Cucumber mosaic virus

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Cucumber mosaic virus
Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms.jpg
Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Bromoviridae
Genus: Cucumovirus
Species:
Cucumber mosaic virus
Synonyms
  • banana infectious chlorosis virus
  • coleus mosaic virus
  • cowpea banding mosaic virus
  • cowpea ringspot virus
  • cucumber virus 1
  • lily ringspot virus
  • pea top necrosis virus
  • peanut yellow mosaic virus
  • southern celery mosaic virus
  • soybean stunt virus
  • spinach blight virus
  • tomato fern leaf virus
  • pea western ringspot virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus [1] in the family Bromoviridae . [2] This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, [3] having the reputation of the widest host range of any known plant virus. [4] It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).

Contents

Hosts and symptoms

This virus was first characterized in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) showing mosaic symptoms in 1934, [5] hence the name Cucumber mosaic. Since then, it has been found to infect a great variety of other plants. [6] These include other vegetables such as squash, melons, peppers, eggplants, tomatoes, [7] beans, [8] carrots, celery, lettuce, spinach, [9] beets, many ornamentals and bedding plants, such as Narcissus , [10] and various weeds. Its presence has been confirmed on every continent of the world, including Antarctica. [11]

Symptoms seen with this virus include leaf mosaic or mottling (Fig. 1), yellowing, ringspots, stunting, and leaf, [12] flower and fruit distortion. CMV also induces a type of symptom on leaves known as the "shoestring" effect on many host species. This effect causes young leaves to appear narrow and the entire plant to be stunted. [13]

Specifically, CMV can cause cucumbers to turn pale and bumpy. The leaves of these plants turn mosaic and their rugosity is often changed, making leaves wrinkled and misshapen. Growth of these plants is usually also stunted and produces few flowers. Often, cucumber fruits are oddly shaped, appear gray, and tasted bitter. These appearances lead to them being referred to as "white pickles".[ citation needed ]

Tomato plants are usually stunted and have poorly shaped leaves, or "fernleaf", when infected by CMV. Also certain strains of CMV can cause partial or total crop loss. CMV in peppers causes slightly different symptoms than the previously mentioned. Pepper plants often have severe foliar damage, shown as mosaic and necrotic rings. Often the peppers themselves are misshapen and contain chlorotic rings and spots. In celery, CMV causes streaking and spotting and can be often confused with symptoms of the celery mosaic virus. Symptoms of CMV in lettuce, such as chlorosis, plant stunting and often do not properly head, can be very similar to those of lettuce mosaic virus.[ citation needed ]

CMV has also been identified in a lesser extent to a number of plant species. It is found to be a minor virus infecting Allium crops. [14] [15] The virus infection causes extensive malformation on garlic plants, and mild malformation to severe necrotic streaks on onion leaves. [14] [16] The severe damages on garlic plants and difficulty of aphids transmission of garlic isolate, were possible causal for the rare CMV on garlic. [17] Genetically, the two onion isolates from Turkey (CMV-14.3Po and CMV-15.5Po) are highly similar to others isolated from various plant species in Mediterranean, European, and East Asian countries. [16] CMV was also detected on American beautyberry, an important wildlife and pollinator food source plant native to North America. [18]

In plant tissue this virus makes characteristic viral inclusion bodies which can be diagnostic. They are hexagonal in shape (Fig. 2) and stain both in a protein stain and a nucleic acid stain. [19] The inclusions can also be rhomboidal, may appear hollow (Fig. 2) and can form larger aggregates. The inclusions are not uniformly distributed and can be found in epidermal (Fig. 2), mesophyll, and stomatal cells. These inclusions [19] are made up of virus particles.

