Celery mosaic virus

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Celery mosaic virus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Stelpaviricetes
Order: Patatavirales
Family: Potyviridae
Genus: Potyvirus
Species:
Celery mosaic virus
Synonyms
  • Apium virus 1
  • Western celery mosaic virus(WCeMV)
  • Celery crinkle-leaf virus
  • Celery ringspot virus
  • Poison hemlock ringspot virus
Illustration of uninfected celery (left) compared to celery infected with CeMV (right). Ontario Sessional Papers, 1917, No.58-59 (1917) (14762162344).jpg
Illustration of uninfected celery (left) compared to celery infected with CeMV (right).

Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a plant pathogenic virus [1] in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae .

Contents

In California, mosaic diseases of celery (Apium graveolens) were reported as early as 1922. [2] After some time, it became clear that there were at least two different viruses causing mosaic diseases with similar symptoms in celery.

These two viruses were first differentiated by host range. [3] One of the viruses had a wide host range and was named Southern celery mosaic. The second had a host range restricted to the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) and was called Western celery mosaic. Continued research showed that the Southern mosaic virus was actually an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus [4] and Western celery mosaic eventually became known simply as Celery mosaic virus.

Symptoms and host range

Symptoms of celery mosaic virus include a distinct mottled pattern on the leaves, distorted leaf growth with exaggerated rosette formation. Some strains of celery mosaic virus cause a "crinkled" pattern to form on the leaves of the plant. [5] Oftentimes, plants infected with celery mosaic virus early in their development do not produce usable crops. Plants infected by the virus late in their development may provide usable crops provided that the crops are harvested quickly after infection. [6]

Celery is the most common host of this virus. As the name implies, this virus causes a mosaic or mottling in the leaves of celery. There can also be malformation of leaflets. In older leaves, chorotic or necrotic spots may occur and the plants can be stunted. [7] [8]

In addition to celery, this virus has been identified in other important crops in the Apiaceae including carrots (Daucus carota), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), and dill (Anethum graveolens). It has also been identified in several weed species in the family Apiaceae, including poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), [9] mock bishopweed ( Ptilimnium capillaceum) and wild cherry ( Apium leptophyllum ). [10]

There is some confusion in the literature as to whether CeMV can infect hosts in the family Chenopodiaceae . In 2002, a paper reporting the results of a survey in Australia found three different but related potyviruses infecting species of the Apiaceae in Australia, CeMV, Carrot virus Y (CarVY), and Apium virus Y (ApVY). [11] Both CarVY [12] and ApVY [13] have been shown to infect one or more species of Chenopodium. The latter reference, reporting ApVY infecting celery in New Zealand, found the plants to be doubly infected with CeMV and ApVY and the authors suggested that CeMV "may mask the presence of ApVY". It is possible that one or both of these viruses have been undetected in mixed infections with CeMV in some past studies. With sequence data now available for both CarVY and ApVY this ambiguity may be cleared up in time.

Geographic distribution

The geographic distribution of this virus is probably worldwide. In North America, besides California (USA), it has been reported in Florida [14] and in Ontario, Canada. [15] In Europe it has been reported in the UK, [16] France, [17] Germany, [18] Italy, [19] the Netherlands [20] and in the former Czechoslovakia. [21] In South America it has been identified in Argentina, [22] Brazil, [23] and Chile. [24] It has also been identified in Japan, [25] Australia [26] and New Zealand. [27]

Transmission and disease management

Celery mosaic, like most potyviruses, is non-persistently transmitted by aphids. This means that the aphid can pick up the virus on its stylet (its mouthparts) and transfer it quickly to the next plant it probes. The virus can also be transmitted mechanically by tools and machinery. At least 26 different aphid species are known to transmit the virus. [28] There is no evidence of seed transmission.

Because chemicals are not effective in treating plant viruses, management of celery mosaic virus focuses on reducing aphid population within colonies of plants. [29] Recommendations for management of celery mosaic virus include planting resistant cultivars, spreading out crops, clearing weeds from crop fields, and treating crops with pesticides. Because celery mosaic virus also affects umbelliferous plants, removal of umbelliferous weeds, like wild celery and wild parsnip, helps to control aphid populations. [30]

Celery grown in fields that have been host free for 2–3 months show greatly reduced risk of exposure to CeMV. [31]

Many studies have shown reduced virus outbreaks and severity in fields treated with reflective mulch which can provide unappealing visual stimuli to infected aphids. Fields treated with this mulch experience reduced infection rates. [32]

Genome

The complete genome of Celery Mosaic Virus was sequenced in 2011. It was found to be 9999 nucleotides in length, encoding for 3181 amino acids in a single large open reading frame, and sharing between 39 and 72% of its sequence identity with other members of the genus Potyvirus, and is most closely related to Apium virus Y. Together, CeMV, Apium virus Y, and Panax virus Y form a distinct clade. [33]

Related Research Articles

<i>Potyvirus</i> Genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae

Potyvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. Like begomoviruses, members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, and ornamental crops. More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses, and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus contains 190 species and potyviruses account for about thirty percent of all currently known plant viruses.

