German studies, also often known as German philology, is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies often include classes on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Common German names for the field are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology.
Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics and Germanophone literature studies.
German linguistics is traditionally called philology in Germany, as there is something of a difference between philologists and linguists.[ vague ] It is roughly divided as follows:
In addition, the discipline examines German under various aspects: the way it is spoken and written, i.e., spelling; declination; vocabulary; sentence structure; texts; etc. It compares the various manifestations such as social groupings (slang, written texts, etc.) and geographical groupings (dialects, etc.).
The study of German literature is divided into two parts: Ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft deals with the period from the beginnings of German in the early Middle Ages up to post-Medieval times around AD 1750, while the modern era is covered by Neuere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft. The field systematically examines German literature in terms of genre, form, content, and motifs as well as looking at it historically by author and epoch. Important areas include edition philology, history of literature, and textual interpretation. The relationships of German literature to the literatures of other languages (e.g. reception and mutual influences) and historical contexts are also important areas of concentration. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory: Fourth Edition ( ISBN 0-14-051363-9) is printed in English but contains many German-language literary terms that apply cross-culturally in the field of literary criticism; quite a few of the in terms in the book originated in German but have since been adopted by English-language critics and scholars.
At least in Germany and Austria, German studies in academia play a central role in the education of German school teachers. Their courses usually cover four fields: [1]
Several universities offer specialized curricula for school teachers, usually called "Deutsch (Lehramt)". In Germany, they are leading to a two step exam and certificate by the federated states of Germany cultural authorities, called the Staatsexamen ("state exam").
As an unsystematic field of interest for individual scholars, German studies can be traced back to Tacitus' Germania. The publication and study of legal and historical source material, such as Medieval Bible translations, were all undertaken during the German Renaissance of the sixteenth century, truly initiating the field of German studies. As an independent university subject, German studies was introduced at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Georg Friedrich Benecke, the Brothers Grimm, and Karl Lachmann.
The Nazi period, and immediate predecessor periods before and after World War I, left large parts of the field, which had drifted off more and more into race-biological thinking, greatly compromised and damaged, as major proponents on both the literature (e.g. Prof. Josef Nadler in Vienna) and the linguistics side (e.g. Prof. Eberhard Kranzmayer in Graz) were actively working for the Nazi Party (Kranzmayer, Höfler) and their racist goals (Nadler) [2] While great efforts have been made in the denazification of the field, some biases are suggested by overseas Germanist to have remained. [3] After all, post-war academia, with "Nazi party membership among university professors greatly exceed[ing] that of the population at large," [4] was not a complete restart, least of all, in German philology, where 90% of university teachers were NSDAP members. [5]
"German studies" is taught at many German universities. Some examples are:
Friedrich Kluge was a German philologist and educator. He is known for the Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, which was first published in 1883.
David E. Wellbery is an American professor of German Studies at the University of Chicago. As of 2022 he is the chair of the department of Germanic Studies and holds the LeRoy T. and Margaret Deffenbaugh Carlson University Professorship in the department. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Franz-Josef Deiters is a German-Australian literary scholar. From 2006 to 2020, he was associate professor in German Studies at Monash University. In December 2020, he was appointed as Honorary Associate with the Department of Germanic Studies at The University of Sydney. Before moving to Australia he taught at University of Tübingen (Germany), and has held visiting appointments at the University of Sarajevo, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt/M. (Germany) and at the University of Bergamo (Italy). Deiters is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.
The Faculty of Modern Languages is one of twelve faculties at the University of Heidelberg. It comprises the Seminar for German Studies, Seminar for English Studies, Seminar for German as a Foreign Language Philology, Seminar for Translating and Interpreting, Seminar for Computational Linguistics, Seminar for Romance Studies, Seminar for Mediaeval and Neo-Latin Philology, and the Seminar for Slavic Studies.
Paul Michael Lutzeler is a German-American scholar of German studies and comparative literature. He is the Rosa May Distinguished University Professor Emeritus in the Humanities at Washington University in St. Louis.
Helmut de Boor was a German medievalist.
Irmengard Rauch is a linguist and semiotician.
Friedrich Maurer was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.
The Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of German studies with emphasis on the older periods. It was established in 1841 and is the oldest periodical in early Germanic studies still publishing.
Edward Schröder was a Germanist and mediaevalist who was a professor at the University of Göttingen and published editions of numerous texts.
Csaba Földes is a linguist. His research is focused on contemporary German language and German as a foreign language. He is currently full professor (W3) and holds the chair of German Linguistics at the University of Erfurt in Germany. Földes is a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Past President of the Central European Association for German Studies.
Bernhard Gröschel was a German linguist and slavist.
Gustav Roethe was a German philologist.
Steffen Martus is a German literary scholar and Professor of Modern German Literature at Humboldt University in Berlin.
George Guțu is a Romanian philologist, teacher in the Department of German Language and Literature of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bucharest. He is also director of the Paul Celan Center for Research and Excellence and the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies", initiated by the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures together with other departments of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures. His academic activity is based on the history of German literature ; German and Austrian contemporary literature; German literature from Romania, cultural inter-referentiality in Central and Southeast Europe, particularly in Bukovina, poetics, literary theory, translation, the history of German studies and guidance for PhD students. His research domains are the history of German literature; comparative literature; German literature from Romania; cultural inter-referentiality; imagology; the history and aesthetics of reception; theory and practice of translation.
Markus Fischer is a German author of multiple books, as well as a contributor to various volumes He is professor at the faculty of foreign languages and literatures at the University of Bucharest.
Albrecht Riethmüller is a German musicologist.
Martina Wagner-Egelhaaf is a Senior Professor at the University of Münster, Germany. She was a Professor of German Literature at the University of Münster, and held a chair in German Literary History with special focus on Modernity and Contemporary Literature. Her fields of research include Autobiography/Autofiction, Literary Theory, Rhetoric, Literary and Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, and the relation of Religion, Politics and Literature.
Helmut Birkhan is an Austrian philologist who is Professor Emeritus of Old High German Language and Literature and the former Managing Director of the Institute for Germanic Studies at the University of Vienna.
August Ferdinand Robert Petsch was a German researcher of Germanic culture and folklore.
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