Importance

CMV is non-persistently non-circulatively transmitted by more than 80 different aphid species, [20] among other vectors. As consequences, the virus is easily spread, and can be found worldwide. CMV infects over 1200 plant species, including important crops and ornamental species. In its plant host, CMV can induce severe damage, which often lead to economical losses, as it has been proven to cause to 10-20% loss of field yield. [21] A reduction of crop yield can affect mechanisms such as photosynthesis and its ability to provide oxygen to the environment. [22]

Disease cycle

CMV is mainly transmitted by aphids, but it can also be mechanically spread by humans in some cases. However, the mechanically spreading of this virus is not as common as the case of other virus (such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, TMV), because CMV is not a very stable virus. When it is transmitted by aphids, this virus has an acquisition period of five to ten seconds and an inoculation period of about a minute. Nevertheless, after two minutes, the probability of inoculation largely decreases, and within two hours it is practically impossible to transmit it. Moreover, CMV can overwinter in perennial plants and weeds, as it can survive the winter in the roots of the plant and move to the aerial parts in spring, where it can be transmitted by aphids to other plants. [7]

Once the virus penetrates into the host cell, it releases its RNAs into the host cytoplasm. Then, proteins 1a and 2a are produced to enable the virus replication, which takes place in viral factories, which are subcellular compartments which increase the efficiency of this process. There, a dsRNA genome is synthesized from the ssRNA(+) and transcribed in order to obtain viral mRNAs as well as new ssRNAs. Afterwards, the capsid proteins are produced and the new viral particles are assembled. Finally, the virus is ready to move to a new cell by triggering the formation of tubular structures which mediate the movement of the virions . The short-distance (cell-to-cell) movement of the virus is achieved via plasmodesmata, while the long-distance one (within the plant) occurs via the phloem. [21]

Properties

Genome

CMV [23] is a linear positive-sense, tripartite single-stranded RNA virus . Its genome size is 8.623 kb and it is divided among RNA1 (3357 bp), [24] RNA2 (3050 bp), [25] and RNA3 (2216 bp), [26] all of which has a tRNA-like structure . These three RNAs encode five proteins, proteins 1a, 2a, 2b, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP). While proteins 1a and 2a are responsible for the replication of the virus, protein 2b is the host-silencing suppressor. [27] The RNA is surrounded by a protein coat consisting of 32 copies of a single structural protein which form isometric particles. [28]

Virion

This virus presents non-enveloped, icosahedral or bacilliform virions of 26-35 nm in diameter. The different RNAs are encapsidated in distinct particles, which results in a variety of virions .The virus is made of 180 subunits that are composed of single capsid proteins and single stranded positive RNA. The different RNAs such as satellite RNA are linked to expressing the virus. [29] Cucumber mosaic virus affects plant species where it infects them and rapidly mutates, causing difficulties in treatments attributable to its constant mutations, host range, and resistance. [30]

Environment

CMV is naturally found in temperate areas, where aphids, one of its main vectors, are also found. [31] In addition to its presence in temperature areas, this virus can also be found in more tropical climate zones. [32] Areas such as these include California, Spain, Italy, and parts of Eastern Asia.

Diagnosis

Plants have physical implications of being affected by this virus. A series of yellow or green pigmentation can appear predominantly in the leaves of the plant. [33] Leaf malformation, plant necrosis, plant growth inhibition, and altered fruit quality are all characteristics of plants with this virus. [32]

The presence of this virus in a plant can be confirmed serologically (ELISA), molecularly (PCR), or by host range tests. [34] These tests can be done to determine the amount of or the presence of the virus on the plants. Biological assays can also be performed to determine the specific variants of CMV affecting the plant.

Management

This virus can negatively affect the health and sustainability of agriculture such as crops like tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce. [35] Currently there is no chemical capable of removing this virus from an infected plant, and therefore the best control is through prevention of the infection and eradication. [36] To achieve this, it is crucial to remove weeds and diseased plants from the field, as well as use clean and sanitized tools. Other options are the use of resistant varieties, or planting so-called "trap crops". [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tobacco mosaic virus</span> Virus affecting plants of the Solanaceae family

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves. TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by Wendell Meredith Stanley. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as PG5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant virus</span> Virus that affects plants

Plant viruses are viruses that have the potential to affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants.

<i>Papaya ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.

<i>Alfalfa mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), also known as Lucerne mosaic virus or Potato calico virus, is a worldwide distributed phytopathogen that can lead to necrosis and yellow mosaics on a large variety of plant species, including commercially important crops. It is the only Alfamovirus of the family Bromoviridae. In 1931 Weimer J.L. was the first to report AMV in alfalfa. Transmission of the virus occurs mainly by some aphids, by seeds or by pollen to the seed.

