Adzuki bean

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Adzuki beans
Azuki Beans.jpg
Also called "red mung beans"
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Vigna
Species:
V. angularis
Binomial name
Vigna angularis
(Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi

Vigna angularis, also known as the adzuki bean(Japanese: 小豆 (アズキ, hiragana あずき), azuki, Uncommon アヅキ, adzuki), azuki bean, aduki bean, red bean, or red mung bean, is an annual vine widely cultivated throughout East Asia for its small (approximately 5 mm or 1⁄4 in long) bean. The cultivars most familiar in East Asia have a uniform red color, but there are white, black, gray, and variously mottled varieties.

Contents

Scientists presume Vigna angularis var. nipponensis is the progenitor. [1]

Origin and diversity

Speciation and domestication

The wild ancestor of cultivated adzuki bean is probably Vigna angularis var. nipponensis, [2] which is distributed across East Asia. [3] Speciation between Vigna angularis var. nipponensis and Vigna angularis var. angularis occurred around 50,000 years ago. [4] Archaeologists estimate it was domesticated around 3000 BC. [5] However, adzuki beans, as well as soybeans, dating from 3000 BC to 2000 BC are indicated to still be largely within the wild size range. Enlarged seeds occurred during the later Bronze Age or Iron Age, periods with plough use. [6]

Domestication of adzuki beans resulted in a trade-off between yield and seed size. Cultivated adzuki beans have fewer but longer pods, fewer but larger seeds, a shorter stature, and also a smaller overall seed yield than wild forms. [3] The exact place of domestication is not known; [2] multiple domestication origins in East Asia have been suggested. [5]

Seed remains of adzuki beans discovered in the Central Highlands of Japan were dated to c. 6,000–4,000 BP, and represent to date the oldest evidence for its cultivation, supporting an origin in Japan. Evidence suggests that "wild azuki bean have been domesticated and cultivated in Japan for over 10,000 years". [7]

Breeding

Seikei Zusetsu, 1804 Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 18, page 018 - Zhu Xiao Dou - Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi, 1804.jpg
Seikei Zusetsu , 1804

In Japan, the adzuki bean was one of the first crops subjected to scientific plant breeding. [3] Important breeding traits are yield, pureness of the bean colour, and the maturing time. [8] Separate cultivars with smaller seeds and higher biomass are bred for fodder production and as green manure. [8] Locally adapted cultivars are available in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. [9]

More than 300 cultivars/landraces/breeding lines are registered in Japan. [9] Large germplasm collections of adzuki bean are in China, at the Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (CAAS), Beijing, with more than 3,700 accessions, and Japan, at the Tokachi Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido, with about 2,500 accessions. [9]

Weed forms

Weed forms of adzuki bean frequently occur in Japan. The wide spread of weed forms is due to adaptation to human-disturbed habitats, escapes of old cultivars, and natural establishment from derivatives of hybrids between cultivars and wild forms. [2] In contrast to wild forms, the weed forms of adzuki bean are used as a substitute for the cultivated form and consumed as sweet beans, especially if cultivated adzuki beans are attacked by pests. However, in cultivated gardens the weed form is recognized as contamination and lowers the seed quality of adzuki cultivars. [2]

Names

Yokan, a Japanese confection made of adzuki bean paste, agar, and sugar Minochu Agari-Yokan 2020-11 ac.jpg
Yōkan , a Japanese confection made of adzuki bean paste, agar, and sugar

The name adzuki is a transliteration of the native Japanese アヅキ, as it was spelled according to historical kana orthography. The name is also transliterated as azuki, reflecting the modern spelling アズキ, or less commonly as aduki, according to an alternate system of romanization. All are meant to represent the same Modern Japanese pronunciation, azuki.

Japanese also has a Chinese loanword, shōzu (小豆), which means "small bean", its counterpart "large bean" (大豆, daizu) being the soybean. It is common to write 小豆 in kanji but pronounce it as azuki listen ⓘ , an example of jukujikun . In China, the corresponding name (Chinese :小豆; pinyin :xiǎodòu) still is used in botanical or agricultural parlance. In everyday Chinese, the more common terms are hongdou (红豆; hóngdòu) and chidou (赤豆; chìdòu), both meaning "red bean", because almost all Chinese cultivars are uniformly red.

