| Zhili | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 直隸 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 直隶 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Directly Ruled [Region] | ||||||||
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Zhili,alternately romanized as Chihli,was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th century that lasted through the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty until 1911,when the region was dissolved,converted to a province,and renamed Hebei in 1928.
The name Zhili means "directly ruled" and indicates regions directly ruled by the imperial government of China. [1] Zhili province was first constituted during the Ming dynasty when the capital of China was located at Nanjing along the Yangtze River. In 1403,the Ming Yongle Emperor relocated the capital to Beiping,which was subsequently renamed Beijing. [2] The region known as North Zhili was composed of parts of the modern provinces of Hebei,Henan,Shandong,including the provincial-level municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin. There was another region located around the "reserve capital" Nanjing known as South Zhili that included parts of what are today the provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui,including the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai.
During the Qing dynasty,Nanjing lost its status as the "second capital" and Southern Zhili was reconstituted as a regular province,Jiangnan,while Northern Zhili was renamed Zhili Province. In the 18th century the borders of Zhili province were redrawn and spread over what is today Beijing,Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei,Western Liaoning,Northern Henan,and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.[ citation needed ]
After the collapse of Qing dynasty,in 1911,the National Government of the Republic of China converted Zhili into a province as Zhili Province. In 1928 the National Government assigned portions of northern Zhili province to its neighbors in the north and renamed the remainder Hebei Province.
Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province in eastern China. The city, which is located in the southwestern corner of the province, has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi), and as of 2021 a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports. The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing is also considered a Beta city classification, together with Chongqing, Hangzhou and Tianjin by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranked as one of the world's top 100 cities in the Global Financial Centres Index.
Hebei is a province in North China. It is China's sixth-most populous province, with a population of over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. It borders Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, Shandong and Liaoning to the east, and Inner Mongolia to the north; in addition, Hebei entirely surrounds the direct-administered municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin on land. Its population is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and 0.3% Mongol. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Jilu Mandarin, the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, and Jin Chinese.
Jiangnan is a geographic area in China referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including the southern part of its delta. The region encompasses the city of Shanghai, the southern part of Jiangsu Province, the southeastern part of Anhui Province, the northern part of Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province. The most important cities in the area include Anqing, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Wenzhou, Yangzhou and Zhenjiang.
Zongdu were high-level officials responsible for overseeing the governors of several provinces in Ming and Qing China. One viceroy usually administered several provinces and was in charge of all affairs of military, food, wages, rivers, and provincial governors within their region of jurisdiction. Viceroys were appointed by and directly reported to the Emperor.
The Viceroy of Zhili, officially in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Directly Subordinate Province and Other Local Areas, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers and Governor Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Zhili had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Zhili Province. The Governor's Office sat in then Zhili Province's Baoding Prefecture City.
The Beijing–Shanghai railway or Jinghu railway is a railway line between Beijing and Shanghai.
Wang Kemin was a leading official in the Chinese republican movement and early Beiyang government, later noted for his role as in the collaborationist Provisional Government of the Republic of China and Wang Jingwei regime during World War II.
The Viceroy of Liangjiang, fully named in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Jiangnan Province and then Jiangxi Province. The position was set up in 1647 and abolished in 1912.
Beizhili, formerly romanized as Pei-chih-li, Pechili, Peichili, etc. and also known as North or Northern Zhili or Chih-li, was a historical province of the Ming Empire. Its capital was Beijing, from which it is also sometimes known as Beijing or Peking Province. Beizhili mostly covered the area of the Yuan province of Zhongshu—the "Central Administration"—and took its own name—Chinese for "Northern Directly Administered Area"—from Beijing's status as the Ming's national capital following the Yongle Emperor move there from Nanjing, which oversaw Nanzhili or the Southern Directly Administered Area. In 1645, at the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the name of Beizhili was changed to Zhili. Under the Republic and People's Republic of China, it was divided into Hebei and the provincial-level municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
"Beijing" is from pinyin Běijīng, which is romanized from 北京, the Chinese name for this city. The pinyin system of transliteration was approved by the Chinese government in 1958, but little used until 1979. It was gradually adopted by various news organizations, governments, and international agencies over the next decade.
The Jiangnan Examination Hall, near the Confucius temple, is located in the southern part of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. It is the largest examination hall for imperial examination in ancient China. It now houses the Imperial Examination Museum.
Yangzhou, Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou.
Xuzhou as a historical toponym refers to varied area in different eras.
The history of the administrative divisions of China after 1949 refers to the administrative divisions under the People's Republic of China. In 1949, the communist forces initially held scattered fragments of China at the start of the Chinese Civil War. By late 1949, they controlled the majority of mainland China, forcing the Republic of China government to relocate to Taiwan.
Jiangnan, formerly romanized as Kiangnan, was a historical province of the early Qing dynasty of China. Its capital was Jiangning, from which it is sometimes known as Nanjing or Nanking Province. Established in 1645 during the Qing conquest of Ming, it administered the area of the earlier Ming province of Nanzhili, reaching from north of the Huai River—at the time the course of the Yellow River—to south of the Yangtze River in East China. Its territory was later divided into the separate provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1736–1795), although the exact timing is disputed, with Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville's map of 1734 showing the province still extant as "Kiang-nan". The earliest that the province's partition could have happened was 1667. Under the Republic and People's Republic of China, an area of Jiangsu also became the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai.
The Northern Expedition was a failed campaign by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing dynasty during the Taiping Rebellion. Its purpose was to capture Beijing and then complete an encirclement of northern and western China. Launched in May 1853, the Northern Expedition would travel from Jiangsu to Zhili before being destroyed in early 1855.
Nanzhili, formerly romanized as Nan-chih-li and also known as South or Southern Zhili or Chih-li, was a historical province of the Ming Empire. Its capital was Nanjing, from which it is also sometimes known as Nanjing or Nanking Province. Nanzhili combined areas of the Yuan provinces of Henan Jiangbei and Jiangzhe and took its name—Chinese for "Southern Directly Administered Area"—from Nanjing's status as the Ming's national capital under the Hongwu Emperor and as the secondary capital after the Yongle Emperor's move to Beijing, which oversaw Beizhili or the Northern Directly Administered Area. During the early Qing Dynasty, Nanzhili was renamed Jiangnan and then divided into the separate provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui. Under the Republic and People's Republic of China, an area of Jiangsu also became the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai.
The National Pacification Army (NPA), also known as the Anguojun or Ankuochun, was a warlord coalition led by Fengtian clique General Zhang Zuolin, and was the military arm of the Beiyang government of the Republic of China during its existence.
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner, or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.
