorary Associate with the Department of Germanic Studies at The University of Sydney. Before moving to Australia he taught at University of Tübingen (Germany), and has held visiting appointments at the University of Sarajevo, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt/M. (Germany) and at the University of Bergamo (Italy). Deiters is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.
Paul Michael Lutzeler is a German-American scholar of German studies and comparative literature. He is the Rosa May Distinguished University Professor Emeritus in the Humanities at Washington University in St. Louis.
Helmut de Boor was a German medievalist.
Irmengard Rauch is a linguist and semiotician.
Hanns-Josef Ortheil is a German author, scholar of German literature, and pianist. He has written many autobiographical and historical novels, some of which have been translated into 11 languages, according to WorldCat: French, Dutch, Modern Greek, Spanish, Chinese, Lithuanian, Japanese, Slovenian, and Russian.
Friedrich Maurer was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.
The Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of German studies with emphasis on the older periods. It was established in 1841 and is the oldest periodical in early Germanic studies still publishing.
Edward Schröder was a Germanist and mediaevalist who was a professor at the University of Göttingen and published editions of numerous texts.
Lars Johanson is a Swedish Turcologist and linguist, an emeritus professor at the University of Mainz, and docent at the Department of Linguistics and Philology, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
Gustav Roethe was a German philologist.
Steffen Martus is a German literary scholar and Professor of Modern German Literature at Humboldt University in Berlin.
George Guțu is a Romanian philologist, teacher in the Department of German Language and Literature of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bucharest. He is also director of the Paul Celan Center for Research and Excellence and the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies", initiated by the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures together with other departments of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures. His academic activity is based on the history of German literature ; German and Austrian contemporary literature; German literature from Romania, cultural inter-referentiality in Central and Southeast Europe, particularly in Bukovina, poetics, literary theory, translation, the history of German studies and guidance for PhD students. His research domains are the history of German literature; comparative literature; German literature from Romania; cultural inter-referentiality; imagology; the history and aesthetics of reception; theory and practice of translation.
Markus Fischer is a German author of multiple books, as well as a contributor to various volumes He is professor at the faculty of foreign languages and literatures at the University of Bucharest.
Jan Wagner, is a German poet, essayist and translator, recipient of the Georg Büchner Prize and Leipzig Book Fair Prize.
Albrecht Riethmüller is a German musicologist.
Martina Wagner-Egelhaaf is a Professor of German Literature at the University of Münster, Germany, and holds a chair in German Literary History with special focus on Modernity and Contemporary Literature. Her fields of research include Autobiography/Autofiction, Literary Theory, Rhetoric, Literary and Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, the relation of Religion, Politics and Literature as well as Law and Literature.
August Ferdinand Robert Petsch was a German researcher of Germanic culture and folklore.
Fawzi Boubia, born in 1948 in Khemisset, is a Moroccan intellectual.
Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken is a German academic who has served as the director of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift since 2003. She received the 2022 Hessian Cultural Prize for both her direction of the Hochstift and her personal academic work.
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