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The Romani people, also known as the Roma, are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Roma originated in the Indian subcontinent, in particular the region of Rajasthan. Their first wave of westward migration is believed to have occurred sometime between the 5th and 11th centuries. They are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century. Although they are widely dispersed, their most concentrated populations are believed to be in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia.
The Romani Holocaust was the genocide of European Roma and Sinti people during World War II. Beginning in 1933, Nazi Germany systematically persecuted the European Roma, Sinti and other peoples pejoratively labeled 'Gypsy' through forcible internment and compulsory sterilization. German authorities summarily and arbitrarily subjected Romani people to incarceration, forced labor, deportation and mass murder in concentration and extermination camps.
The Sinti are a subgroup of Romani people. They are found mostly in Germany, France and Italy and Central Europe, numbering some 200,000 people. They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.
The Romani people have long been a part of the collective mythology of the West, where they were depicted as outsiders, aliens, and a threat. For centuries they were enslaved in Eastern Europe and hunted in Western Europe: the Pořajmos, Hitler's attempt at genocide, was one violent link in a chain of persecution that encompassed countries generally considered more tolerant of minorities, such as the United Kingdom. Even today, while there is a surge of Romani self-identification and pride, restrictive measures are being debated and passed by democratic states to curb the rights of the Romani people.
The Dom are descendants of the Dom caste with origins in the Indian subcontinent which through ancient migrations are found scattered across the Middle East and North Africa, the Eastern Anatolia Region, and parts of the Balkans and Hungary. The traditional language of the Dom is Domari, an endangered Indo-Aryan language, thereby making the Dom an Indo-Aryan ethnic group.
Boyash or Bayash are a Romani ethnic group living in Romania, southern Hungary, northeastern and northwestern Croatia, western Vojvodina, Slovakia, the Balkans, but also in the Americas. Alternative names are Rudari (Ludari), Lingurari and Zlătari.
Ian Francis Hancock is a linguist, Romani scholar and political advocate. He was born and raised in England and is one of the main contributors in the field of Romani studies.
The Romani people, also referred to as Roma, Sinti, or Kale, depending on the subgroup, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group that primarily lives in Europe. The Romani may have migrated from what is the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC. Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about 500 AD. It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by Mahmud of Ghazni. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the Byzantine Empire.
The Romani people are a distinct ethnic and cultural group of peoples living all across the globe, who share a family of languages and sometimes a traditional nomadic mode of life. Though their exact origins were unclear, recent studies show Kashmir in Northwest India is the most probable point of origin. Their language shares a common origin with, and is similar to, modern-day Gujarati and Rajasthani, borrowing loanwords from languages they encountered as they migrated from India. In Europe, even though their culture has been victimized by other cultures, they have still found a way to maintain their heritage and society. Indian elements in Romani culture are limited, with the exception of the language. Romani culture focuses heavily on family. The Roma traditionally live according to relatively strict moral codes. The ethnic culture of the Romani people who live in Central and Eastern Europe developed through a long, complex process of continuous active interaction with the culture of their surrounding European population.
The World Romani Congress is a series of forums for discussion of issues relating to Roma people around the world. As of 2023, there have been eleven World Romani Congresses. Among the chief goals of these congresses have been the standardization of the Romani language, improvements in civil rights and education, preservation of the Roma culture, reparations from World War II, and international recognition of the Roma as a national minority of Indian native origin.
Ranjit Poojari Naik was an architect and social worker who helped Mumbai slum dwellers. He had an involvement in nearly 50 slum redevelopment projects and was director of the People's Participation Programme. An activist for the Banjara people, Naik spoke at the second World Romani Conference in 1978, where he delivered a paper titled Banjara from Barothan.
The number of Romani people in Ireland is roughly estimated, as the Central Statistics Office collects its data based on nationality and not ethnic origin. For this reason a precise demographic profile of the Romani in Ireland is not available. Some estimates of Roma in Ireland give the population at 1,700 in 2004, rising to between 2,500 and 3,000 in 2005. The Romani people first migrated from northwestern India between 500 and 600 AD. They first arrived in Europe via Greece and Bulgaria around the 13th century and the majority of Roma remained in Southeastern Europe. Roma have been present in Ireland since the 16th century. Although they intermarried with Irish Travellers and settled indigenous Irish people, they have maintained their Romani identity and culture across generations. However, the majority of the Roma population in Ireland today derive from more recent migrations, primarily from Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Serbia and Italy.
