Yola | |
---|---|
Forth and Bargy dialect | |
Native to | Ireland |
Region | County Wexford |
Ethnicity | Old English/Hiberno-Normans |
Extinct | c. late 19th century [1] [2] [3] [4] |
Early forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | yol |
yol | |
Glottolog | east2834 yola1237 |
Linguasphere | 52-ABA-bd |
Yola, more commonly and historically the Forth and Bargy dialect, is an extinct dialect of the Middle English language once spoken in the baronies of Forth and Bargy in County Wexford, Ireland. As such, it was probably similar to the Fingallian dialect of the Fingal area. Both became functionally extinct in the 19th century when they were replaced by modern Hiberno-English. The word yola means "old" in the dialect. [6] In modern times, there have been efforts to revive the dialect.
The dialect was spoken in County Wexford, particularly in the baronies of Forth and Bargy. This was the first area English speakers came to in the Norman invasion of Ireland, supporting the theory that it evolved from the Middle English introduced in that period. As such it is thought to have been similar to Fingallian, which was spoken in the Fingal region north of Dublin. Middle English, the mother tongue of the "West Saxon Old English" community, was widespread throughout southeastern Ireland until the 14th century; as the Old English were increasingly assimilated into Irish culture, their original language was gradually displaced through Gaelicisation. After this point, Yola and Fingallian were the only attested relicts of this original form of English. [7] [8]
Modern English was widely introduced by British colonists during and after the 17th century, forming the basis for the modern Hiberno-English of Ireland. The new varieties were notably distinct from the surviving relict dialects. [7] [8] As English continued to spread, both Yola and the Fingallian died out in the 19th century, though Yola continued to be used as a liturgical language by the churches of Wexford well into the 20th century, to this day the Kilmore Choir sings what were once Yola tunes, now anglicized.
The speech of Forth and Bargy was the only kind in Ireland included in Alexander John Ellis's work On Early English Pronunciation Volume V, which was the earliest survey of “dialects of English”. The phonetics of the dialect were taken from a local reverend. [9]
Though the Forth and Bargy dialect ceased to be used as a means of daily communication after the mid-19th century, it continued to see significant usage as a liturgical language, and some personal usage within the linguist community of Ireland, such as Kathleen Browne's letter to Ireland dated to 10 April 1893. Browne wrote a number of articles, including The Ancient Dialect of the Baronies of Forth and Bargy in 1927, and is speculated to have produced some of the last written examples of the dialect. [10]
County Wexford native Paddy Berry is noted for his condensed performances of the piece "A Yola Zong" which he has performed for various recordings, the latest of which was in 2017. [11] Various Yola rhymes, passed down from generation to generation, can be heard spoken by a Wexford woman in a documentary recorded in 1969 on the present usage and rememberers of Yola in the former baronies of Forth and Bargy. [12]
Yola Farmstead, a community-operated reenactment of a Forth and Bargy village as it would have been during the 18th century, delivered a speech and performance of a song in Yola at their opening ceremony, featured Yola phrases in their advertisements, and hosted events where participants could learn some of the dialect from linguists and other experts on it.[ citation needed ] The Yola Farmstead also hosted a memorial event dedicated to Jack Devereux of the Kilmore Choir, which once used Yola extensively in their Christmas services. Devereux was a preservationist of, and well-versed in, Yola; locals considered him to be an expert on the dialect, and a rendition of the Lord's Prayer translated into Yola was read at his memorial. [13]
