Menthone

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Menthone
Menthone.png
Names
IUPAC name
(2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone
Other names
l-Menthone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)6-10(9)11/h7-9H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t8-,9+/m1/s1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: NFLGAXVYCFJBMK-BDAKNGLRSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C10H18O/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)6-10(9)11/h7-9H,4-6H2,1-3H3/t8-,9+/m1/s1
    Key: NFLGAXVYCFJBMK-BDAKNGLRBF
  • O=C1C[C@H](C)CC[C@H]1C(C)C
Properties
C10H18O
Molar mass 154.253 g·mol−1
Density 0.895 g/cm3
Melting point −6 °C (21 °F; 267 K)
Boiling point 207 °C (405 °F; 480 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Menthone is a chemical compound of the monoterpene class of naturally occurring organic compounds found in a number of essential oils,[ not verified in body ] one that presents with minty flavor. [1] It is a specific pair of stereoisomers of the four possible such isomers for the chemical structure, 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone. Of those, the stereoisoomer l-menthone—formally, the (2S,5R)-trans isomer of that structure, as shown at right—is the most abundant in nature. [2] Menthone is structurally related to menthol, which has a secondary alcohol (>C-OH) in place of the carbon-oxygen double bond (carbonyl group) projecting from the cyclohexane ring.

Contents

Menthone is obtained for commercial use after purifying essential oils pressed from Mentha species (peppermint and corn mint). [3] It is used as a flavorant and in perfumes and cosmetics for its characteristic aromatic and minty aroma.[ not verified in body ]

Occurrence

Menthone is a constituent of the essential oils of pennyroyal, peppermint, corn mint , pelargonium geraniums, and other plant species.[ citation needed ] In most essential oils, it is a minor component.[ citation needed ] Menthone was first synthesized by oxidation of menthol in 1881, [4] [ needs update ] [5] before being found as a component in essential oils in 1891.[ citation needed ] Of the isomers possible for this chemical structure (see below), the one termed l-menthone—formally, the (2S,5R)-trans-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (see infobox and below)—is the most abundant in nature. [2]

Physical and sensory properties

Menthone is a liquid under standard conditions, and has a density of 0.895 g/cm3.[ citation needed ] Under the same conditions,[ verification needed ] the melting point is −6 °C, and its boiling point is 207 °C.[ citation needed ]

Menthone interacts cognitively with other components in food, drink, and other consumables, to present with what is termed a minty flavor. [1] Pure l-menthone has been described as having an intensely minty clean aroma;[ according to whom? ] in contrast, d-isomenthone has a "green" note,[ This quote needs a citation ] increasing levels of which are perceived to detract from the aroma quality of l-menthone. [6] [ verification needed ]

Structure and stereochemistry

The structure of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (menthones and isomenthones, see following) were established historically by establishing identity of natural and synthetic products after chemical synthesis of this structure from other chemical compounds of established structure; these inferential understandings have, in modern organic chemistry, been augmented by supporting mass spectrometric and spectroscopic evidence (e.g., from NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism) to make the conclusions secure.[ citation needed ]

The structure 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone has two asymmetric carbon centers, one at each attachment point of the two alkyl group substituents, the isopropyl in the 2-position and the methyl in the 5-position of the cyclohexane framework. [7] [ better source needed ] The spatial arrangement of atoms—the absolute configuration—at these two points are designated by the descriptors R (Latin, rectus, right) or S (L., sinister, left) based on the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules. [8] Hence, four unique stereoisomers are possible for this structure: (2S,5S), (2R,5S), (2S,5R) and (2R,5R). [7] [ better source needed ]

The (2S,5S) and (2R,5R) stereoisomers project the isopropyl and methyl groups from the same "side" of the cyclohexane ring, are the so-called cis isomers, and are termed isomenthone; the (2R,5S) and (2S,5R) stereoisomers project the two groups on the opposite side of the ring, are the so-called trans isomers, and are referred to as menthone. [7] [ better source needed ] Because the (2S,5R) isomer has an observed negative optical rotation, it is called l-menthone or (−)-menthone. It is the enantiomeric partner of the (2R,5S) isomer: (+)- or d-menthone. [7] [ better source needed ][ verification needed ]

Interconversion

Menthone and isomenthone interconvert easily, the equilibrium favoring menthone; [3] [ better source needed ] if menthone and isomenthone are equilibrated at room temperature, the isomenthone content will reach 29%.[ dubious – discuss ] [6] [ verification needed ] Menthone can easily be converted to isomenthone and vice versa via a reversible epimerization reaction via an enol intermediate, which changes the direction of optical rotation, so that l-menthone becomes d-isomenthone, and d-menthone becomes l-isomenthone. [9]

Preparation and reactivity

Menthone is obtained commercially by fractional crystallization of the oils pressed from peppermint and cornmint, sp. Mentha. [3]

