Order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are traditionally written
Stroke order for character 筆 shown by shade going from black to redStroke order for each component (川 and 頁) of the character 順 shown by shade going from black to red
Stroke order is the order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are written. A stroke is a movement of a writing instrument on a writing surface.
Chinese characters are logograms constructed with strokes. Over the millennia a set of generally agreed rules have been developed by custom. Minor variations exist between countries,but the basic principles remain the same,namely that writing characters should be economical,with the fewest hand movements to write the most strokes possible. This promotes writing speed,accuracy,and readability. This idea is particularly important since as learners progress,characters often get more complex. Since stroke order also aids learning and memorization,students are often taught about it from a very early age in schools and encouraged to follow them.
In ancient China,the Oracle bone script carved on ox scapula and tortoise plastrons showed no indication of stroke order. The characters show huge variations from piece to piece,sometimes even within one piece. During the divination ceremony,after the cracks were made,the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone (to be carved in a workshop later). Although the brush-written stroke order is not discernible after carving,there exists some evidence that it was not entirely idiosyncratic:a few of the characters,often marginal administrative notations recording the provenance of the shells or bones,were not later re-carved,and the stroke order of these characters tends to resemble traditional and modern stroke order.[1] For those characters (the vast majority) which were later engraved into the hard surface using a knife,perhaps by a separate individual,there is evidence (from incompletely engraved pieces) that in at least some cases all the strokes running one way were carved,then the piece was turned,and strokes running another way were then carved.[1]
Imperial China
In early Imperial China,the common script was the small seal script. About 220 BC,the emperor Qin Shi Huang,the first to conquer all of China,imposed Li Si's character consolidation,a set of 3300 standardized small seal characters.[2] Its graphs on old steles—some dating from 200 BC—reveal indications of the stroke order of the time. However,stroke order could still not yet be ascertained from the steles,and no paper from that time is extant.
The true starting point of stroke order is the clerical script which is more regularized,and in some ways similar to modern text. By looking at the clerical style steles' graphs and the placement of each stroke,one can see hierarchical priority between the strokes,which indicates the stroke order used by the calligrapher or stele sculptors.[citation needed]
Regular script is the most recent major script stytleallowing one to more easily guess the stroke order used to write on the steles. The stroke order 1000 years ago was similar to that toward the end of Imperial China.[citation needed] For example,the stroke order of 广 is clear in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716;but in a modern book,the official stroke order (the same) will not appear clearly. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences,while current stroke order is still the same,according to the old style.[3] However,the stroke orders implied by the Kangxi dictionary are not necessarily similar to nowadays' norm.
Cursive styles and hand-written styles
Cursive and semi-cursive script show stroke order more clearly than Regular Script,as each move made by the writing tool is visible.
Stroke order per polity
The modern governments of mainland China,Hong Kong,[4] Taiwan,[5] and Japan[6] have standardized official stroke orders to be taught in schools. These stroke order standards are prescribed in conjunction to each government's standard character sets. The various official stroke orders agree on the vast majority of characters,but each has its differences. No governmental standard matches traditional stroke orders completely. The differences between the governmental standards and traditional stroke orders arise from accommodation for schoolchildren who may be overwhelmed if the rules about stroke orders are too detailed,or if there are too many exceptions.[citation needed] The differences listed below are not exhaustive.
Traditional stroke order:Widely used in Imperial China,currently used in the Chinese cultural sphere secondary to each region's governmental standards. Practiced mainly by informed scholars of calligraphy. Also called "calligraphic" stroke order. These stroke orders are established by study of handwritten documents from pre-Republic China,especially those of notable calligraphers. These stroke orders are most conservative regarding etymology,character construction,character evolution,and tradition. Many characters have more than one stroke correct form. Stroke orders may vary depending on the script style. Unlike the other standards,this is not a governmental standard.
Japanese stroke order:Prescribed mostly in modern Japan. The standard character set of the MEXT is the Jōyōkanji,which contains many characters reformed in 1946. The MEXT lets editors freely prescribe a character's stroke order,which all should "follow commonsensical orders which are widely accepted in the society"[This quote needs a citation]. This standard diverges from the traditional stroke order in that the two sides of the grass radical (艹) are joined,and written with three strokes. Also,this standard is influenced by semi-cursive script,leading to some vertical strokes to precede intersecting horizontal strokes if the vertical stroke does not pass through the lowest horizontal stroke,as in 隹 and 生. 必 is written with the top dot first,while the traditional stroke order writes the 丿 first.