The genus Canna is susceptible to certain plant viruses, which may result in spotted or streaked leaves, in a mild form, but can finally result in stunted growth and twisted and distorted blooms and foliage. Known species of virus are:

Asparagus virus 1 (AV-1) is one of the nine known viruses that infects asparagus plants. It is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. Initially reported by G. L Hein in 1960, it causes no distinct symptoms in asparagus plants. The only known natural plant host is the asparagus. It is spread by aphid vectors, which means that aphids do not cause the AV-1, but they do spread it.

Carrot mottle virus (CMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus.

<i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, having the reputation of the widest host range of any known plant virus. It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).

Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the family Alphaflexiviridae. PapMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 530 nm in length.

Peanut stunt virus (PSV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. It is a member of the genus Cucumovirus. The members of this genus are positive-stranded RNA viruses with a multipartite genome. The virus particles have an isometric or spherical shape.

Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, PepMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 737 nm in length. Isolates of this virus has been completely sequenced and its RNA is 9640 nucleotides long. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersitant manner and by mechanical inoculation.

<i>Tobacco etch virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) is a plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and family Potyviridae. Like other members of the genus Potyvirus, TEV has a monopartite positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a capsid made from a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 730 nm in length. It is transmissible in a non-persistent manner by more than 10 species of aphids including Myzus persicae. It also is easily transmitted by mechanical means but is not known to be transmitted by seeds.

<i>Turnip mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae that causes diseases in cruciferous plants, among others. The virus is usually spread by 40-50 species of aphids in a non-persistent manner. Infected plants, especially the natural hosts, show symptoms such as chlorotic local lesions, mosaic, mottling, puckering or rugosity. TuMV is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, consisting of a non-enveloped, helical capsid that is filamentous and flexuous, with an average length of 720 nm. The TuMV genome is linear and monopartite (single particle). The virus has a thermal inactivation point (TIP) of 62 °C, and longevity in vitro (LIV) of 3–4 days.

<i>Soybean mosaic virus</i> Plant disease

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a member of the plant virus genus Potyvirus. It infects mainly plants belonging to the family Fabaceae but has also been found infecting other economically important crops. SMV is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean production areas of the world. Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins and pathogenic infections are responsible for annual yield losses of about $4 billion in the United States. Among these pathogens, SMV is the most important and prevalent viral pathogen in soybean production worldwide. It causes yield reductions of about 8% to 35%, but losses as high as 94% have been reported.

Apium virus Y (ApVY) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae.

Commelina mosaic virus (CoMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, CoMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 707-808 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by two species of aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, and by mechanical inoculation.

Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, ClYVV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 760 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black bean aphid</span> Species of true bug

The black bean aphid is a small black insect in the genus Aphis, with a broad, soft body, a member of the order Hemiptera. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. In the warmer months of the year, it is found in large numbers on the undersides of leaves and on the growing tips of host plants, including various agricultural crops and many wild and ornamental plants. Both winged and wingless forms exist, and at this time of year, they are all females. They suck sap from stems and leaves and cause distortion of the shoots, stunted plants, reduced yield, and spoiled crops. This aphid also acts as a vector for viruses that cause plant disease, and the honeydew it secretes may encourage the growth of sooty mould. It breeds profusely by live birth, but its numbers are kept in check, especially in the later part of the summer, by various predatory and parasitic insects. Ants feed on the honeydew it produces, and take active steps to remove predators. It is a widely distributed pest of agricultural crops and can be controlled by chemical or biological means. In the autumn, winged forms move to different host plants, where both males and females are produced. These mate and the females lay eggs which overwinter.

<i>Watermelon mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) also known as Marrow mosaic virus, Melon mosaic virus, and until recently Watermelon mosaic virus type 2 (WMV-2), is a plant pathogenic virus that causes viral infection in many different plants. The virus itself is referred to as Watermelon Mosaic Virus II or WMV-2 and is an isolate of the U.S. WMV-2 is a ssRNA positive strand virus that is part of the Potyviridae or Potyvirus clade. Like all RNA viruses, it contains a protein capsid which protects the inner viral RNA. First described on squash in Florida, WMV arose from a unique recombination of genetic material contributed by Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) along with Peanut Stripe virus (PSV).

The cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) is a mosaic virus that affects the production of green cardamom (E. cardamomum). It is a member of the genus Macluravirus (recognized under the family Potyviridae by ICTV in 1988), and is transmitted through aphids (P.caladii) and infected rhizomes, the former in a non-persistent manner.

Carrot virus Y (CarVY) is a (+)ss-RNA virus that affects crops of the carrot family (Apiaceae), such as carrots, anise, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill and parsnip. Carrots are the only known crop to be infected in the field. Infection by the virus leads to deformed roots and discolored or mottled leaves. The virus is spread through insect vectors, and is currently only found in Australia.

