Spearmint

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Spearmint
Minze.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Mentha
Species:
M. spicata
Binomial name
Mentha spicata
Synonyms

(of M. spicata subsp. condensata) [4]

  • Mentha chalepensisMill.
  • Mentha microphyllaK.Koch
  • Mentha sieberiK.Koch
  • Mentha sofianaTrautm.
  • Mentha spicata subsp. tomentosaHarley
  • Mentha stenostachya(Boiss.) Nevski
  • Mentha subsessilisBorbás
  • Mentha tomentosad'Urv.

(of M. spicata subsp. spicata) [5]

  • Mentha aquatica var. crispa(L.) Benth.
  • Mentha aquatica subsp. crispa(L.) G.Mey.
  • Mentha atrataSchur
  • Mentha balsameaRchb.
  • Mentha brevispicataLehm.
  • Mentha crispaL.
  • Mentha crispataSchrad. ex Willd.
  • Mentha glabraMill.
  • Mentha hortensisOpiz ex Fresen.
  • Mentha inarimensisGuss.
  • Mentha integerrimaMattei & Lojac.
  • Mentha laciniosaSchur
  • Mentha laevigataWilld.
  • Mentha lejeuneanaOpiz
  • Mentha lejeuneiOpiz ex Rchb.
  • Mentha micheliiTen. ex Rchb.
  • Mentha ocymiodoraOpiz
  • Mentha pectinataRaf.
  • Mentha piperella(Lej.) Opiz ex Lej. & Courtois
  • Mentha ×piperita var. crispa(L.) W.D.J.Koch
  • Mentha pudinaBuch.-Ham. ex Benth.
  • Mentha romanaBubani
  • Mentha romanaGarsault
  • Mentha rosaniiTen.
  • Mentha rubicunda var. langianaTopitz
  • Mentha sepincolaHoluby
  • Mentha spicata var. cordato-ovataSchinz & Thell.
  • Mentha spicata var. crispaRidd.
  • Mentha spicata var. crispata(Schrad. ex Willd.) Schinz & Thell.
  • Mentha spicata subsp. glabrata(Lej. & Courtois) Lebeau
  • Mentha spicata var. oblongifolia(Wimm. & Grab.) Lebeau
  • Mentha spicata var. piperella(Lej. & Courtois) Schinz & Thell.
  • Mentha spicata var. undulata(Willd.) Lebeau
  • Mentha spicata var. viridisL.
  • Mentha sylvestris var. crispataW.D.J.Koch
  • Mentha sylvestris var. glabraW.D.J.Koch
  • Mentha sylvestris var. undulata(Willd.) W.D.J.Koch
  • Mentha tauschiiHeinr.Braun
  • Mentha tenuifloraOpiz
  • Mentha tenuisMichx.
  • Mentha undulataWilld.
  • Mentha viridifoliaPérard
  • Mentha viridis(L.) L.
  • Mentha viridis var. angustifoliaLej. ex Rchb.
  • Mentha viridis var. crispaBenth.
  • Mentha viridis var. crispata(Schrad. ex Willd.) Becker
  • Mentha walterianaOpiz

Spearmint (Mentha spicata), also known as garden mint, common mint, lamb mint and mackerel mint, [6] [7] is native to Europe and southern temperate Asia, extending from Ireland in the west to southern China in the east. [8] It is naturalized in many other temperate parts of the world, including northern and southern Africa, North America, and South America. [9] [10] It is used as a flavouring in food and herbal teas. The aromatic oil, called oil of spearmint, is also used as a flavoring and sometimes as a scent.

Contents

The species and its subspecies have many synonyms, including Mentha crispa, Mentha crispata, and Mentha viridis.

Description

Spearmint in Bangladesh Spearmint in Bangladesh 03.jpg
Spearmint in Bangladesh

Spearmint is a perennial herbaceous plant. It is 30–100 cm (12–39 in) tall, with variably hairless to hairy stems and foliage, and a wide-spreading fleshy underground rhizome from which it grows. The leaves are 5–9 cm (2–3+1⁄2 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) broad, with a serrated margin. The stem is square-shaped, a defining characteristic of the mint family of herbs. Spearmint produces flowers in slender spikes, each flower pink or white in colour, 2.5–3 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and broad. [10] [11] Spearmint flowers in the summer (from July to September in the northern hemisphere), [12] and has relatively large seeds, which measure 0.62–0.90 mm (0.024–0.035 in). [12] The name ''spear'' mint derives from the pointed leaf tips. [13]

Mentha spicata varies considerably in leaf blade dimensions, the prominence of leaf veins, and pubescence. [14]