The Yola Farm has since closed down but since 2021 there have been efforts to reopen it. [14] Wikitongues also has a section dedicated to Yola on its website which hosts language documentation and revitalization resources. [15]
As in the Dutch language, in southwestern varieties of English and (to a lesser extent) in German, most voiceless fricatives in Yola became voiced. The Middle English vowels are well-preserved, having only partially and sporadically undergone the changes associated with the Great Vowel Shift. [16]
One striking characteristic of Yola was the fact that stress shifted to the second syllable of words in many instances: morsaale "morsel", hatcheat "hatchet", dineare "dinner", readeare "reader", weddeen "wedding", etc. [17]
An exact spelling system for Yola has never been codified, beyond general trends listed in Jacob Poole's writings. Most of the spellings are meant as comparisons to standard English ones of his day and the pronunciations are largely reconstructed. The following are listed here: [18]
Yola spelling | Phoneme (IPA) | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Aa | /a/, /ə/(unstressed) | angerth "angered", aloghe "below" | |
Aa aa | /ɛː/ | aany "any" | |
A(a)i aai, A(a)y a(a)y | /ej/ | brail "barrel" | |
A(a)u a(a)u, A(a)w a(a)w | /ɔː/ | caure "care" | |
Bb | /b/ | bryne "brain" | |
Cc | /k/, /s/(before ⟨e, i, y⟩) | comfoort "comfort", laace "lace" | soft c used mainly in analogies to English words |
Ch ch | /tʃ/ | chugh "chough" | also used for /x/ |
Dd | /d/ | deed "dead" | |
Dh dh | /ð/ | dhunder "thunder" | |
Ee | /ɛ/, /ə/(unstressed) | ess "ass, donkey", elles "else" | silent at the end of a word, but not in unstressed syllables |
Ea ea | /eː/ | eale "eel" | |
Ee ee | /iː/ | eeren "iron" | |
E(e)i e(e)i, E(e)y e(e)y | /əj/ | jeist "just now" | |
Eou eou, Eow eow | /ew/ | keow "cow" | |
Eu eu, Ew ew | /iw/ | vew "few" | |
Ff | /f/ | flaase "fleece" | |
Gg | /g/, /dʒ/(before ⟨e, i, y⟩) | greash "grace", burge "bridge" | soft g used mainly in analogies to English words |
Gh gh | /x/, /g/(word-initial) | faighe "faith", ghembols "pranks" | never silent possibly also /ɣ/ |
Hh | /h/ | hoorn "horn" | silent in consonant clusters not listed here |
Ii | /ɪ/ | ing "in" | |
Ie ie | /aj/, /i/(word-final) | ieen "eyes", vidie "where" | |
Jj | /dʒ/ | joudge "judge" | |
Kk | /k/ | kiver "cover" | |
Kh kh | /x/ | teikh "to teach" | also used for /k/ |
Ll | /l/ | laace "lace" | |
Mm | /m/ | mead "meadow" | |
Nn | /n/ | neesht "next" | |
Oo | /ɔ/ | ov "of" | rarely used alone |
Oa oa, O...e o...e | /oː/ | oan "one" | |
Oee oee | /oj/ | joee "joy" | |
Oo oo | /uː/ | oor "our" | |
O(o)u o(o)u | /ʊ/ | goun "gun" | |
Ow ow | /ow/ | howe "hoe (gardening tool)" | |
Pp | /p/ | pry "pray" | |
Ph ph | /f/ | phen "when" | used mainly as an analogy to English words spelt with ⟨ph⟩ or ⟨wh⟩ |
/kw/ | querne "quern" | used mainly as an analogy to English words spelt with ⟨qu⟩ | |
Rr | /r/ | rooze "rouse" | |
Ss | /s/ | scaul "scald" | |
Sh sh | /ʃ/ | shoo "she" | |
Tt | /t/ | taape "tape" | |
Th th | /θ/ | thrist "trust" | also used for /ð/ |
Uu | /ɔ/ | understhoane "understand" | |
Ui ui, Uy uy | /uj/ | buye "boy" | |
Vv | /v/ | vear "fear" | |
Ww | /w/ | wauste "waste" | |
Xx | /ks/ | voxe "fox" | used mainly as an analogy to English words spelt with ⟨x⟩ |
Yy | /ɪ/, /j/(consonant) | mycheare "idler", yeat "gate" | |
Y...e y...e, -ye | /aj/ | gryne "grain" | |
Zz | /z/ | zister "sister" | |
Zh zh | /ʒ/ | zheep "sheep" |
Note that the spellings can be somewhat inconsistent, due to many words attempting to draw comparison to English cognates and variation within the dialect. Not too much of the above, particularly regarding the vowels, is exactly certain.
