Historical kana orthography

The historicalkanaorthography ( 歴史的仮名遣い , rekishiteki kanazukai), or old orthography (旧仮名遣い, kyū kanazukai), refers to the kana orthography (正仮名遣い, sei kana-zukai ) in general use until orthographic reforms after World War II; the current orthography was adopted by Cabinet order in 1946. ^[1] By that point the historical orthography was no longer in accord with Japanese pronunciation. It differs from modern usage ( Gendai kana-zukai ) in the number of characters and the way those characters are used. There was considerable opposition to the official adoption of the current orthography, on the grounds that the historical orthography conveys meanings better, and some writers continued to use it for many years after.

The historical orthography is found in almost all Japanese dictionaries, such as Kōjien. In the current edition of the Kōjien, if the historical orthography is different from the modern spelling, the old spelling is printed in tiny katakana between the modern kana and kanji transcriptions of the word. Ellipses are used to save space when the historical and modern spellings are identical. Older editions of the Kōjien gave priority to the historical orthography.

The historical orthography should not be confused with hentaigana, alternate kana that were declared obsolete with the orthographic reforms of 1900.

General differences

This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for づ, ず, ぢ, じ, ゐ, and ゑ.

A 1940 Japanese Empire propaganda slogan: パアマネントハヤメマセウ (Pāmanento wa yamemashō, "Stop the permanent wave"), with yamemashō written as yamemaseu.

In historical kana usage:

• Two kana are used that are obsolete today: ゐ/ヰwi and ゑ/ヱwe. These are today read as i and e. Words that formerly contained those characters are now written using い/イi and え/エe respectively.
• Outside of its use as a particle, the をwo kana is used to represent the o sound in some, but not all, words.
• Yōon sounds, such as しょうshō or きょうkyō, are not written with a small kana (ゃ, ゅ, ょ); depending on the word, they are written with either two or three full-sized kana. If written with two kana and the last one is やya, ゆyu, or よyo, then it represents a short syllable of one mora, such as きよkyo. If written with two or three kana and the last one is うu or ふfu, then it represents a long syllable of two morae. The first kana is not always the same as one used in the modern spelling, as in 今日kyō "today", written けふkefu. If written with three kana, the middle one will always be やya, ゆyu, or よyo, and the last kana will always be うu or ふfu, as in 丁chō, the counter for tools, guns, etc., written ちやうchiyau.
• The series of kana hahifuheho are used to represent, in some words, the sounds wa, i, u, e, o, respectively.
• Precedence is given to grammar over pronunciation. For example, the verb warau (to laugh) is written わらふwarafu, and in accordance with Japanese grammar rules, waraō, the volitional form of warau, is written わらはうwarahau.
• The kana づdu and ぢdi, which are mostly only used in rendaku in modern kana usage, are more common. Modern kana usage replaces them with the identically-pronounced ずzu and じji in most cases. For example, ajisai (hortensia) is written あぢさゐadisawi.

Most of the historical kana usage has been found to accurately represent certain aspects of the way words sounded during the Heian period. As the spoken language has continued to develop, some orthography looks odd to the modern eye. As these peculiarities follow fairly regular patterns, they are not difficult to learn. However, some of the historical kana usages are etymologically mistakes. For example,

或いはaruiwa (or) might be found written incorrectly as 或ひは*aruhiwa or 或ゐは*aruwiwa

用ゐるmochiwiru (use) might be found written incorrectly as 用ひる*mochihiru

つくえtsukue (desk, table) might be found written incorrectly as: つくゑ*tsukuwe

Those familiar with Japanese writing may notice that most of the differences apply to words which are usually written in Kanji anyway, and so would require no changes to switch from one Kana system to another (unless furigana are employed). In particular, yōon sounds occur almost exclusively in the Chinese-derived readings that are usually only seen in Kanji compounds (although not entirely; 今日kyō "today," written けふkefu in the old system, is a native Japanese word), and therefore do not look any different (without furigana). The relative lack of difference in appearance in practice between the two systems was a major reason the spelling reform succeeded, and also why the three grammatical particles o, e, wa continue to be written as をwo, へhe, and はha instead of おo, えe, and わwa; many felt that changing these exceedingly common spellings would unnecessarily confuse readers. It is also for this reason that many character dictionaries continue to include the historical spellings, since they are relevant there.