Taxonomy

Mentha spicata was first described scientifically by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. [2] The epithet spicata means 'bearing a spike'. [15] The species has two accepted subspecies, each of which has acquired a large number of synonyms: [2] [4] [5]

Origin

The plant is an allopolyploid species (2n = 48), [16] [17] which could be a result of hybridization and chromosome doubling. Mentha longifolia and Mentha suaveolens (2n = 24) are likely to be the contributing diploid species. [12] [18] [19]

Hybrids

Mentha spicata hybridizes with other Mentha species, forming hybrids such as: [19]

Varieties and cultivars

There are several commonly available [20] varieties and cultivars of Mentha spicata:

History and domestication

Mention of spearmint dates back to at least the 1st century AD, with references from naturalist Pliny and mentions in the Bible. [21] [22] Further records show descriptions of mint in ancient mythology. [22] Findings of early versions of toothpaste using mint in the 14th century suggest widespread domestication by this point. [22] It was introduced into England by the Romans by the 5th century, and the "Father of British Botany", of the surname Turner, mentions mint as being good for the stomach. [22] John Gerard's Herbal (1597) states that: "It is good against watering eyes and all manner of break outs on the head and sores. "It is applied with salt to the biting of mad dogs," and that "They lay it on the stinging of wasps and bees with good success." He also mentions that "the smell rejoices the heart of man", for which reason they used to strew it in chambers and places of recreation, pleasure, and repose, where feasts and banquets are made." [23]

Spearmint is documented as being an important cash crop in Connecticut during the period of the American Revolution, at which time mint tea was noted as being a popular drink due to it not being taxed. [21]

Ecology

Spearmint can readily adapt to grow in various types of soil. Spearmint tends to thrive with plenty of organic material in full sun to part shade. The plant is also known to be found in moist habitats such as swamps or creeks, where the soil is sand or clay. [24]

Spearmint ideally thrives in soils that are deep, well-drained, moist, rich in nutrients and organic matter, and have a crumbly texture. The pH range should be between 6.0 and 7.5. [25]

Diseases and pests

Fungal diseases

Fungal diseases are common diseases in spearmint. Two main diseases are rust and leaf spot. Puccinia menthae is a fungus that causes the disease called "rust". Rust affects the leaves of spearmint by producing pustules inducing the leaves to fall off. Leaf spot is a fungal disease that occurs when Alternaria alernata is present on the spearmint leaves. The infection looks like circular dark spot on the top side of the leaf. Other fungi that cause disease in spearmint are Rhizoctonia solani , Verticillium dahliae , Phoma strasseri , and Erysiphe cischoracearum . [26]

Nematode diseases

Some nematode diseases in spearmint include root knot and root lesions. Nematode species that cause root knots in this plant are various Meloidogyne species. The other nematode species are Pratylenchus which cause root lesions. [26]

Viral and phytoplasmal diseases

Spearmint can be infected by tobacco ringspot virus. This virus can lead to stunted plant growth and deformation of the leaves in this plant. In China, spearmint have been seen with mosaic symptoms and deformed leaves. This is an indication that the plant can also be infected by the viruses, cucumber mosaic and tomato aspermy. [26]

Cultivation and harvest

Spearmint grows well in nearly all temperate climates. [27] Gardeners often grow it in pots or planters due to its invasive, spreading rhizomes. [28]

Spearmint leaves can be used fresh, dried, or frozen. [29] The leaves lose their aromatic appeal after the plant flowers. It can be dried by cutting just before, or right (at peak) as the flowers open, about one-half to three-quarters the way down the stalk (leaving smaller shoots room to grow). [30] Some dispute exists as to what drying method works best; some prefer different materials (such as plastic or cloth) and different lighting conditions (such as darkness or sunlight). The leaves can also be preserved in salt, sugar, sugar syrup, alcohol, or oil.

Oil uses

Spearmint is used for its aromatic oil, called oil of spearmint. The most abundant compound in spearmint oil is R-(–)-carvone, which gives spearmint its distinctive smell. Spearmint oil also contains significant amounts of limonene, dihydrocarvone, and 1,8-cineol. [31] Unlike oil of peppermint, oil of spearmint contains minimal amounts of menthol and menthone. It is used as a flavouring for toothpaste and confectionery, and is sometimes added to shampoos and soaps.