Yola pronouns were similar to Middle English pronouns. [19]
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular Informal | Plural Informal/Formal | Singular | Plural | |||
Feminine | Masculine | Inanimate | ||||||
Nominative | ich | wough, wee | thou | ye | shoo | hea, he | it | hi; thye |
Oblique | mee | ouse | thee | ye | her | him | it | aam |
Genitive | mee | oore, oor, oure, our | thee | yer | *her | his | *his, *it(s) | aar |
Reflexive | meezil | ourzels | theezil | yerzel, yerzels | *herzil | himzil | *itzil | aamzil |
The definite article was at first a or ee, which was later replaced by the.[ citation needed ]
Yola verbs had some conservative characteristics. The second and third person plural endings were sometimes -eth or -edh as in Chaucerian English. The past participle retained the Middle English "y" prefix as ee. [20]
Some nouns retained the -en plural of ME children, such as been 'bees' and tren 'trees'.[ citation needed ]
The glossary compiled by Jacob Poole provides most of what is known about the Forth and Bargy vocabulary. Poole was a farmer and member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) from Growtown in the Parish of Taghmon on the border between the baronies of Bargy and Shelmalier. [21] He collected words and phrases from his tenants and farm labourers between 1800 and his death in 1827.
Although most of its vocabulary is Anglo-Saxon in origin, Yola contains many borrowings from Irish and French.
All the Yola etymons are Middle English unless stated otherwise. Yola words derived from a non-standard Middle English form list the variant first, followed by the variant in parentheses.
English | Yola | Yola etymon | West Riding Yorkshire | Scots | West Frisian | Low Saxon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
how | fowe how | wou how | haa | hou foo (Doric Scots) | hoe | wo/woans |
what | fa(a)de | whad (what) | what | whit fit (Doric Scots) | wat | wat |
when | fan/ phen/ van | whanne | when | whan fan (Doric Scots) | wannear | wanneer |
where | fidi/ vidie/ vidy | whider | wheer | whaur faur (Doric Scots) | wêr | wo/woneem |
which | wich wilk | whilch | which | whilk | hokker | welk |
who | fo/ vo | hwā (Old English) | who/whoa | wha fa (Doric Scots) | wa | wer/wel/wokeen |
why | fart(h)oo | wherto (why) | why | why fit wye (Doric Scots) | wêrom | worüm |
English | Yola | Yola etymon | Yorkshire West Riding | Scots | West Frisian | Low Saxon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
about | abut, abouten | abouten | abaat | aboot | om/rûn | üm/rund |
above | aboo | abuven | aboon | abuin | boppe | baven |
against | ayenst | ayens | agean/agen | agin | tsjin | gegen |
among | amang, mang | amang | amang | amang | mank/tusken | mang/twüschen |
around | arent | around | araand | aroond | om | üm |
at | ad(h) | ed (at) | at | at | by | bi |
before | avar | avore (afore) | afoor, befoor | afore | foar | vöör |
below/beneath/under | aloghe | alow | below/beneeath/under | ablo/aneath/unner | ûnder | (to)neddern/nedder, ünnen/ünner |
beside | besidh(e), besithe | beside | beside/aside | aside | njonken | blangen |
between/betwixt | betweesk/beteesh | betwix | between/atween/betwixt/atwixt | atween/atweesh | (be)tusken | twüschen |
by | be(e), bie, by | by | by/bi | by | by | bi |
for | for, var, vor | vor (for) | for | for | foar | för |
from | vre(a)m/ vreem/ vrim/ vrom | vram (fram) | fra/thra/throo | frae | fan | van, von, vun |
next, next to | neeshte, nishte | next | next | neist | nêst | neven |
in | i/ee/a, in(g), yn(g) | in | in/i | in | yn | in |
out | udh, ut(h) | out | aat | oot | út | ut, uut |
over | ow(e)r, oer | over | ovver/ower/o'er | ower | oer | över |
through | draugh, trugh | thrugh | through/thrugh | throch | troch | dörch, dör, döör |
upon | apan, (a)paa | upon | upon/upo' | upon/upo' | op | up, op |
with | wee, wi, wough | with | wi | wi | mei | mit |
English | Yola | Yola etymon | West Riding Yorkshire | Scots | West Frisian | Low Saxon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