<i>Onion yellow dwarf virus</i> Species of virus

Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) is a plant virus in the genus Potyvirus that has been identified worldwide and mainly infects species of Allium such as onion, garlic, and leek. The virus causes mild to severe leaf malformation, and bulb reduction up to sixty percent has been observed in garlic.

The Lily mottle virus (LMoV), is a plant virus of the Potyviridae virus family that causes asymptomatic to mild diseases of individual plant parts in plants of the lily family (Liliaceae). However, a frequently occurring simultaneous infection with other plant viruses, which on their own only cause moderate or no disease, can cause the entire plant to perish. This coinfection leads to considerable crop damage in lily cultivation and is therefore of great economic importance. Lily mottle virus is spread by aphids and in horticulture during vegetative propagation by splitting the lily bulb. LMoV was regarded as a synonym for a subtype of the Tulip Breaking Virus (TBV) that occurs in lilies, although since 2005 it has been classified as a closely related but independent virus species of the genus Potyvirus.

References

  1. ↑ "About Plant Viruses". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Poole, R.F. 1922. Celery mosaic. Phytopthology 12:151-154.
  3. ↑ Severin, H.H.P.; Freitag, J.H. (1938). "Western celery mosaic". Hilgardia. 11 (9): 493–558. doi: 10.3733/hilg.v11n09p493 .
  4. ↑ Price, W.C. (1935). "Classification of southern celery mosaic virus". Phytopathology. 25: 947–954.
  5. ↑ Freitag, Julius (March 1945). "Insect transmission, host range, and properties of the crinkle-leaf strain of western-celery-mosaic virus". Hilgardia. 16 (8): 361. doi: 10.3733/hilg.v16n08p361 .
  6. ↑ Traicevski, Violeta. "Management of celery mosaic virus" (PDF). Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  7. ↑ "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery". Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC. University of California. 20 May 2005. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  8. ↑ "CeleryMoinc". Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  9. ↑ Sutabutra, T. and Campbell, R.N. 1971. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 55:328-332.
  10. ↑ "Crop Profiles". Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  11. ↑ Moran J. et al. 2002. Arch. Virol. 147:1855-1867.
  12. ↑ Latham, L.J. and Jones R.A. 2004. Virus Research 100 :89-99.
  13. ↑ Tang, J.; Clover, G. R. G.; Alexander, B. J. R. (2007). "First Report ofApium virus Yin Celery in New Zealand". Plant Disease. 91 (12): 1682. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-91-12-1682C . PMID   30780622.
  14. ↑ Purcifull, D.E. and Shepard, J.F. 1967. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 51:502-505.
  15. ↑ Kemp, W.G. and Frowd, J.A. (1975). Pl. Dis. Reptr 59: 50.
  16. ↑ Walkey, D.G.A., Tomlinson, J.A. and Frowd, J.A. (1970). Pl. Dis. Reptr. 54: 370.
  17. ↑ Marchoux, G., Navatel, J.C., Rougier, J. and Duteil, M. (1969). Annls. Phytopath. 1: 227.
  18. ↑ Brandes, J. and Luisoni, E. (1966). Phytopath. Z. 57: 277.
  19. ↑ Avgelis, A. and Quacquarelli, A. (1972). Phytopathol. Medit. 11: 124.
  20. ↑ Steenbergen, B. and Vader, F. 1974. Groenten en Fruit 30:111
  21. ↑ Chod, J. 1984. Ochr. Rost. 20: 91.
  22. ↑ Gracia, O. and Feldman, J.M. (1977). Pl. Dis. Reptr 61: 905
  23. ↑ Kitajima, E.W. and Costa, A.S.. 1968. Bragantia 27:7-8.
  24. ↑ Docampo, D. and Nome, F. 1970. Bol.Tec.Est. Exp Agron, Univ. Chile 31:15-19.
  25. ↑ Iwaki, M. and Komuro, Y. (1970). Ann. Phytopathol. Proc. Japan 36: 36
  26. ↑ Traicevski, V. et al. 1999. Aust. Plant Path. 28:92
  27. ↑ Fry, P.R. and Proctor, C.H. (1968). N. Z. comml. Grow. 24: 23.
  28. ↑ Dragoljub, Sutic (1999). Handbook of Plant Virus Diseases. N.Y.: CRC Press. p. 206. ISBN   0-8493-2302-9 . Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  29. ↑ "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery".
  30. ↑ Koike. "UC Pest Management Guidelines". UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines.
  31. ↑ "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Celery Mosaic Virus on Celery".
  32. ↑ Traicevski, Violeta. "Management of celery mosaic virus" (PDF). Institute for Horticultural Development Victoria. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  33. ↑ u, D (May 2011). "Complete genome sequence of Celery mosaic virus and its relationship to other members of the genus Potyvirus". Archives of Virology. 156 (5): 917–20. doi:10.1007/s00705-011-0951-x. PMID   21347842. S2CID   592753.
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