Some forms of unusual kana usage are not, in fact, historical kana usage. For example, writing どじょう (泥鰌/鰌)dojō (loach, a sardine-like fish) in the form どぜうdozeu is not historical kana usage (which was どぢやうdodiyau), but a kind of slang writing originating in the Edo period.

Examples

Here are some representative examples showing the historical and modern spellings and the kanji representation.

Historical usage		Current usage		New	Old	Translation	Middle Chinese
けふ	kefu	きょう	kyō	今日		today
かは	kaha	かわ	kawa	川		river
こゑ	kowe	こえ	koe	声	聲	voice
みづ	midu	みず	mizu	水		water
わう	wau	おう	ō	王		king	hjwang
てふ	tefu	ちょう	chō	蝶		butterfly	dep
ゐる	wiru	いる	iru	居る		there is/are (animate)
あはれ	ahare	あわれ	aware	哀れ		sorrow; grief; pathos
かへる	kaheru	かえる	kaeru	帰る	歸る	to return home
くわし	kuwashi (kwashi)	かし	kashi	菓子		sweets	kwaX tsiX
とうきやう	Toukiyau (Toukyau)	とうきょう	Tōkyō	東京		Tokyo
せう	seu	しょう	shō	笑		laughter	sjewH

The table at the bottom gives a more complete list of the changes in spelling patterns.

Current usage

Historical kana usage can be used to look up words in larger dictionaries and dictionaries specializing in old vocabulary, which are in print in Japan. Because of the great discrepancy between the pronunciation and spelling and the widespread adoption of modern kana usage, historical kana usage is almost never seen, except in a few special cases. Companies, shrines and people occasionally use historical kana conventions such as ゑびす (Ebisu), notably in Yebisu beer, which is written ヱビスwebisu but pronounced ebisu. Also, some long-standing company names retain yōon in full-sized kana, like キヤノン (Canon) or stamp manufacturer シヤチハタ (Shachihata).

In addition, alternate kana letterforms, known as hentaigana (変体仮名), have nearly disappeared. A few uses remain, such as kisoba, often written using obsolete kana on the signs of soba shops.

The use of をwo, へhe, and はha instead of おo, えe, and わwa for the grammatical particles o, e, wa is a remnant of historical kana usage.

Table of differences

Pre-War sign for 高等学校前 Kōtōgakkou-mae station in Toyama, spelled out as Ka_uto_ukakuka_umahe.

The following tables summarize every possible historical spelling for the syllables which were spelled differently under the historical system. When more than one historical spelling is given for a particular modern spelling, the various historical spellings were etymologically (and at one point phonetically) distinct and occurred in different words (i.e. in most cases, they are not merely different ways to spell the same word). The tables are sorted using the gojūon ordering system.

Note that the dakuten (voicing mark) was frequently omitted as well, as in the station sign at right.

Word-medial は ha, ひ hi, ふ hu, へ he, and ほ ho Modern spelling Historical spellings わ wa わ wa, は ha い i い i, ひ hi う u う u, ふ hu え e え e, へ he お o お o, ほ ho

ゐ wi, ゑ we and を wo Modern spelling Historical spellings い i い i, ゐ wi え e え e, ゑ we お o お o, を wo

くゎ kwa and ぐゎ gwa Modern spelling Historical spellings か ka か ka, くわ kuwa が ga が ga, ぐわ guwa