all | aul | all | all | aw | al | all |
any | aany aught | any aught | ony | ony | elts | enig |
each, every | earch(a)/ earchee/ erich/ iverich | everich | eeach, ivvery | ilk, ilka/ivery | eltse | elk, jeed/jeedeen |
few | vew(e) | few | few, a two-or-thry | few/a wheen | min | wenig |
neither | nother | nóhwæþer (Old English) | nawther | naither | noch | noch |
none, nothing | noucht, nodhing | naught, nothing | noan, nowt | nane, nocht | nimmen, neat | nüms, nix |
other | (th)o(o)ree | another | other | ither | oar | anner |
some | zim/ zum | sum | some | some | guon | welke |
that | d(h)cka | that | that | dat | dit, düt | |
this | d(h)icke | this | this | dizze | disse, düsse |
English | Yola | Yola etymon | Yorkshire West Riding | Scots | West Frisian | Low Saxon | Irish |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
day | dei, die | day | day | day | dei | Dag | lá |
fear | vear ferde | fǽr (Old English) feerd | fear | fear | frees | Forcht, Bang, Angst | eagla |
friend | vriene | frind (frend) | friend | fere | freon | Fründ | cara |
land | loan(e) | lond (land) | land | laund | lân | Land | talamh, tír |
old | yola, yole | eold (Old English eald) | owd | auld | âld | oold, oll- | sean, seanda, aosta |
sun | zin | synne (sunne) | sun | sun | sinne | Sünn | grian |
thing | dhing | thing | thing | hing | ting | Ding | rud, ní |
go | goe | goan | go/goa | gae/gang/gan | gean | gaan | dul (go), imeacht (go away), gabháil (go along) |
Wexford | Weis(e)forthe/Weis(e)ford | Veisafjǫrðr (Old Norse) | Wexford | Wexford | Wexford | Wexford | Loch Garman |
# | Yola | Yola etymon | West Frisian |
---|---|---|---|
1 | oan | oane | ien |
2 | twee, twi(ne), twy(n)(e) | tweyne | twa |
3 | d(h)rie, d(h)ree | thre | trij |
4 | vour, vowre | vour (four) | fjouwer |
5 | veeve | vyve (five) | fiif |
6 | zeese | siex (Old English six) | seis |
7 | zeven | seven | sân |
8 | ayght/ aught | eahta (Old English) | acht |
9 | neen | nine | njoggen |
10 | dhen | ten | tsien |
20 | dwanty | twonty (twenty) | tweintich |
30 | dhirtee | thirty | tritich |
100 | hindereth/ hundereth/ hunnert | hundred | hûndert |
Diarmaid Ó Muirithe travelled to South Wexford in 1978 to study the English spoken there. [22] His informants ranged in age between 40 and 90. Among the long list of words still known or in use at that time are the following:
Amain is a Norman word which means 'of easy use'.[ citation needed ]
The following is a song in Yola with a rough translation into English.
A Yola Zong | An Old Song |
Congratulatory address in the dialect of Forth and Bargy, presented to the Earl of Mulgrave, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, on his visit to Wexford in 1836. Taken from the Wexford Independent newspaper of 15 February 1860. The paper's editor Edmund Hore wrote:
The most remarkable fact, in reality, in connexion with the address is this. In all probability it was the first time regal or vice-regal ears were required to listen to words of such a dialect; and it is even still more probable that a like event will never happen again; for if the use of this old tongue dies out as fast for the next five-and-twenty years as it has for the same bygone period, it will be utterly extinct and forgotten before the present century shall have closed.
In order for a person not acquainted with the pronunciation of the dialect to form anything like an idea of it, it is first necessary to speak slowly, and remember that the letter a has invariably the same sound, like a in 'father.' Double ee sounds as e in 'me,' and most words of two syllables the long accent is placed on the last. To follow the English pronunciation completely deprives the dialect of its peculiarities.
To's Excellencie Constantine Harrie Phipps, y' Earle Mulgrave, Lord Lieutenant-General and General Governor of Ireland. Ye soumissive Spakeen o'ouz Dwelleres o' Baronie Forthe, Weisforthe.