Traditional medicine

Spearmint has been used in traditional medicine. [24]

Insecticide and pesticide

Spearmint essential oil has had success as a larvicide against mosquitoes. Using spearmint as a larvicide would be a greener alternative to synthetic insecticides due to their toxicity and negative effect to the environment. [32]

Used as a fumigant, spearmint essential oil is an effective insecticide against adult moths. [33]

Antimicrobial research

Spearmint has been used for its supposed antimicrobial activity, which may be related to carvone. [34] Its in vitro antibacterial activity has been compared to that of amoxicillin, penicillin, and streptomycin. [34] Spearmint oil is found to have higher activity against gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria in vitro, [34] which may be due to differing sensitivities to oils. [35] [36]

Beverages

Spearmint leaves are infused in water to make spearmint tea. Spearmint is an ingredient of Maghrebi mint tea. Grown in the mountainous regions of Morocco, this variety of mint possesses a clear, pungent, but mild aroma. [37] Spearmint is an ingredient in several cocktails, such as the mojito and mint julep. Sweet tea, iced and flavored with spearmint, is a summer tradition in the Southern United States.

Related Research Articles

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Lemon balm is a perennial herbaceous plant in the mint family and native to south-central Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, Iran, and Central Asia, but now naturalised elsewhere.

<i>Mentha</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae

Mentha, also known as mint, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. It is estimated that 13 to 24 species exist, but the exact distinction between species is unclear. Hybridization occurs naturally where some species' ranges overlap. Many hybrids and cultivars are known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oregano</span> Species of flowering plant

Oregano is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It was native to the Mediterranean region, but widely naturalised elsewhere in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peppermint</span> Hybrid flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae

Peppermint is a hybrid species of mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint. Indigenous to Europe and the Middle East, the plant is now widely spread and cultivated in many regions of the world. It is occasionally found in the wild with its parent species.

<i>Melaleuca</i> Genus of plants in the Myrtle family

Melaleuca is a genus of nearly 300 species of plants in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, commonly known as paperbarks, honey-myrtles, bottlebrushes or tea-trees. They range in size from small shrubs that rarely grow to more than 16 m (52 ft) high, to trees up to 35 m (115 ft). Their flowers generally occur in groups, forming a "head" or "spike" resembling a brush used for cleaning bottles, containing up to 80 individual flowers.

<i>Glechoma hederacea</i> Species of flowering plants in the mint and sage family Lamiaceae

Glechoma hederacea is an aromatic, perennial, evergreen creeper of the mint family Lamiaceae. It is commonly known as ground-ivy, gill-over-the-ground, creeping charlie, alehoof, tunhoof, catsfoot, field balm, and run-away-robin. It is also sometimes known as creeping jenny, but that name more commonly refers to Lysimachia nummularia. It is used as a salad green in many countries. European settlers carried it around the world, and it has become a well-established introduced and naturalized plant in a wide variety of localities. It is also considered an aggressive invasive weed of woodlands and lawns in some parts of North America. In the absence of any biological control, research conducted by the USDA herbicides are relied upon particularly for woodland ecosystems. The plant's extensive root system makes it difficult to eradicate by hand-pulling.

<i>Mentha aquatica</i> Species of flowering plant

Mentha aquatica is a perennial flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It grows in moist places and is native to much of Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia.

<i>Mentha suaveolens</i> Species of flowering plant

Mentha suaveolens, the apple mint, pineapple mint, woolly mint or round-leafed mint, is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to southern and western Europe including the Mediterranean region. It is a herbaceous, upright perennial plant that is most commonly grown as a culinary herb or for ground cover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carvone</span> Chemical compound

Carvone is a member of a family of chemicals called terpenoids. Carvone is found naturally in many essential oils, but is most abundant in the oils from seeds of caraway, spearmint, and dill.

<i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Species of tree endemic to southeastern Australia

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<i>Mentha longifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae

Mentha longifolia, also known as horse mint, brookmint, fillymint or St. John's horsemint, is a species of plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe excluding Britain and Ireland, western and central Asia, and northern and southern Africa.

<i>Backhousia citriodora</i> Species of tree

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<i>Mentha arvensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Mentha arvensis, the corn mint, field mint, or wild mint, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It has a circumboreal distribution, being native to the temperate regions of Europe and western and central Asia, east to the Himalaya and eastern Siberia, and North America. Mentha canadensis, the related species, is also included in Mentha arvensis by some authors as two varieties, M. arvensis var. glabrata Fernald and M. arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex L. H. Bailey.