In English the beans are often described as "red beans" in the context of Chinese cuisine, such as with red bean paste. In Korean, adzuki beans are called pat (팥) and it contrasts with kong (콩, "bean"), rather than being considered a type of it. Kong ("beans") without qualifiers usually means soybeans. In Vietnamese it is called đậu đỏ (literally: red bean). In some parts of India, the beans are referred to as "red chori". [10] In Marathi, it is known as lal chavali (लाल चवळी), literally meaning 'red cowpea'. In Iraq its name is lūbyā ḥamrāˈ (لوبيا حمراء) meaning "red cowpeas".

Cultivation

Field of azuki bean plants in Gunma, Japan Shiroazuki1.jpg
Field of azuki bean plants in Gunma, Japan

Area and yield

The adzuki bean is mainly cultivated in China (670,000 hectares (1,700,000 acres)), Japan (60,000 hectares (150,000 acres)), South Korea (25,000 hectares (62,000 acres)), and Taiwan (15,000 hectares (37,000 acres)) (data published 2006). [9] The bean is also grown commercially in the US, South America, India, [11] New Zealand, Congo, and Angola. [8]

In Japan, the adzuki bean is the second most important legume after the soy bean. In 1998, the annual crop yield was around 100,000 tonnes (98,000 long tons; 110,000 short tons). [8] In 2006, Japan consumed about 140,000 tonnes (140,000 long tons; 150,000 short tons)/year. Japan is the largest importer of adzuki beans. [9] The imports come from China, Korea, Colombia, Taiwan, US, Thailand, and Canada. [8] [9]

Ecological requirements

Flowers and pods Vigna angularis var. nipponensis 10.JPG
Flowers and pods

Optimal temperature range for adzuki bean growth is between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F). The crop is not frost-hardy and needs soil temperatures above 6–10 °C (43–50 °F) (30–34 °C (86–93 °F) optimal) for germination. Hot temperatures stimulate vegetative growth and are therefore less favorable for pea production. [8] [9] [11] The adzuki bean is usually not irrigated. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 to 1,750 millimetres (20 to 69 in) in areas where the bean is grown. The plant can withstand drought but severe reduction in yield is expected. [8] [9] The cultivation of the adzuki bean is possible on preferably well drained soils with pH 5–7.5. [9] [11] Fertilizer application differs widely depending on expected yield but is generally similar to soybean. Due to nodulation with rhizobia, nitrogen fixation of up to 100 kilograms per hectare (89 lb/acre) is possible. [9] [11]

Production

The sowing of the peas is in 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.18 in) depth in rows 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) apart and 10–45 centimetres (3.9–17.7 in) within the row. Rarely seeds are sown by broadcast. The amount of seeds ranges between 8–70 kilograms per hectare (7.1–62.5 lb/acre). Growth of the crop is slow, therefore weed control is crucial mainly between germination and flowering. Cultivation systems differ largely among different countries. In China adzuki bean is often grown in intercrops with maize, sorghum and millet while in Japan the bean is grown in crop rotations. Harvest of the peas should not be done as long as moisture content of the seed is higher than 16%. [9]

Pests and diseases

Fungal and bacterial diseases of the adzuki bean are powdery mildew, brown stem rot, and bacterial blight. Furthermore, pests such as the adzuki pod worm, Japanese butterbur borer, and cutworm attack the crop. The bean weevil is an important storage pest. [9]

Botany

Drawing by Yushi Ishizaki. Note the historical kana usage (aduki) Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.651 - Vigna angularis - Yushi Ishizaki - Cock Blomhoff Collection - pencil drawing - water colour.jpg
Drawing by Yūshi Ishizaki. Note the historical kana usage (アヅキ)

The description of the adzuki bean can vary between authors because there are both wild [12] and cultivated forms [8] of the plant. The adzuki bean is an annual, [9] [12] rarely biennial [8] bushy erect or twining herb [9] [12] usually between 30 and 90 centimetres (12 and 35 in) high. [12] [13] There exist climbing or prostrate forms of the plant. [9] The stem is normally green [13] and sparsely pilose. [12]

Roots

The adzuki bean has a taproot type of root system that can reach a depth of 40–50 centimetres (16–20 in) from the point of seed germination. [13] [14]