Asparagus virus 1 (AV-1) is one of the nine known viruses that infects asparagus plants. It is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. Initially reported by G. L Hein in 1960, it causes no distinct symptoms in asparagus plants. The only known natural plant host is the asparagus. It is spread by aphid vectors, which means that aphids do not cause the AV-1, but they do spread it.

<i>Bean yellow mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Bean yellow mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, it is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 750 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by species of aphids and by mechanical inoculation.

<i>Bidens mottle virus</i> Species of virus

Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the plant virus family Potyviridae. BiMoV is a flexuous filamentous particle, 720 nm long, and belongs to the Potyviridae genus Potyvirus. Like other viruses in this genus, Bidens mottle virus is transmitted both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion.

Clover yellow mosaic virus (ClYMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the virus family Alphaflexiviridae. Its flexuous rod-shaped particles measure about 539 nm in length.

<i>Maize dwarf mosaic virus</i> Species of plant pathogenic virus

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is a pathogenic plant virus of the family Potyviridae. Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.

Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the family Alphaflexiviridae. PapMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 530 nm in length.

Peanut stunt virus (PSV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. It is a member of the genus Cucumovirus. The members of this genus are positive-stranded RNA viruses with a multipartite genome. The virus particles have an isometric or spherical shape.

Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, PepMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 737 nm in length. Isolates of this virus has been completely sequenced and its RNA is 9640 nucleotides long. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersitant manner and by mechanical inoculation.

<i>Tobacco etch virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) is a plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and family Potyviridae. Like other members of the genus Potyvirus, TEV has a monopartite positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a capsid made from a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 730 nm in length. It is transmissible in a non-persistent manner by more than 10 species of aphids including Myzus persicae. It also is easily transmitted by mechanical means but is not known to be transmitted by seeds.

<i>Tobacco ringspot virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the plant virus family Secoviridae. It is the type species of the genus Nepovirus. Nepoviruses are transmitted between plants by nematodes, thrips, mites, grasshoppers, and flea beetles. TRSV is also easily transmitted by sap inoculation and transmission in seeds has been reported. In recent cases it has also been shown to appear in bees, but no transmission to plants from bees has been noted.

<i>Orthotospovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthotospovirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses, in the family Tospoviridae of the order Bunyavirales, which infects plants. Tospoviruses take their name from the species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) which was discovered in Australia in 1919. TSWV remained the only known member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of plant viruses became more common. There are now at least twenty species in the genus with more being discovered on a regular basis. Member viruses infect over eight hundred plant species from 82 different families.

Commelina mosaic virus (CoMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, CoMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 707-808 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by two species of aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, and by mechanical inoculation.

<i>Watermelon mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) also known as Marrow mosaic virus, Melon mosaic virus, and until recently Watermelon mosaic virus type 2 (WMV-2), is a plant pathogenic virus that causes viral infection in many different plants. The virus itself is referred to as Watermelon Mosaic Virus II or WMV-2 and is an isolate of the U.S. WMV-2 is a ssRNA positive strand virus that is part of the Potyviridae or Potyvirus clade. Like all RNA viruses, it contains a protein capsid which protects the inner viral RNA. First described on squash in Florida, WMV arose from a unique recombination of genetic material contributed by Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) along with Peanut Stripe virus (PSV).

<i>Squash mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) is a mosaic virus disease common in squash plants and other plants, including melons, of the family Cucurbitaceae. It occurs worldwide. It is transmitted primarily by beetles, including the leaf beetle, spotted cucumber beetle, and 28-spotted ladybird beetle, as well as some other beetles. Plants are infected by the saliva expelled by the beetles as they feed upon the plant. The beetles acquire the virus by feeding upon an infected plant and can retain the virus in their bodies for up to 20 days. Unlike some other mosaic viruses that infect squashes, SqMV is not spread by aphids. In melons it can be spread by seeds. The results are dark green mosaic, blistering, vein clearing, yellowing of leaves, and hardening. Symptoms include "pronounced chlorotic mottle, green veinbanding, and distortion of leaves". Fruits of infected plants are also affected, becoming mottled and misshaped. There are two strains of this virus: strain 1 has a greater effect on melons than squash while the opposite is true of strain 2.

The cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) is a mosaic virus that affects the production of green cardamom (E. cardamomum). It is a member of the genus Macluravirus (recognized under the family Potyviridae by ICTV in 1988), and is transmitted through aphids (P.caladii) and infected rhizomes, the former in a non-persistent manner.

Carrot virus Y (CarVY) is a (+)ss-RNA virus that affects crops of the carrot family (Apiaceae), such as carrots, anise, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill and parsnip. Carrots are the only known crop to be infected in the field. Infection by the virus leads to deformed roots and discolored or mottled leaves. The virus is spread through insect vectors, and is currently only found in Australia.

References

  1. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses:What are viruses?
  2. ↑ Description of Plant Viruses: Bromovirideae
  3. ↑ Plant Viruses Online:Cucumber mosaic host range Archived 2008-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Crop Knowledge Master: Cucumber Mosaic Virus
  5. ↑ Price, W.C. 1934. Phytopathology 24: 743.
  6. ↑ Douine, L., Quiot, J.B., Marchoux, G. and Archange, P. 1979. Annls. Phytopath. 11: 439
  7. 1 2 Stephen A. Ferreira; Rebecca A. Boley. "Cucumber mosaic virus - cucumber mosaic". University of Hawaii at Manoa.
  8. ↑ Vegetable MD Online: Bean – Cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus
  9. ↑ Vegetable MD Online: Virus Diseases of Leafy Vegetables and Celery
  10. ↑ Iwaki 1972.
  11. ↑ Polischuk, V.; Budzanivska, I.; Shevchenko, T.; Oliynik, S. (2007). "Evidence for plant viruses in the region of Argentina Islands, Antarctica". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 59 (2): 409–417. Bibcode:2007FEMME..59..409P. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00242.x . PMID   17328120.
  12. ↑ Vegetable MD Online: Important New York Vegetable Diseases
  13. ↑ "Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)" (PDF). AVRDC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-26.
  14. 1 2 Štefanac, Zlata (1980-12-31). "Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Garlic". Acta Botanica Croatica. 39 (1): 21–26. ISSN   0365-0588.
  15. ↑ Santosa, Adyatma Irawan; Ertunc, Filiz (August 2020). "Identification, molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of four viruses infecting Allium cepa in Ankara Province, Turkey". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 127 (4): 561–569. doi:10.1007/s41348-020-00347-5.
  16. 1 2 Santosa, Adyatma I.; Ertunc, Filiz (2021-05-13). "Characterization of two Cucumber mosaic virus isolates infecting Allium cepa in Turkey". Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 60 (1): 13–21. doi: 10.36253/phyto-11840 .
  17. ↑ Štefanac, Zlata; Miličić, Davor (1992-12-31). "Observations on Infection of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) with Cucumber Mosaic Virus". Acta Botanica Croatica. 51 (1): 1–5. ISSN   0365-0588.
  18. ↑ Stephen H. Brown; Tom Becker; Bonnie Farnsworth. "Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV): A Growing Problem for American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana)" (PDF). UF/IFAS.
  19. 1 2 "Material and Methods for the Detection of Viral Inclusions / Florida Plant Viruses and Their Inclusions". Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. Archived from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  20. ↑ Palukaitis, Peter; García-Arenal, Fernando (2003). "Cucumoviruses". Advances in Virus Research. 62: 241–323. doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(03)62005-1. ISBN   978-0-12-039862-1. PMID   14719367.
  21. 1 2 "Cucumber mosaic virus". Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
  22. ↑ Song, Xing-Shun; Wang, Yan-Jie; Mao, Wei-Hua; Shi, Kai; Zhou, Yan-Hong; Nogués, Salvador; Yu, Jing-Quan (March 2009). "Effects of cucumber mosaic virus infection on electron transport and antioxidant system in chloroplasts and mitochondria of cucumber and tomato leaves". Physiologia Plantarum. 135 (3): 246–257. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01189.x. ISSN   0031-9317. PMID   19140890.