MAI'T BE PLEASANT TO TH' ECCELLENCIE, – Wee, Vassalès o' 'His Most Gracious Majesty', Wilyame ee Vourthe, an, az wee verilie chote, na coshe an loyale dwellerès na Baronie Forthe, crave na dicke luckie acte t'uck neicher th' Eccellencie, an na plaine garbe o' oure yola talke, wi vengem o' core t’gie oure zense o' y gradès whilke be ee-dighte wi yer name; and whilke we canna zei, albeit o' 'Governere,' 'Statesman,' an alike. Yn ercha an aul o' while yt beeth wi gleezom o' core th' oure eyen dwytheth apan ye Vigere o'dicke Zouvereine, Wilyame ee Vourthe, unnere fose fatherlie zwae oure daiez be ee-spant, az avare ye trad dicke londe yer name waz ee-kent var ee vriene o' livertie, an He fo brake ye neckarès o' zlaves. Mang ourzels – var wee dwytheth an Irelonde az ure generale haime – y'ast, bie ractzom o'honde, ee-delt t’ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka. Wee dwyth ye ane fose dais be gien var ee gudevare o'ye londe ye zwae, – t'avance pace an livertie, an, wi'oute vlynch, ee garde o' generale reights an poplare vartue. Ye pace – yea, we mai zei, ye vaste pace whilke bee ee-stent owr ye londe zince th'ast ee-cam, proo'th, y'at wee alane needeth ye giftes o’generale rights, az be displayte bie ee factes o'thie goveremente. Ye state na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,' ye wake o'hopes ee-blighte, stampe na yer zwae be rare an lightzom. Yer name var zetch avancet avare ye, e’en a dicke var hye, arent whilke ye brine o'zea an ye craggès o'noghanes cazed nae balke. Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wi' mattoke, an zing t'oure caulès wi plou, wee hert ee zough o'ye colure o' pace na name o' Mulgrave. Wi Irishmen owre generale hopes be ee-bond – az Irishmen, an az dwellerès na cosh an loyale o' Baronie Forthe, w’oul daie an ercha daie, our meines an oure gurles, praie var long an happie zins, shorne o'lournagh an ee-vilt wi benisons, an yerzel an oure gude Zovereine, till ee zin o'oure daies be var aye be ee-go t'glade.
English Translation
To his Excellency, Constantine Henry Phipps, Earl of Mulgrave, Lord Lieutenant-General, and General Governor of Ireland. The humble Address of the Inhabitants of the Barony of Forth, Wexford.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY – We, the subjects of his Most Gracious Majesty, William IV., and, as we truly believe, both faithful and loyal inhabitants of the Barony of Forth, beg leave at this favourable opportunity to approach your Excellency, and in the simple dress of our old dialect to pour forth from the strength (or fulness) of our hearts, our sense (or admiration) of the qualities which characterise your name, and for which we have no words but of 'Governor,' 'Statesman,' &c. In each and every condition it is with joy of heart that our eyes rest upon the representative of that Sovereign, William IV., under whose paternal rule our days are spent; for before your foot pressed the soil, your name was known to us as the friend of liberty, and he who broke the fetters of the slave. Unto ourselves – for we look on Ireland to be our common country – you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that. We behold in you one whose days are devoted to the welfare of the land you govern, to promote peace and liberty – the uncompromising guardian of the common right and public virtue. The peace – yes, we may say the profound peace – which overspreads the land since your arrival, proves that we alone stood in need of the enjoyment of common privileges, as is demonstrated by the results of your government. The condition, this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation, the consequence of disappointed hopes, confirms your rule to be rare and enlightened. Your fame for such came before you even into this retired spot, to which neither the waters of the sea below nor the mountains above caused any impediment. In our valleys, where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough, we heard the distant sonnd of the wings of the dove of peace, in the word Mulgrave. With Irishmen our common hopes are inseparably bound up – as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth, we will daily and every day, our wives and our children, implore long and happy days, free from melancholy and full of blessings, for yourself and our good Sovereign, until the sun of our lives be gone down the dark valley (of death).
This following is a Yola poem from an original document containing accents to aid pronunciation;[ citation needed ]
Ee mýdhe ov Rosslaarè | The maiden of Rosslare |
This following is a Yola poem taken from Kathleen Brownes glossary of Forth and Bargy
A Zong o' Barony Forth | A song of Barony Forth |
This following is a Yola poem taken from Kathleen Brownes glossary of Forth and Bargy
Dhree Yola Mythens | Song of Three Old Maidens |
[...] Mr Hore, one of the last speakers of the dialect died in 1897
p. 57: for if the use of this old tongue dies out as fast for the next five and twenty years, as it has for the same by-gone period, it will be utterly extinct and forgotten before the present century shall have closed.
p. 44: In the baronies of Forth and Bargy (Especially in Forth), an area of about 200 sq. miles lying south of Wexford town, isolated by the sea and a long mountain, there lived on until the last century another descendant of the old Kildare English.
After a period of decline, it was replaced entirely in the early nineteenth century by general Irish English of the region.