Taiwan stroke order (Li & al. 1995 harvnb error:no target:CITEREFLial.1995 (help)):Prescribed mostly in modern Taiwan. The standard character set of the ROC Ministry of Education is the Standard Form of National Characters. This standard diverges from the traditional stroke order in that the upper-right dot of the 戈 component is written second to last. The vertical stroke in 忄 is written second. 成 starts with the horizontal. Also,the 𠂇 component,as seen in 左 and 右,is written with the horizontal stroke first in all instances,while the traditional stroke order differentiates the stroke order of 𠂇 according to etymology and character structure.
Mainland China stroke order:Prescribed mostly in modern Mainland China. In 1956,the government of the PRC introduced many newly created characters and substitutions,called Simplified Chinese characters,which form part of the PRC Ministry of Education's standard character set,the Xiàndài HànyǔChángyòng Zìbiǎo. This in turn reformed the stroke order of many characters. Besides these characters,this standard diverges from the traditional stroke order in characters with the 艹 radical,merging both sides like the Japanese standard. Also,the horizontal stroke of the 𠂇 component is written first in all instances. 乃 ends with 丿. 成 starts with the horizontal. In 1997,the PRC Ministry of Education published the official stroke order standard for commonly used characters.
Hong Kong stroke order:Prescribed mostly in modern Hong Kong. The standard character set of the Hong Kong Education Bureau is the List of Forms of Frequently Used Characters. In this standard,艹 is written vertical–horizontal–vertical–horizontal,instead of the traditional vertical–horizontal–horizontal–vertical. 成 starts with the horizontal.
Besides general errors and regional differences in stroke order,it is common in the PRC to apply alternative stroke orders which resemble PRC stroke orders to Traditional Chinese characters,although the PRC generally uses Simplified characters.[citation needed] In the below example,the traditional character 門 (simplified:门) is shown with both the traditional stroke order (left,starting with the left vertical stroke),as in imperial China,Taiwan,Japan,and Hong Kong,and with the Simplified stroke order (right,with the left vertical stroke fourth).
Note: There are exceptions within and among different standards. The following are only guidelines.
1. Write from top to bottom,and left to right.
As a general rule,strokes are written from top to bottom and left to right. For example,among the first characters usually learned is the number one,which is written with a single horizontal line:一. This character has one stroke which is written from left to right.
The character for "two" has two strokes:二. In this case,both are written from left to right,but the top stroke is written first. The character for "three" has three strokes:三. Each stroke is written from left to right,starting with the uppermost stroke.
The Chinese character meaning "person" (,Mandarin Chinese:rén,Cantonese Chinese:yàhn,Korean:in,Japanese:hito,nin;jin). The character has two strokes,the first shown here in dark,and the second in red. The black area represents the starting position of the writing instrument.
This rule also applies to the order of components. For example,校 can be divided into two. The entire left side (木) is written before the right side (交). There are some exceptions to this rule,mainly occurring when the right side of a character has a lower enclosure (see below).
When there are upper and lower components,the upper components are written first,then the lower components,as in 品 and 星.
2. Horizontal before vertical
When horizontal and vertical strokes cross,horizontal strokes are usually written before vertical strokes:the character for "ten",十,has two strokes. The horizontal stroke,一,is written first,followed by the vertical stroke,to obtain 十.
Similarly,when a horizontal stroke is crossed by a right-to-left diagonal (丿),the horizontal stroke is written first,e.g.,the first stroke of 大is 一,followed by 丿.
In the Japanese standard,a vertical stroke may precede many intersecting horizontal strokes if the vertical stroke does not pass through the lowest horizontal stroke.
3. Character-spanning strokes last
Vertical strokes that pass through many other strokes are written after the strokes through which they pass,as in 聿 and 弗.
Horizontal strokes that pass through many other strokes are written last,as in 毋 and 舟.
4. Diagonals right-to-left before diagonals left-to-right
Right-to-left diagonals (丿) are written before left-to-right diagonals (乀),as in 文.