  23. ↑ ICTVd Descriptions:Cucumber mosaic virus
  24. ↑ Hayes, Robert J.; Buck, Kenneth W. (October 1990). "Complete replication of a eukaryotic virus RNA in vitro by a purified RNA-dependent RNA polymerase". Cell. 63 (2): 363–368. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90169-f. PMID   2208291.
  25. ↑ Bujarski, Joseph; Gallitelli, Donato; García-Arenal, Fernando; Pallás, Vicente; Palukaitis, Peter; Reddy, M. Krishna; Wang, Aiming (2019-08-01). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bromoviridae". Journal of General Virology. 100 (8): 1206–1207. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001282. hdl: 11586/301641 . PMID   31192783.
  26. ↑ Boccard, Frédéric; Baulcombe, David (April 1993). "Mutational Analysis of Cis-acting Sequences and Gene Function in RNA3 of Cucumber Mosaic Virus". Virology. 193 (2): 563–578. doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1165.
  27. ↑ Kong, J.; Wei, M.; Li, G.; Lei, R.; Qiu, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, Z. H.; Zhu, S. (2018-04-06). "The cucumber mosaic virus movement protein suppresses PAMP-triggered immune responses in Arabidopsis and tobacco". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 498 (3): 395–401. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.072. PMID   29407169.
  28. ↑ ICTVdB - Picture Gallery:Images of CMV
  29. ↑ Jacquemond, Mireille (2012), Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Advances in Virus Research, vol. 84, Elsevier, pp. 439–504, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394314-9.00013-0, ISBN   978-0-12-394314-9, PMID   22682176 , retrieved 2024-04-22
  30. ↑ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (March 2001). "Cucumber mosaic virus , a model for RNA virus evolution". Molecular Plant Pathology. 2 (2): 59–63. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2001.00058.x. ISSN   1464-6722. PMID   20572992.
  31. ↑ Jude Boucher. "Pepper IPM: Aphids and Viruses". University of Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program. Archived from the original on 2001-02-25.
  32. 1 2 Mochizuki, Tomofumi; Ohki, Satoshi T. (April 2012). "Cucumber mosaic virus : viral genes as virulence determinants". Molecular Plant Pathology. 13 (3): 217–225. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00749.x. ISSN   1464-6722. PMC   6638793 . PMID   21980997.
  33. ↑ Dombrovsky, Aviv; Tran-Nguyen, Lucy T.T.; Jones, Roger A.C. (2017-08-04). "Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus : Rapidly Increasing Global Distribution, Etiology, Epidemiology, and Management". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 55 (1): 231–256. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035349. ISSN   0066-4286.
  34. ↑ Khan, Shahanavaj; Jan, Arif Tasleem; Mandal, Bikash; Haq, Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul (March 2012). "Immunodiagnostics of cucumber mosaic virus using antisera developed against recombinant coat protein". Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 45 (5): 561–569. Bibcode:2012ArPPP..45..561K. doi:10.1080/03235408.2011.588043. ISSN   0323-5408.
  35. ↑ Gallitelli, Donato (November 2000). "The ecology of Cucumber mosaic virus and sustainable agriculture". Virus Research. 71 (1–2): 9–21. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00184-2. PMID   11137158.
  36. ↑ Pest Alert: Cucumber mosaic virus
  37. ↑ Darzi, Elinor; Lachman, Oded; Smith, Elisheva; Koren, Amnon; Klein, Eyal; Pass, Nadav; Frenkel, Omer; Dombrovsky, Aviv (November 2020). "Paths of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease spread and disinfectant-based management". Annals of Applied Biology. 177 (3): 374–384. doi:10.1111/aab.12629. ISSN   0003-4746.

Bibliography

Other on-line Links about CMV for growers and gardeners

  1. Texas Plant Disease Handbook: Cucumber Mosaic
  2. Weekend Gardener: Cucumber mosaic virus
  3. Ohio Floriculture:

Cucumber mosaic virus

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