Hiberno-English or Irish English (IrE), also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish, is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland. In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, English is the dominant first language in everyday use, one of two official languages of the Republic of Ireland, along with the Irish language, and one of the three recognised languages of Northern Ireland, along with Irish and Ulster Scots.
Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots, also known as Ulster Scotch and Ullans, is the dialect spoken in parts of Ulster, being almost exclusively spoken in parts of Northern Ireland and County Donegal. It is normally considered a dialect or group of dialects of Scots, although groups such as the Ulster-Scots Language Society and Ulster-Scots Academy consider it a language in its own right, and the Ulster-Scots Agency and former Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure have used the term Ulster-Scots language.
Wexford is the county town of County Wexford, Ireland. Wexford lies on the south side of Wexford Harbour, the estuary of the River Slaney near the southeastern corner of the island of Ireland. The town is linked to Dublin by the M11/N11 National Primary Route; and to Rosslare Europort, Cork and Waterford by the N25. The national rail network connects it to Dublin and Rosslare Europort. It had a population of 21,524 according to the 2022 census.
Yola may refer to:
John Kelly lived in the town of Killanne in the parish of Rathnure, west of Enniscorthy, in County Wexford in Ireland, and was a United Irish leader who fought in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Kelly was obviously well known to rebels and loyalists alike during the short duration of the Wexford Rebellion but very little is known of him outside this time. He was one of the leaders of the rebel victory at the Battle of Three Rocks which led to the capture of Wexford town but was later seriously wounded while leading a rebel column at the Battle of New Ross.
The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic and Frisian varieties of the West Germanic languages.
Fingallian or the Fingal dialect is an extinct dialect formerly spoken in Fingal, Ireland. It is thought to have been an offshoot of Middle English, which was brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion, and was extinct by the mid-19th century. Although little is known of Fingallian, it is thought to have been similar to the Forth and Bargy dialect of County Wexford.
There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Since the late 18th century, English has been the predominant first language, displacing Irish. A large minority claims some ability to use Irish, and it is the first language for a small percentage of the population.
Kilmore or Killmore, locally pronounced 'Kilmoor', is a village in south County Wexford, Ireland, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Wexford town. Kilmore is in a civil parish of the same name.
Bargy is a barony in County Wexford, Ireland. From the 12th century Bargy and the surrounding area, including the barony of Forth, saw extensive Anglo-Norman settlement following the Norman invasion of Ireland. A distinctive Anglic language, known as the Yola language or simply Yola, was spoken in this area into the late 19th century.
County Wexford is a county located in the south-east of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. It takes its name from the principal town, Wexford, named 'Waesfjord' by the Vikings – meaning 'inlet (fjord) of the mud-flats' in the Old Norse language. In pre-Norman times it was part of the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnselaig, with its capital at Ferns.
Irish, also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family. It is a member of the Goidelic language group of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous to the island of Ireland. It was the majority of the population's first language until the 19th century, when English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as a result of linguistic imperialism.
Kathleen Anne Browne was an Irish politician, farmer, writer, historian and archaeologist. She was arrested after the Easter Rising and held in Kilmainham Gaol. During the Civil War, she was Pro-Treaty and joined Cumann na nGaedheal. She was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1929 to 1936. She was a fluent speaker of Yola, an Anglic language of Wexford.
Tacumshane is a small village and civil parish in the southeast of County Wexford, Ireland. It is located 15 km south of Wexford town.
The Yola people, historically known as Forth and Bargy people or Forthers, were an ethnic group that formed in the baronies of Forth and Bargy in County Wexford after the Norman invasion of Ireland at Bannow Bay in 1169. They were descendants of the original Norman invaders and hence they were distinct from the rest of Ireland in their customs, manners and appearance. As time progressed, the Yola people became mixed with the diverse medieval ethnic mix which colonized County Wexford, including French, Norman, Danish, Welsh, English, Irish, Flemish and the original Old Norse settlers who colonized the area prior to the invasion.
Forth is a barony in County Wexford in Ireland.
Diarmaid Ó Muirithe was an Irish lexicographer, journalist and author.
Jacob Poole was an Irish antiquarian.
Luke Wadding was a Roman Catholic priest, Bishop, and author of Christian poetry during the Stuart Restoration.
ISBN 1-58811-209-8 (US)