Yotsugana Modern spelling Historical spellings じ ji じ zi, ぢ di ず zu ず zu, づ du

Sokuon Modern spelling Historical spelling っ き ki, く ku, ち ti, つ tu

Classical auxiliary verb ～む -mu Modern spelling Historical spelling ん n む mu

～おう -ō ( chōon ) Modern spelling Historical spellings おう ō あう au, あふ ahu, おう ou, おふ ohu, わう wau, わふ wahu, をう wou, をふ wohu こう kō かう kau, かふ kahu, くわう kuwau, こう kou, こふ kohu ごう gō がう gau, がふ gahu, ぐわう guwau, ごう gou, ごふ gohu そう sō さう sau, さふ sahu, そう sou, そふ sohu ぞう zō ざう zau, ざふ zahu, ぞう zou, ぞふ zohu とう tō たう tau, たふ tahu, とう tou, とふ tohu どう dō だう dau, だふ dahu, どう dou, どふ dohu ほう hō はう hau, はふ hahu, ほう hou, ほふ hohu ぼう bō ばう bau, ばふ bahu, ぼう bou, ぼふ bohu ぽう pō ぱう pau, ぱふ pahu, ぽう pou, ぽふ pohu のう nō なう nau, なふ nahu, のう nou, のふ nohu もう mō まう mau, まふ mahu, もう mou, もふ mohu ろう rō らう rau, らふ rahu, ろう rou, ろふ rohu

～ゃ -ya ( yōon ) Modern spelling Historical spelling(s) きゃ kya きや kiya ぎゃ gya ぎや giya しゃ sha しや siya じゃ ja じや ziya, ぢや diya ちゃ cha ちや tiya ぢゃ ja ぢや diya にゃ nya にや niya ひゃ hya ひや hiya びゃ bya びや biya ぴゃ pya ぴや piya みゃ mya みや miya りゃ rya りや riya

～ゅ -yu ( yōon ) Modern spelling Historical spelling(s) きゅ kyu きゆ kiyu ぎゅ gyu ぎゆ giyu しゅ shu しゆ siyu じゅ ju じゆ ziyu, ぢゆ diyu ちゅ chu ちゆ tiyu ぢゅ ju ぢゆ diyu にゅ nyu にゆ niyu ひゅ hyu ひゆ hiyu びゅ byu びゆ biyu ぴゅ pyu ぴゆ piyu みゅ myu みゆ miyu りゅ ryu りゆ riyu

～ょ -yo ( yōon ) Modern spelling Historical spelling(s) きょ kyo きよ kiyo ぎょ gyo ぎよ giyo しょ sho しよ siyo じょ jo じよ ziyo, ぢよ diyo ちょ cho ちよ tiyo ぢょ jo ぢよ diyo にょ nyo によ niyo ひょ hyo ひよ hiyo びょ byo びよ biyo ぴょ pyo ぴよ piyo みょ myo みよ miyo りょ ryo りよ riyo

～ゅう -yū ( yōchōon ) Modern spelling Historical spellings きゅう kyū きう kiu, きふ kihu, きゆう kiyuu ぎゅう gyū ぎう giu, ぎふ gihu, ぎゆう giyuu しゅう shū しう siu, しふ sihu, しゆう siyuu じゅう jū じう ziu, じふ zihu, じゆう ziyuu ぢう diu, ぢふ dihu, ぢゆう diyuu ちゅう chū ちう tiu, ちふ tihu, ちゆう tiyuu ぢゅう jū ぢう diu, ぢふ dihu, ぢゆう diyuu にゅう nyū にう niu, にふ nihu, にゆう niyuu ひゅう hyū ひう hiu, ひふ hihu, ひゆう hiyuu びゅう byū びう biu, びふ bihu, びゆう biyuu ぴゅう pyū ぴう piu, ぴふ pihu, ぴゆう piyuu みゅう myū みう miu, みふ mihu, みゆう miyuu ゆう yū いう iu, いふ ihu, ゆう yuu, ゆふ yuhu りゅう ryū りう riu, りふ rihu, りゆう riyuu

～ょう -yō ( yōchōon ) Modern spelling Historical spellings きょう kyō けう keu, けふ kehu, きやう kiyau, きよう kiyou ぎょう gyō げう geu, げふ gehu, ぎやう giyau, ぎよう giyou しょう shō せう seu, せふ sehu, しやう siyau, しよう siyou じょう jō ぜう zeu, ぜふ zehu, じやう ziyau, じよう ziyou でう deu, でふ dehu, ぢやう diyau, ぢよう diyou ちょう chō てう teu, てふ tehu, ちやう tiyau, ちよう tiyou ぢょう jō でう deu, でふ dehu, ぢやう diyau, ぢよう diyou にょう nyō ねう neu, ねふ nehu, にやう niyau, によう niyou ひょう hyō へう heu, へふ hehu, ひやう hiyau, ひよう hiyou びょう byō べう beu, べふ behu, びやう biyau, びよう biyou ぴょう pyō ぺう peu, ぺふ pehu, ぴやう piyau, ぴよう piyou みょう myō めう meu, めふ mehu, みやう miyau, みよう miyou よう yō えう eu, えふ ehu, やう yau, よう you りょう ryō れう reu, れふ rehu, りやう riyau, りよう riyou