The Romani people are known by a variety of names, mostly as Gypsies, Roma, Tsinganoi, Bohémiens, and various linguistic variations of these names. There are also numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Sinti, Kalderash, Boyash, Manouche, Lovari, Lăutari, Machvaya, Romanichal, Romanisael, Kale, Kaale, Xoraxai and Modyar.
There have been Romani people in Croatia for more than 600 years and they are concentrated mostly in the northern regions of the country.
Eva Justin was a German anthropologist who was active during the Nazi era. She specialised in scientific racism. Her work contributed to the Nazi crimes against the Sinti and Roma peoples.
Sinte Romani is the variety of Romani spoken by the Sinti people in Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, some parts of Northern Italy and other adjacent regions. Sinte Romani is characterized by significant German influence and is not mutually intelligible with other forms of Romani. The language is written in the Latin script.
Romani Americans are Americans who have full or partial Romani ancestry. It is estimated that there are one million Romani people in the United States. Though the Romani population in the United States has largely assimilated into American society, the largest concentrations are in Southern California, the Pacific Northwest, Southwestern United States, Texas, Louisiana, Florida and the Northeast as well as in cities such as Chicago, Cleveland, and St. Louis.
The Romani people in Canada are citizens of Canada who are of Romani descent. According to the 2021 Canadian census there were 6,545 Canadians who claimed Romani ancestry. They are sometimes referred as "gypsies", but that is considered to be a racial slur.
Elena Marushiakova is a historian and ethnographer working in field of Romani Studies, of Slovak and Russian origin, who has lived and studied in Slovakia and Bulgaria. In 2016 she became a research professor in the School of History at the University of St Andrews. Elena Marushiakova became the president of the Gypsy Lore Society.
Jews and Romani people have interacted for centuries, particularly since the arrival of Romani people in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Both communities have histories of living in diaspora communities, and both have experienced persecution in Europe since the medieval period. While antisemitism and anti-Romani bigotry manifest differently, there are overlapping prejudices, such as the use of blood libel; the false accusation that Jewish or Romani people kidnap and kill children for ritualistic purposes. The systematic murder of both Jews and Romani people during the Holocaust has strengthened Jewish-Romani relations during the post-WWII era.
References
- ↑ "Romani Studies". Södertörn University . Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ↑ "European Roma Cultural Foundation - ERCF - ERCF - European Roma Cultural Foundation". www.romacult.org.
- ↑ "Information package & Course catalogue". portal.zcu.cz.
- ↑ Knejp, Jan (2010). "Postavení a vývoj romologie v České republice a její vliv na vytváření multikulturního prostředí" [The position and evolution of Romology in the Czech Republic and its influence on the creation of a multicultural environment]. In Nosková, Helena (ed.). Národnostní menšiny, multikulturalita, vzdělávání (in Czech). Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR. pp. 184–194. ISBN 978-80-7285-129-4.
- ↑ http://www.wereurope.eu/download/MTG/Abstract_MTG_SI.pdf Main issues for the abstracts on Marginalised Target Group
- ↑ Bibliography of the staff of the Seminar of Indian Studies
- ↑ "Dr. Ian Hancock One of the Country's Foremost Experts on the Roma People to Retire". University of Texas.
- ↑ Miller, David; Davidson, Neil; McCafferty, Patricia, eds. (2010). Neoliberal Scotland: Class and Society in a Stateless Nation. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1443816755. LCCN 2009512670. OCLC 498931494. p. 445:
His specialist work in Romani Studies is well known and respected, and he is co-author of Here to Stay: the Gypsies and Travellers of Britain (University of Hertfordshire Press, 2006).
- ↑ Kalinin, Vladimir (2000). "Oh, This Russian Spirit Abides Everywhere: A Dialogue of the Imagination with Dr Donald Kenrick". In Kenrick, Donald; Acton, Thomas Alan (eds.). Scholarship and the Gypsy Struggle: Commitment in Romani Studies (A Collection of Papers and Poems to Celebrate Donald Kenrick's Seventieth Year) (illustrated ed.). Hertfordshire, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 140–149. ISBN 978-1902806013. LCCN 2001320282. OCLC 1114793004. p. 148:
Roma played every role in Soviet society, from general to prisoner of conscience. As I wrote this paper, a telephone conversation with the notable Moscow Romani studies scholar, Lev Cherenkov (b. 1936), told me about a now retired Soviet Colonel, a Rom by the name of Alexei Danchenko (b. 1934).
- ↑ "Critical Romani Studies". Directory of Open Access Journals . UK. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ↑ "Romani Studies". Project MUSE . Retrieved 22 June 2021– via Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