In the experimental laboratory, l-menthone may be prepared by oxidation of menthol with acidified dichromate. [10] [ needs update ] If the chromic acid oxidation is performed with stoichiometric oxidant in the presence of diethyl ether as co-solvent, a method introduced by H.C. Brown and colleagues in 1971, the epimerization of l-menthone to d-isomenthone is largely avoided. [6]

History

Menthone was first described by Moriya in 1881. [4] [5] It was later synthesized by heating menthol with chromic acid, and its structure was later confirmed by synthesizing it from 2-isopropyl-5-methylpimelic acid.[ when? ] [7]

Menthone was one of the original substrates reported in the discovery of the still widely used synthetic organic chemistry transformation, the Baeyer-Villiger (B-V) oxidation, [11] as reported by Adolf Von Baeyer and Victor Villiger in 1899; Baeyer and Villiger noted that menthone reacted with monopersulfuric acid to produce the corresponding oxacycloheptane (oxepane-type) lactone, with an oxygen atom inserted between the carbonyl carbon and the ring carbon attached to the isopropyl substituent. [12]

In 1889, Ernst Beckmann discovered that dissolving menthone in concentrated sulfuric acid gave a new ketonic material which gave an equal but opposite optical rotation to the starting material. [13] [ non-primary source needed ] Beckmann's inferences from his results situated menthone as a crucial player in a great mechanistic discovery in organic chemistry.[ clarification needed ][ citation needed ] Beckmann concluded that the change in structure underlying the observed opposite optical rotation was the result of an inversion of configuration at the asymmetric carbon atom next to the carbonyl group (which, at that time was believed to be the carbon atom attached to the methyl rather than the isopropyl group).[ citation needed ] He postulated that this occurred through an intermediate enol—a tautomer of the ketone—such that the original absolute configuration of that carbon atom changed as its geometry went from terahedral to trigonal planar.[ clarification needed ][ citation needed ] This report is an early example of an inference that an otherwise undetectable intermediate was involved in a reaction mechanism, one that could account for the observed structural outcome of the reaction.[ according to whom? ]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules</span> Naming convention for stereoisomers of molecules

In organic chemistry, the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) sequence rules are a standard process to completely and unequivocally name a stereoisomer of a molecule. The purpose of the CIP system is to assign an R or S descriptor to each stereocenter and an E or Z descriptor to each double bond so that the configuration of the entire molecule can be specified uniquely by including the descriptors in its systematic name. A molecule may contain any number of stereocenters and any number of double bonds, and each usually gives rise to two possible isomers. A molecule with an integer n describing the number of stereocenters will usually have 2n stereoisomers, and 2n−1 diastereomers each having an associated pair of enantiomers. The CIP sequence rules contribute to the precise naming of every stereoisomer of every organic molecule with all atoms of ligancy of fewer than 4.

In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cumene process</span> Industrial process

The cumene process is an industrial process for synthesizing phenol and acetone from benzene and propylene. The term stems from cumene, the intermediate material during the process. It was invented by R. Ūdris and P. Sergeyev in 1942 (USSR), and independently by Heinrich Hock in 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Menthol</span> Organic compound used as flavouring and analgesic

Menthol is an organic compound, specifically a monoterpenoid, that occurs naturally in the oils of several plants in the mint family, such as corn mint and peppermint. It is a white or clear waxy crystalline substance that is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1R,2S,5R) configuration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regioselectivity</span> Preference of chemical bonding or breaking in one direction over others

In organic chemistry, regioselectivity is the preference of chemical bonding or breaking in one direction over all other possible directions. It can often apply to which of many possible positions a reagent will affect, such as which proton a strong base will abstract from an organic molecule, or where on a substituted benzene ring a further substituent will be added.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meso compound</span> Optically inactive isomer in a set of stereoisomers

A meso compound or meso isomer is an optically inactive isomer in a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is superposable on its mirror image. Two objects can be superposed if all aspects of the objects coincide and it does not produce a "(+)" or "(-)" reading when analyzed with a polarimeter. The name is derived from the Greek mésos meaning “middle”.

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula −C4H9, derived from either of the two isomers (n-butane and isobutane) of butane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carvone</span> Chemical compound

Carvone is a member of a family of chemicals called terpenoids. Carvone is found naturally in many essential oils, but is most abundant in the oils from seeds of caraway, spearmint, and dill.

The Criegee rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction named after Rudolf Criegee.

The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation is an organic reaction that forms an ester from a ketone or a lactone from a cyclic ketone, using peroxyacids or peroxides as the oxidant. The reaction is named after Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger who first reported the reaction in 1899.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclic compound</span> Molecule with a ring of bonded atoms

A cyclic compound is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring. Rings may vary in size from three to many atoms, and include examples where all the atoms are carbon, none of the atoms are carbon, or where both carbon and non-carbon atoms are present. Depending on the ring size, the bond order of the individual links between ring atoms, and their arrangements within the rings, carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds may be aromatic or non-aromatic; in the latter case, they may vary from being fully saturated to having varying numbers of multiple bonds between the ring atoms. Because of the tremendous diversity allowed, in combination, by the valences of common atoms and their ability to form rings, the number of possible cyclic structures, even of small size numbers in the many billions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Schmidt reaction</span> Chemical reaction between an azide and a carbonyl derivative

