The Chinese Communist Party (CCP),officially the Communist Party of China (CPC),is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong,the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang. In 1949,Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Since then,the CCP has governed China and has had sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Successive leaders of the CCP have added their own theories to the party's constitution,which outlines the party's ideology,collectively referred to as socialism with Chinese characteristics. As of 2024,the CCP has more than 99 million members,making it the second largest political party by membership in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party.
Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1989. Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976,Deng eventually consolidated power to lead China through a period of Reform and Opening Up that transformed China's economy into a socialist market economy. He is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to socialism with Chinese characteristics and Deng Xiaoping Theory.
Hua Guofeng was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Premier of China. The designated successor of Mao Zedong,Hua held the top offices of the government,party,and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai,but was gradually forced out of supreme power by a coalition of party leaders between December 1978 and June 1981,and subsequently retreated from the political limelight,though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002.
Chen Yun was a Chinese revolutionary leader who was one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China during the 1980s and 1990s and one of the major architects and important policy makers for the reform and opening up period,alongside Deng Xiaoping. He was also known as Liao Chenyun (廖陈云),as he took his uncle's family name when he was adopted by him after his parents died.
In the People's Republic of China,Deng Xiaoping formally retired after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,to be succeeded by former Shanghai CCP secretary Jiang Zemin. During that period,the crackdown of the protests in 1989 led to great woes in China's reputation globally,and sanctions resulted. The situation,however,would eventually stabilize. Deng's idea of checks and balances in the political system also saw its demise with Jiang consolidating power in the party,state and military. The 1990s saw healthy economic development,but the closing of state-owned enterprises and increasing levels of corruption and unemployment,along with environmental challenges continued to plague China,as the country saw the rise to consumerism,crime,and new-age spiritual-religious movements such as Falun Gong. The 1990s also saw the peaceful handover of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese control under the formula of One Country,Two Systems. China also saw a new surge of nationalism when facing crises abroad.
The socialist market economy (SME) is the economic system and model of economic development employed in the People's Republic of China. The system is a market economy with the predominance of public ownership and state-owned enterprises. The term "socialist market economy" was introduced by Jiang Zemin during the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1992 to describe the goal of China's economic reforms.
Charles Bettelheim was a French Marxian economist and historian,founder of the Center for the Study of Modes of Industrialization at the EHESS,economic advisor to the governments of several developing countries during the period of decolonization. He was very influential in France's New Left,and considered one of "the most visible Marxists in the capitalist world",in France as well as in Spain,Italy,Latin America,and India.
The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since 1 October 1949,when CCP chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) from atop Tiananmen,after a near complete victory (1949) by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War. The PRC is the most recent political entity to govern mainland China,preceded by the Republic of China and thousands of years of monarchical dynasties. The paramount leaders have been Mao Zedong (1949–1976);Hua Guofeng (1976–1978);Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989);Jiang Zemin (1989–2002);Hu Jintao (2002–2012);and Xi Jinping.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
The Five-Year Plans of Vietnam are a series of economic development initiatives. The Vietnamese economy is shaped primarily by the Vietnamese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of communism,mapping strategies for economic development,setting growth targets,and launching reforms.
Deng Xiaoping Theory,also known as Dengism,is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. The theory does not reject Marxism–Leninism or Maoism,but instead claims to be an adaptation of them to the existing socioeconomic conditions of China.
The Scientific Outlook on Development is one of the guiding socio-economic principles of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),credited to former Chinese leader Hu Jintao and his administration,who was in power from 2002 to 2012.
The history of the Chinese Communist Party began with its establishment in July 1921. A study group led by Peking University professors Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao to discuss Marxism,led to intellectuals officially founding the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in July 1921. In 1923,Sun Yat-sen invited the CCP to form a United Front,and to join his nationalist party,the Kuomintang (KMT),in Canton for training under representatives of the Communist International,the Soviet Union's international organization. The Soviet representatives reorganized both parties into Leninist parties. Rather than the loose organization that characterized the two parties until then,the Leninist party operated on the principle of democratic centralism,in which the collective leadership set standards for membership and an all-powerful Central Committee determined the party line,which all members must follow.
The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle,also known domestically as reform and opening-up,refers to a variety of economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century,after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. Guided by Deng Xiaoping,who is often credited as the "General Architect",the reforms were launched by reformists within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on December 18,1978,during the Boluan Fanzheng period. The reforms briefly went into stagnation after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,but were revived after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992. The reforms led to significant economic growth for China within the successive decades;this phenomenon has since been seen as an "economic miracle". In 2010,China overtook Japan as the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP,before overtaking the United States in 2016 as the world's largest economy by GDP (PPP). On the other hand,a parallel set of political reforms were launched by Deng and his allies in the 1980s,but eventually ended in 1989 due to the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests,halting further political liberalization.
Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods,consisting of Deng Xiaoping Theory,Three Represents,Scientific Outlook on Development,and Xi Jinping Thought. According to CCP doctrine,Xi Jinping Thought is considered to represent Marxist–Leninist policies suited for China's present condition while Deng Xiaoping Theory was considered relevant for the period when it was formulated.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) frames its ideology as Marxism–Leninism adapted to the historical context of China,often expressing it as socialism with Chinese characteristics. Major ideological contributions of the CPC's leadership are viewed as "Thought" or "Theory," with "Thought" carrying greater weight. Influential concepts include Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiaoping Theory,and Xi Jinping Thought. Other important concepts include the socialist market economy,Jiang Zemin's idea of the Three Represents,and Hu Jintao's Scientific Outlook on Development.
Liu Shaoqi was a Chinese revolutionary and politician. He was the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1954 to 1959,first-ranking vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1956 to 1966,and the chairman of the People's Republic of China,the head of state from 1959 to 1968. He was considered to be a possible successor to Mao Zedong,but was purged during the Cultural Revolution.
Deng Xiaoping's southern tour,or 1992 southern tour,or simply Nanxun was the tour of Deng Xiaoping,the former paramount leader of China,in southern China,including in Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Guangzhou and Shanghai,from January 18 to February 21,1992. The talks and remarks made by Deng during the tour resumed and reinforced the implementation of his "Reforms and Opening-up" program in mainland China,which had come to a halt after the military crackdown on 1989 Tiananmen Square protests ordered by Deng himself. After Tiananmen Square,there was a lack of belief in the Chinese Communist Party both at home and abroad. The US and EU both issued arms embargos while the World Bank and Asian Development Bank stopped issuing loans to China. The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the modern history of China,as it saved the Chinese economic reform as well as the capital market,and preserved societal stability. It not only preserved stability inside of China,but it was reassuring to foreign countries who had begun to invest large amounts of money into China.
The Fourth five-year plan,is known as the China's national economic development strategy that China formulated from 1971 to 1975. The plan was formally issued in 1971,following the commencement of its preparation in 1970.
The Ninth five-year plan,China's national economic and social development plan for 1996–2000. It was the first complete five-year plan in China since the introduction of the socialist market economy,with the primary objective of enhancing the quality of life and reforming the enterprise system.