Table references

^{[2] [3]}

Notes

• The spellings in the first table only apply to word-medial kana: word-initial occurrences of わ, い, う, え, and お were never written as は, ひ, ふ, へ, or ほ, respectively.
• In modern Japanese orthography, ぢ (di) is only used in compound words where rendaku causes ち (chi) to become voiced, as in はなぢ (鼻血hanaji "nosebleed"), and where it immediately follows a ち, as in ちぢむ (縮むchijimu "shrink"). Its use in rendaku is retained in order to avoid confusion about the origin of the compound. The usage of づ (du) in modern orthography is the same, used in rendaku and after a つ (tsu). In historical kana, however, ぢ and づ were sometimes used where じ and ず are used in modern kana. This originally represented a different phoneme (and still does in some dialects), but no longer does in Standard Japanese. The historical-kana-only spellings using ぢ and づ are listed under modern spellings starting with じ and ず respectively.
• The different spellings for the sokuon depend on what mora (if any) was elided into the following consonant to form the geminate consonant. For example, 学期 (gakki "semester") is spelled がくき (gakuki) in historical kana because the on'yomi of 学 used in this compound is がく (gaku). Geminate consonants in native Japanese words were formed either by the elision of a long vowel, as in 真赤な (makka-na "bright red"; once まあかな, maaka-na), or by some random process, as in 屹度 (kitto "surely"; once きと, kito); such words are written with the full-size つ (tu) in historical kana. ^[2] In general, a Japanese on'yomi can end in either a vowel, ん, ち, つ, き, or く, (ち and つ corresponding to Middle Chinese final -t, and き and く corresponding to Middle Chinese final -k), so these are the only four kana (ち, つ, き, く) which can replace the sokuon in historical kana. Historically, on'yomi could also end with pu (for the Middle Chinese final -p), which was written as ふ (pu, later fu) but eventually came to be pronounced u (as part of a diphthong).
• The last table in the first row applies only to the terminal (終止形shūshikei) and attributive (連体形rentaikei) forms of the classical auxiliary verb ～む (-mu), which are pronounced ん (n). While many other native Japanese words (for example, 汝nanji archaic word for "you") with ん were once pronounced and/or written with む (mu), proper historical kana only uses む for ん in the case of the auxiliary verb, which is only used in classical Japanese, and has morphed into the volitional ～う (-u) form in modern Japanese.
• The historical spellings in the second row of tables represent every theoretical representation of their modern counterpart. It is possible, however, that some may not have occurred, or that they were so rare that they applied to only one or two words. It is also possible that some spellings listed in the modern spellings column may not occur in any Japanese word, but they are theoretically possible and may occur in onomatopoeia or in katakana transcriptions of foreign languages.

Romanization

Readers of English occasionally encounter words romanized according to historical kana usage. Here are some examples, with modern romanizations in parentheses:

• Kwannon (Kannon): A Bodhisattva
• Kwaidan (Kaidan), meaning ghost story, the title of a collection of Japanese ghost stories compiled by Lafcadio Hearn
• Kwansei Gakuin University (Kansai): A university in Kobe and Nishinomiya
• Iwo Jima (Iō-jima; now officially Iō-tō): An island known as the site of a battle during World War II

References

1. Seeley, Christopher (2000). A History of Writing in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN   9780824822170.
2. Yaniv, Boaz (June 8, 2011). "How did "little tsu" become a lengthener?". StackExchange. Stack Exchange, Inc. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
3. "Historical kana usage:How to read". BIGLOBE. Biglobe, Inc. 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.

External links

• Old Japanese Kana Usage
• Historical kana usage: How to read
• Imabi Lesson 378: Historical kana Orthography Archived January 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• (in Japanese) goo Jisho Online Japanese Kanji, compound, and phrase dictionary that gives historical kana spellings alongside modern spellings (although is only searchable by modern spellings)