In organic chemistry, the Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen. It is named after Karl Friedrich Schmidt (1887–1971), who first reported it in 1924 by successfully converting benzophenone and hydrazoic acid to benzanilide. The intramolecular reaction was not reported until 1991 but has become important in the synthesis of natural products. The reaction is effective with carboxylic acids to give amines (above), and with ketones to give amides (below).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piperitone</span> Chemical compound

Piperitone is a natural monoterpene ketone which is a component of some essential oils. Both stereoisomers, the D-form and the L-form, are known. The D-form has a peppermint-like aroma and has been isolated from the oils of plants from the genera Cymbopogon, Andropogon, and Mentha. The L-form has been isolated from Sitka spruce.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isomer</span> Chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclitol</span> Class of chemical compounds

In organic chemistry, a cyclitol is a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxyl, each attached to a different ring carbon atom. The general formula for an unsubstituted cyclitol is C
nH
2n-x(OH)
x or C
nH
2nO
x where 3 ≤ x ≤ n.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiosulfurous acid</span> Chemical compound

Thiosulfurous acid is a hypothetical chemical compound with the formula HS−S(=O)−OH or HO−S(=S)−OH. Attempted synthesis leads to polymers. It is a low oxidation state (+1) sulfur acid. It is the Arrhenius acid for disulfur monoxide. Salts derived from thiosulfurous acid, which are also unknown, are named "thiosulfites", "thionosulfites" or "sulfurothioites". The ion is S=SO2−
2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolichodial</span> Chemical compound

Dolichodial is a natural chemical compound with two aldehyde groups, which belongs to the group of iridoids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isobutyronitrile</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfoxylic acid</span> Chemical compound

Sulfoxylic acid (H2SO2) (also known as hyposulfurous acid or sulfur dihydroxide) is an unstable oxoacid of sulfur in an intermediate oxidation state between hydrogen sulfide and dithionous acid. It consists of two hydroxy groups attached to a sulfur atom. Sulfoxylic acid contains sulfur in an oxidation state of +2. Sulfur monoxide (SO) can be considered as a theoretical anhydride for sulfoxylic acid, but it is not actually known to react with water.

References

  1. 1 2 Hirsch, Alan R. (March 18, 2015). Nutrition and Sensation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 276ff. ISBN   9781466569089 . Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  2. 1 2 Ager, David (2005). Handbook of Chiral Chemicals (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 64. ISBN   9781420027303 . Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 Sell, Charles S. (2006). "Terpenoids". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . doi:10.1002/0471238961.2005181602120504.a01.pub2. ISBN   0471238961.[ page needed ]
  4. 1 2 Read, John (1930). "Recent Progress in the Menthone Chemistry" . Chemical Reviews . 7 (1): 1–50. doi:10.1021/cr60025a001 . Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  5. 1 2 Moriya, M. (1881). "XV.—Contributions From the Laboratory of the University of Tôkiô, Japan. No. IV. On Menthol or Peppermint Camphor". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions . 39: 77–83. doi:10.1039/CT8813900077 . Retrieved December 3, 2024– via Zenodo.org.
  6. 1 2 3 Brown, H.C.; Garg, C.P.; Liu, K.-T. (1971). "The Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols in Diethyl Ether With Aqueous Chromic Acid. A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Ketones in High Epimeric Purity" . J. Org. Chem. 36 (3): 387–390. doi:10.1021/jo00802a005 . Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Singh, G. (2007). Chemistry of Terpenoids and Carotenoids. New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House. p. 41. ISBN   9788183562799 . Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  8. ↑ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " absolute configuration ". doi : 10.1351/goldbook.A00020
  9. ↑ Seidel, Arza; Bickford, Michalina & Chu, Kelsee, ed. (2012). Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781118518908 . Retrieved December 3, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)[ page needed ] Note, an earlier citation suggested appearance of this content on page 339, which cannot be confirmed with digital information accessible. Note, a further version of the book appears here, with some accessible content, but not the content on the epimerisation of menthone-isomenthone, see this link.
  10. ↑ Sandborn, L. T. (1929). "l-Menthone". Organic Syntheses . 9: 59; Collected Volumes, vol. 1, p. 340.
  11. ↑ Now used substituting organic peracids—e.g., peracetic acid or m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA), and regularly used in laboratory scale syntheses of "pharmaceutical intermediates, steroids, antibiotics and pheromones", see Chen & You, 2024, op. cit.
  12. ↑ Chen, Fen-Er & You, Hengzhi (2024). "Ch. 7.04—Asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation". Comprehensive Chirality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press. pp. 78–121. ISBN   9780323906456 . Retrieved December 3, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Beckmann, Ernst (1889). "Untersuchungen in der Campherreihe" [Investigations in the Camphor-series]. Liebigs Annalen . 250 (3): 322–375. doi:10.1002/jlac.18892500306 . Retrieved December 3, 2024– via Zenodo.org.
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