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The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign within the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1958 to 1962,led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Party Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized society through the formation of people's communes. Mao decreed that efforts to multiply grain yields and bring industry to the countryside should be increased. Local officials were fearful of Anti-Rightist Campaigns and they competed to fulfill or over-fulfill quotas which were based on Mao's exaggerated claims,collecting non-existent "surpluses" and leaving farmers to starve to death. Higher officials did not dare to report the economic disaster which was being caused by these policies,and national officials,blaming bad weather for the decline in food output,took little or no action. Millions of people died in China during the Great Leap,with estimates ranging from 15 to 55 million,making the Great Chinese Famine the largest or second-largest famine in human history.
The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union,beginning in the late 1920s. The Soviet state planning committee Gosplan developed these plans based on the theory of the productive forces that formed part of the ideology of the Communist Party for development of the Soviet economy. Fulfilling the current plan became the watchword of Soviet bureaucracy.
The people's commune was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983,until they were replaced by townships. Communes,the largest collective units,were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams. The communes had governmental,political,and economic functions during the Cultural Revolution. The people's commune was commonly known for collectivizing living and working practices,especially during the Great Leap Forward. The scale of the commune and its ability to extract income from the rural population enabled commune administrations to invest in large-scale mechanization,infrastructure,and industrial projects. The communes did not,however,meet many of their long-term goals,such as facilitating the construction of socialism in the rural areas,liberating women from housework,and creating sustainable agriculture practices in the countryside. They ranged in number from 50,000 to 90,000.
On the Ten Major Relationships is a speech by Mao Zedong which outlines how the People's Republic of China would construct socialism different from the model of development undertaken by the Soviet Union. It was delivered by Mao during an enlarged session of a Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party on April 25,1956 and further elaborated in the 7th Supreme State Conference on May 2 the same year.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
The Five-Year Plans of Vietnam are a series of economic development initiatives. The Vietnamese economy is shaped primarily by the Vietnamese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of communism,mapping strategies for economic development,setting growth targets,and launching reforms.
On the eve of the 1921 revolution,Mongolia had an underdeveloped,stagnant economy based on nomadic animal husbandry. Farming and industry were almost nonexistent;transportation and communications were primitive;banking,services,and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most of the people were illiterate nomadic herders,and a large part of the male labour force lived in the monasteries,contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock was owned primarily by aristocrats and monasteries;ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus were faced with a daunting task in building a modern,socialist economy.
The Plan of Reconstructing the Economy,commonly known as the Three-Year Plan was a centralized plan created by the Polish communist government to rebuild Poland after the devastation of the Second World War. The plan was carried out between 1947 and 1949. It succeeded in its primary aim of largely rebuilding Poland from the devastation of the war,as well as in increasing output of Polish industry and agriculture.
Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy's lag behind the developed capitalist states,which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941.
At the time of its founding,the People's Republic of China was one of the poorest countries in the world. In the early 1950s,its industry developed rapidly through a state-led process heavily influenced by the Soviet experience. Aiming to close the gap between its political ambitions and its phase of development,China began the Great Leap Forward,which sought to even more rapidly industrialize the country. The effort largely failed,and its policies contributed to famine.
Industry is 39.4% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022. In 2007,industry contributed 46.7 percent of GDP in 2010 and occupied 27 percent of the workforce. In 2015,the manufacturing industrial sectors contributed to 40% of China's GDP. The manufacturing sector produced 44.1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11.3 percent of total employment in 2006.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms:agricultural cooperatives,in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a collective;and state farms,which are owned and directly run by a centralized government. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries,there have been both state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example,the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy and sovkhozy.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient. Lenin characterized the NEP in 1922 as an economic system that would include "a free market and capitalism,both subject to state control",while socialized state enterprises would operate on "a profit basis".
Agrarian socialism is a political ideology that promotes social ownership of agrarian and agricultural production as opposed to private ownership. Agrarian socialism involves equally distributing agricultural land among collectivized peasant villages. Many agrarian socialist movements have tended to be rural,locally focused,and traditional. Governments and political parties seeking agrarian socialist policies have existed throughout the world,in regions including Europe,Asia,North America,Latin America,and Africa.
The economy of the Soviet Union was based on state ownership of the means of production,collective farming,and industrial manufacturing. An administrative-command system managed a distinctive form of central planning. The Soviet economy was characterized by state control of investment,prices,a dependence on natural resources,lack of consumer goods,little foreign trade,public ownership of industrial assets,macroeconomic stability,low unemployment and high job security.
The economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania was centrally planned,similar to the one of the Soviet Union. Most of the means of production were owned by the state,which established production plans as part of the Five-Year Plans.
The Beidaihe Conference of 1958 was an enlarged meeting held by the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee from August 17 to 30 1958. It also involved a conference of provincial industrial secretaries and other relevant local leaders from the 25th to the 31st.
The history of the Cooperative Movement in China began a quarter of the way into the 20th century,when Chinese modernizers and sympathetic foreigners promoted cooperatives as a tool for reforming the Chinese economy.
The 2nd Five-Year Plan was the second five-year plan adopted by the People's Republic of China. It was planned to last from 1958 to 1962,and was more modest than the first Five-Year Plan,but was de facto abandoned since the beginning of the Great Leap Forward.
References
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- ↑ "China's First Five-Year Plan – achievement at the expen". Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
- ↑ "Five-year plans of China について". www.kotoba.ne.jp. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- ↑ Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. OCLC 1145096137.
- ↑ "China The First Five-Year Plan, 1953–57". Library of Congress. Retrieved 12 May 2009.