This is for symmetric diagonals;for asymmetric diagonals,as in 戈,the left-to-right may precede the right-to-left,based on other rules.
5. Center before outside in vertically symmetrical characters
In vertically symmetrical characters,the center components are written before components on the left or right. Components on the left are written before components on the right,as in 兜 and 承.
6. Enclosures before contents
Outside enclosing components are written before inside components;bottom strokes in the enclosure are written last if present,as in 日 and 口. (A common mnemonic is "Put people inside first,then close the door.") Enclosures may also have no bottom stroke,as in 同 and 月.
7. Left vertical before enclosing
Left vertical strokes are written before enclosing strokes. In the following two examples,the leftmost vertical stroke (|) is written first,followed by the uppermost and rightmost lines (┐) (which are written as one stroke):日 and 口.
8. Bottom enclosures last
Bottom enclosing components are usually written last:道,建,凶.
9. Dots and minor strokes last
Minor strokes are usually written last,as the small "dot" in the following:玉,求,朮.
10. Vertical before diagonal lower-left-to-right 软，特
A vertical is written before a crossing diagonal lower-left-to-right stroke (㇀,ti),such as:软,特,打.
Representations
There are various ways to describe the stroke order of a character. Children learn the stroke order in courses,as part of writing learning. Various graphical representations are possible,most notably successive images of the character with one more stroke added (or changing color) each time,numbering strokes,color-coding,fanning,[8] and more recently animations. Stroke order is often described in person by writing characters on paper or in the air.
↑ Fazzioli 1987, p.13"And so the first Chinese dictionary was born, the Sān Chāng, containing 3,300 characters"
↑ Kangxi 1716, p.41 See by example the radicals 卩, 厂 or 广. The 2007 common shape for those characters do not allow clearly to "guess" the stroke order, but old versions, visible on the Kangxi Zidian p.41 clearly allow us to guess the stroke order.
↑ "香港小學學習字詞表". www.edbchinese.hk. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
↑ "常用國字標準字體筆順學習網". stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
↑ kakijun. "漢字の正しい書き順(筆順)". 漢字の正しい書き順(筆順). Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically. Chinese, Vietnamese Hán-Nôm, Korean, and Japanese scripts can be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from right-to-left, vertically from top-to-bottom, and even vertically from bottom-to-top.
の, in hiragana, and ノ, in katakana, are Japanese kana, both representing one mora. In the gojūon system of ordering of Japanese syllables, it occupies the 25th position, between ね (ne) and は (ha). It occupies the 26th position in the iroha ordering. Both represent the sound. The katakana form is written similar to the Kangxi radical 丿, radical 4.
Radical 140 or radical grass (艸部) meaning "grass" is one of 29 of the 214 Kangxi radicals that are composed of 6 strokes. It transforms into 艹 when appearing at the top of a character or component. In the Kangxi Dictionary and in modern standard Traditional Chinese as used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, 艹 consists of four strokes, while in Simplified Chinese and modern Japanese, 艹 consists of three strokes.
Radical 113 or radical spirit (示部) meaning ancestor or veneration is number 113 out of the 214 Kangxi radicals. It is one of the 23 radicals composed of 5 strokes. When appearing at the left side of a character, the radical transforms into 礻 in modern Chinese and Japanese jōyō kanji.
Radical 63 or radical door (戶部) meaning "door" is one of the 34 Kangxi radicals composed of 4 strokes.
Radical 116 or radical cave (穴部) meaning "cave" is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals composed of 5 strokes.
Radical 119 or radical rice (米部) meaning "rice" is one of the 29 Kangxi radicals composed of 6 strokes.
Radical 120 or radical silk (糸部) meaning "silk" is one of the 29 Kangxi radicals composed of 6 strokes.
Radical 130 or radical meat (肉部) meaning "meat" is one of the 29 Kangxi radicals composed of 6 strokes. When used as a left component, the radical character transforms into 月 in Simplified Chinese and Japanese or ⺼ in modern Traditional Chinese used in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Radical 135 or radical tongue (舌部) meaning "tongue" is one of the 29 Kangxi radicals composed of 6 strokes.