<i>Melaleuca alternifolia</i> Species of tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae

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<i>Pelargonium graveolens</i> Species of plant

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<i>Mentha canadensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Mentha canadensis is a species of mint native to North America and the eastern part of Asia. In North America, it is commonly known as Canada mint, American wild mint, and in Asia as Chinese mint, Sakhalin mint, Japanese mint, and East Asian wild mint. The flowers are bluish or have a slight violet tint. The plant is upright, growing to about 4–18 in (10–46 cm) tall. Leaves grow opposite from each other, and flower bunches appear in the upper leaf axils. The mint grows in wet areas but not directly in water, so it will be found near sloughs, and lake and river edges. Plants bloom from July to August in their native habitats.

<i>Mentha <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> gracilis</i> Species of flowering plant

Mentha × gracilis is a hybrid mint species within the genus Mentha, a sterile hybrid between Mentha arvensis (cornmint) and Mentha spicata. It is cultivated for its essential oil, used to flavour spearmint chewing gum. It is known by the common names of gingermint, redmint and Scotchmint in Europe, and as Scotch spearmint in North America.

<i>Artemisia arborescens</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yerba buena</span> Number of aromatic plants

Yerba buena or hierba buena is the Spanish name for a number of aromatic plants, most of which belong to the mint family. Yerba buena translates as "good herb". The specific plant species regarded as yerba buena varies from region to region, depending on what grows wild in the surrounding landscape, or which species is customarily grown in local gardens. Perhaps the most common variation of this plant is spearmint. The term has been used to cover a number of aromatic true mints and mint relatives of the genera Clinopodium, Satureja or Micromeria. All plants so named are associated with medicinal properties, and some have culinary value as herbal teas or seasonings as well.

<i>Alnus alnobetula</i> Species of tree

Alnus alnobetula is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. Many sources refer to it as Alnus viridis, the green alder, but botanically this is considered an illegitimate name synonymous with Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa.

References

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  3. ↑ "Mentha L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-09-10. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  4. 1 2 "Mentha spicata subsp. condensata (Briq.) Greuter & Burdet". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  5. 1 2 "Mentha spicata subsp. spicata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  6. ↑ Seidemann, Johannes (2005). World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy. New York: Springer. p. 229. ISBN   978-3-540-22279-8.
  7. ↑ "Mentha spicata, spearmint". RHS Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  8. ↑ "Mentha spicata Spearmint". Kew Plants. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  9. ↑ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  10. 1 2 "Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 238 留兰香 liu lan xiang Mentha spicata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 576. 1753". Efloras.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  11. ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN   0-333-47494-5.[ page needed ]
  12. 1 2 3 Vokou, D.; Kokkini, S. (1989-04-01). "Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae) chemotypes growing wild in Greece". Economic Botany. 43 (2): 192–202. doi:10.1007/BF02859860. ISSN   1874-9364. S2CID   32109061.
  13. ↑ Turner, W. (1568). Herbal. Cited in the Oxford English Dictionary .
  14. ↑ "Mentha spicata (spearmint): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  15. ↑ Stearn, W.T. (2004). Botanical Latin (4th (p/b) ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN   978-0-7153-1643-6. p. 499.
  16. ↑ Kadereit, Joachim W., ed. (2004). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VII. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 176. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2. ISBN   978-3-642-62200-7. S2CID   46574312.
  17. ↑ Harley, R. M.; Brighton, C. A. (1977). "Chromosome numbers in the genus Mentha L.". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 74 (1). Linnean Society of London (OUP): 71–96. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01168.x. ISSN   0024-4074.
  18. ↑ Harley, R. M. (1972). "Mentha". Flora Europaea. Vol. 3.
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  32. ↑ Yogalakshmi, K.; Rajeswari, M.; Sivakumar, R.; Govindarajan, M. (2012-05-01). "Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from Mentha spicata (Linn.) against three mosquito species". Parasitology Research. 110 (5): 2023–2032. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2731-7. ISSN   1432-1955. PMID   22139403. S2CID   12022813.
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  34. 1 2 3 Hussain, Abdullah I.; Anwar, Farooq; Shahid, Muhammad; Ashraf, Muhammad (September 2008). "Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil of Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) From Pakistan". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 22 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1080/10412905.2010.9700269. ISSN   1041-2905. S2CID   94606965.
  35. ↑ Gullace, M. (2007-01-01). "Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia". Food Chemistry. 103 (4): 1449–1456. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.061. ISSN   0308-8146.
  36. ↑ Sivropoulou, Afroditi; Kokkini, Stella; Lanaras, Thomas; Arsenakis, Minas (1995-09-01). "Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (9): 2384–2388. doi:10.1021/jf00057a013. ISSN   0021-8561.
  37. ↑ Richardson, Lisa Boalt (2014). Modern Tea: A Fresh Look at an Ancient Beverage. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 104. ISBN   978-1-4521-3021-7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
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