Leaves

The leaves of the adzuki bean are trifoliate, pinnate and arranged alternately along the stem on a long petiole. [8] [9] [13] Leaflets are ovate and about 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) long and 5–8 centimetres (2.0–3.1 in) wide. [8] [13] [14]

Flowers

Adzuki flowers are papilionaceous and bright yellow. [9] [13] [14] The inflorescence is an axillary false raceme [13] consisting of six [12] to ten [8] (two to twenty [9] ) flowers. [8] [12] [13]

Fruits

Pods and beans Vigna angularis var. nipponensis 15.JPG
Pods and beans

Adzuki pods are smooth, cylindrical and thin-walled. [13] [14] The colour of the pods is green turning white to grey as they mature. [13] [14] The size is between 5–13 by 0.5 centimetres (1.97 in–5.12 in × 0.20 in) with 2 to 14 seeds per pod. [9] [14] Pod shatter during seed ripening and harvesting might be a difficulty under certain conditions. [13] [14]

Seeds

The seeds are smooth and subcylindric with a length of 5.0–9.1 millimetres (0.20–0.36 in), width of 4.0–6.3 millimetres (0.16–0.25 in), thickness of 4.1–6.0 millimetres (0.16–0.24 in). [13] [14] The thousand kernel weight is between 50 and 200 g. [8] There are many different seed colours from maroon to blue-black mottled with straw. [6]

Physiology

The emergence of the seedlings is hypogeal [13] [14] and takes 7–20 days. [9] Compared to other pulses the growth of the plant is slow. [9] Normally the adzuki plant reaches maturity between 80 and 120 days depending on the cultivar and the environmental conditions. [13] Flowering lasts 30–40 days. [9] Commonly the plant self-pollinates but cross-pollination also exists. [9]

Culinary uses

Adzuki beans, cooked, no salt
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy 536 kJ (128 kcal)
24.8 g
Dietary fiber 7.3 g
Fat
0.1 g
7.5 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
10%
0.12 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
5%
0.06 mg
Niacin (B3)
5%
0.72 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
9%
0.43 mg
Vitamin B6
6%
0.1 mg
Folate (B9)
30%
121 μg
Vitamin C
0%
0 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
28 mg
Copper
33%
0.3 mg
Iron
11%
2 mg
Magnesium
12%
52 mg
Manganese
25%
0.57 mg
Phosphorus
13%
168 mg
Potassium
18%
532 mg
Selenium
2%
1.2 μg
Sodium
0%
8 mg
Zinc
16%
1.8 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water66 g
USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [15] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [16]

In East Asian cuisine, the adzuki bean is commonly sweetened before eating. In particular, it is often boiled with sugar, producing red bean paste, a very common ingredient in all of these cuisines. It is common to add flavoring to the bean paste, such as chestnut. Red bean paste is used in many Chinese dishes, such as tangyuan, zongzi, mooncakes, baozi, and red bean ice.

It serves as a filling in Japanese sweets such as anpan, dorayaki, imagawayaki, manjū, monaka, anmitsu, taiyaki, and daifuku. A more liquid version, using adzuki beans boiled with sugar and a pinch of salt, produces a sweet dish called hong dou tang. Some East Asian cultures enjoy red bean paste as a filling or topping for various kinds of waffles, pastries, baked buns, or biscuits.

Adzuki beans are commonly eaten sprouted or boiled in a hot, tea-like drink.

Traditionally in Japan, rice with adzuki beans (赤 飯; sekihan ) is cooked for auspicious occasions. Adzuki beans are used in amanattō and ice cream with the whole bean or as paste.

Nutritional information

Cooked adzuki beans are 66% water, 25% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber, 8% protein, and contain negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, cooked beans provide 536 kilojoules (128 kilocalories) of food energy, a moderate to high content (10% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamin folate (30% DV), and several dietary minerals (11% to 27% DV, table).

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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  7. ↑ Takahashi Y, Nasu H, Nakayama S, et al. (2023). "Domestication of azuki bean and soybean in Japan: From the insight of archeological and molecular evidence". Breeding Science. 73 (2): 117–131. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.22074. PMC   10316305 . PMID   37404345.
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  10. ↑ "Indian beans". Seedsofindia.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Floridata Plant Encyclopedia Vigna Angularis". Steve Christman. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
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  15. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  16. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Food and Nutrition Board, et al. (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154 . Retrieved December 5, 2024.
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