Radical 162 or radical walk (辵部) meaning "walk" is one of the 20 Kangxi radicals composed of 7 strokes. When used as a component, this radical character transforms into ⻍, ⻌, or ⻎.
Radical 172 or radical short tailed bird (隹部) meaning "bird" or "short-tailed bird" is one of the 9 Kangxi radicals composed of 8 strokes.
Radical 173 or radical rain (雨部) meaning "rain" is one of the 9 Kangxi radicals composed of 8 strokes. This radical character transforms into ⻗ when used as an upper component.
Radical 174 or radical blue (靑部/青部) meaning "blue" or "green" is one of the 9 Kangxi radicals composed of 8 strokes. It is also the character representing the color ao in Japanese, a general term covering both blue and green.
Radical 182 or radical wind (風部) meaning "wind" is one of the 11 Kangxi radicals composed of 9 strokes.
Radical 184 or radical eat (食部) meaning "eat" or "food" is one of the 11 Kangxi radicals composed of 9 strokes.
Radical 188 or radical bone (骨部) meaning "bone" is one of the 8 Kangxi radicals composed of 10 strokes.
Jiu zixing, also known as inherited glyphs form, or traditional glyph form, is a traditional printing orthography form of Chinese character which uses the orthodox forms, mainly referring to the traditional Chinese character glyphs, especially the printed forms after movable type printing. Jiu zixing was formed in the Ming Dynasty, and is also known as Kyūjitai in Japan. It also refers to the characters used in China before the Chinese writing reform and the issuing of the 1964 List of Character Forms of Common Chinese characters for Publishing.
Strokes are the smallest structural units making up written Chinese characters. In the act of writing, a stroke is defined as the trace left on the writing material from a discrete application of the writing implement. The modern sense of discretized strokes first came into being with the clerical script during the Han dynasty. In the regular script that emerged during the Tang dynasty—the most recent major style, highly studied for its aesthetics in East Asian calligraphy—individual strokes are discrete and highly regularized. By contrast, the ancient seal script has line terminals within characters that are often unclear, making them nontrivial to count.
Stroke Orders of the Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters is a language standard jointly published by the Ministry of Education and the National Language Commission of China in November, 2020.
Li, Xian (李鍌); etal. (教育部國語推行委員會) (1995), 常用國字標準字體筆順手冊[Manual of standard shapes and stroke orders of commonly used characters], Taiwan Ministry of Education, ISBN957-00-7082-X (Authoritative)
PRC stroke order
PRC, National Language Commission (2021). 通用规范汉字笔顺规范 (Stroke Orders of the Commonly-used Standard Chinese Characters) (in Chinese). Beijing: the Commercial Press. ISBN978-7-100-19347-4.
国家语言文字工作委员会标准化工作委员会 (1997), 现代汉语通用字笔顺规范[Modern Chinese commonly used characters standard stroke orders], Beijing: 语文出版社 (Language and Literature Press), p.453, ISBN7-80126-201-8, retrieved May 18, 2022 (Authoritative)
Japanese
Hitsujun shidō no tebiki筆順指導の手びき, 1958 (Authoritative from 1958 to 1977).
Hadamitzky, Wolfgang & Mark Spahn. A Handbook of the Japanese Writing System. Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN0-8048-2077-5.
Henshall, Kenneth G. A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters. Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN0-8048-2038-4.
O'Neill, P.G. Essential Kanji: 2,000 Basic Japanese Characters Systematically Arranged for Learning and Reference. Weatherhill. ISBN0-8348-0222-8.
Pye, Michael, The Study of Kanji: A Handbook of Japanese Characters, Hokuseido Press, ISBN0-89346-232-2
Includes a translation of the Japanese Ministry of Education rules on Kanji stroke order.
Hong Kong
香港小學學習字詞表[Hong Kong Chinese Lexical Lists for Primary Learning], Chinese Language Education Section, Curriculum Development Institute, Education Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Online version available at http://www.edbchinese.hk/lexlist_ch/. (Print version is official curriculum supporting material.)
Archaic characters
Keightley, David N. (1978), Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN0-520-02969-0
Other issues
Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987), Chinese calligraphy: from pictograph to ideogram: the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters, calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko, New York: Abbeville Press, ISBN0-89659-774-1
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