11th Five-Year Plan | |||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 十一五规划 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 十一五規劃 | ||||||
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11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 中華人民共和國國民經濟社會發展第十一個五年規劃綱要 | ||||||
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The 11th Five-Year Plan of China,officially the 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China,was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 2006 and 2010.
The planning philosophy for the 11th Five-Year Plan was significantly shaped by a mid-term evaluation of the 10th Five-Year Plan. [1] : 134 The 11th Five-Year Plan introduced a new category of "binding targets" (yueshuxing zhibiao) intended as government promises. [1] : 134–135 These binding targets have since been used especially in non-economic policy areas like environmental protection and land management. [1] : 150 Of 22 targets listed in the 11th Five-Year Plan,eight of them were binding targets. [1] : 184 These binding targets were incorporated into the criteria for local cadre performance evaluations. [1] : 184 The Plan also reflected a change in terminology to the allocation of administrative resourced via "programs" rather than "plans." [1] : 134
According to draft guidelines submitted[ by whom? ] to the 2006 National People's Congress session,the goals of the Eleventh Five-Year Guideline were:
Economic growth:
Economic structure:
Population,resources,environment:
Public service,people's life:
Beginning with the 11th,each of China's Five Year plans have sought to move China away from energy-intensive manufacturing and into high-value sectors and have highlighted the importance of low-carbon technology as a strategic emerging industry,particularly in the areas of wind and solar power. [3] : 26–27 The plan adopted a more assertive approach to technology transfer in advanced technology. [4] The plan set a national energy intensity target [5] : 54 of a 20% reduction. [1] : 167 It was identified as a "binding target" and focused on throughout the plan's implementation. [1] : 167 Policymakers viewed emissions reductions and energy conservation as the highest priority environmental matters under the 11th Five-Year Plan. [1] : 136
Successful achievement of emissions and energy conservation targets in the 11th Five-Year Plan shaped policymaker's approach for the 12th Five-Year Plan,prompting expanded use of binding targets to capitalize on successes in these areas. [1] : 136
The economy of Morocco is considered relatively liberal,governed by the law of supply and demand. Since 1993,in line with many Western world changes,Morocco has followed a policy of privatisation. Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs,and is the 6th largest African economy by GDP (PPP). The World Economic Forum placed Morocco as the most competitive economy in North Africa,in its African Competitiveness Report 2014–2015.
The economy of Qatar is one of the highest in the world based on GDP per capita,ranking generally among the top ten richest countries on world rankings for 2015 and 2016 data compiled by the World Bank,the United Nations,and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The country's economy has grown despite sanctions by its neighbors,Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Mainly because the country exports primarily to Japan,South Korea,India and China,making the sanctions effectively redundant as neither Saudi Arabia nor the United Arab Emirates have imposed trading penalties such as tariffs or embargoes on any of these countries for trading with Qatar,or offering incentives such as discounts for their own energy exports to reduce Qatari exports.
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The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture. Due to limited arable land,livestock raising is the primary occupation mainly on the Tibetan Plateau,among them are sheep,cattle,goats,camels,yaks,donkeys and horses. The main crops grown are barley,wheat,buckwheat,rye,potatoes,oats,rapeseeds,cotton and assorted fruits and vegetables. In recent years the economy has begun evolving into a multiple structure with agriculture and tertiary industry developing side by side.
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country,and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s,China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases,and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer,and the largest producer of hydroelectricity,solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy,where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
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Huangpu,alternately romanized as Whampoa,is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou,the capital of Guangdong Province,China. Despite its name,it does not include Huangpu Island or its famous anchorage. Huangpu absorbed Guangzhou's former Luogang District in 2014. The district has been awarded the status of "Happiest District of China" in 2020.
The economy of the People's Republic of China is a developing mixed socialist market economy,incorporating industrial policies and strategic five-year plans. China is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP and since 2017 has been the world's largest economy when measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). China accounted for 19% of the global economy in 2022 in PPP terms,and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022. The economy consists of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises,as well as a large domestic private sector which contribute approximately 60% of the GDP,80% of urban employment and 90% of new jobs,the system also consist of a high degree of openness to foreign businesses. According to the annual data of major economic indicators released by the National Bureau of Statistics since 1952,China's GDP grew by an average of 6.17% per year in the 26 years from 1953 to 1978. China implemented economic reform in 1978,and from 1979 to 2023,the country's GDP growth rate grew by an average of 8.93% per year in the 45 years since its implementing economic reform. According to preliminary data released by the authorities,China's GDP in 2023 was CN¥126.06 trillion with a real GDP increase of at least 5.2% from 2022.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses. The plenums follow a customary pattern of themes;since the 14th Party Congress (1992–1997),the fifth plenum has evaluated the current five-year plan and outlined the next five-year plan.
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