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The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign within China from 1958 to 1962,led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Party Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to transform the country from an agrarian society into an industrialized society through the formation of people's communes. Millions of people died in mainland China during the Great Leap,with estimates based on demographic reconstruction ranging from 15 to 55 million,making the Great Chinese Famine the largest or second-largest famine in human history.
Liuyang is a county-level city,the most populous and the easternmost county-level division of Hunan Province,China;it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Changsha,the provincial capital. Located on the northeastern margin of Hunan,the city is bordered to the north by Pingjiang County,to the west by Changsha County and Yuhua District,to the south by Shifeng,Hetang Districts of Zhuzhou and Liling City,to the southeast and the east by Yuanzhou District of Yichun,Shangli,Wanzai and Tonggu Counties of Jiangxi. Liuyang City covers 4,997.35 km2 (1,929.49 sq mi) with registered population of 1,453,246 and resident population of 1,297,700. The city has four subdistricts,26 towns and two townships under its jurisdiction,its jurisdiction,its administrative centre is at Guankou Subdistrict (关口街道).
The Daqing Oil Field,formerly romanized as "Taching",is the largest oil field in the People's Republic of China,located between the Songhua river and Nen River in Heilongjiang province. When the Chinese government began to use pinyin for romanization,the field's name became known as Daqing.
Daqing is a prefecture-level city in the west of Heilongjiang province,People's Republic of China. The name literally means "Great Celebration" and refers to the tenth anniversary of the PRC. Daqing is known as the "Oil Capital of China" and has experienced a phenomenal boom since oil was discovered at the Daqing Oil Field in 1959.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
Five-Year Plans of Nepal generally strove to increase output and employment;develop the infrastructure;attain economic stability;promote industry,commerce,and international trade;establish administrative and public service institutions to support economic development;and also introduce labor-intensive production techniques to alleviate underemployment. The social goals of the plans were improving health and education as well as encouraging equitable income distribution. Although each plan had different development priorities,the allocation of resources did not always reflect these priorities. The first four plans concentrated on infrastructure—to make it possible to facilitate the movement of goods and services—and to increase the size of the market. Each of the five-year plans depended heavily on foreign assistance in the forms of grants and loans.
The Third Front Movement or Third Front Construction was a Chinese government campaign to develop industrial and military facilities in the country's interior. The campaign was motivated by concerns that China's industrial and military infrastructure would be vulnerable in the event of invasion by the Soviet Union or air raids by the United States. The largest development campaign of Mao-era China,it involved massive investment in national defense,technology,basic industries,transportation and other infrastructure investments and was carried out primarily in secret.
The industrialization of China refers to the process of China undergoing various stages of industrialization and technological revolutions. The focus is on the period after the founding of the People's Republic of China where China experienced its most notable transformation from a largely agrarian country to an industrialized powerhouse. Although the Chinese industrialization is largely defined by its 20th-century campaigns,especially those motivated by Mao Zedong's political calls to "exceed the UK and catch the USA",China has a long history that contextualizes the proto-industrial efforts,and explains the reasons for delay of industrialization in comparison to Western countries.
For millennia,agriculture has played an important role in the Chinese economy and society. By the time the People's Republic of China was established in 1949,virtually all arable land was under cultivation;irrigation and drainage systems constructed centuries earlier and intensive farming practices already produced relatively high yields. But little prime virgin land was available to support population growth and economic development. However,after a decline in production as a result of the Great Leap Forward (1958–60),agricultural reforms implemented in the 1980s increased yields and promised even greater future production from existing cultivated land.
At the time of its founding,the People's Republic of China was one of the poorest countries in the world. In the early 1950s,its industry developed rapidly through a state-led process heavily influenced by the Soviet experience. Aiming to close the gap between its political ambitions and its phase of development,China began the Great Leap Forward,which sought to even more rapidly industrialize the country. The effort largely failed,and its policies contributed to famine.
Manufacturing in Vietnam after reunification followed a pattern that was initially the reverse of the record in agriculture;it showed recovery from a depressed base in the early postwar years. However,this recovery stopped in the late 1970s as the war in Cambodia and the threat from China caused the government to redirect food,finance,and other resources to the military. This move worsened shortages and intensified old bottlenecks. At the same time,the invasion of Cambodia cost Vietnam urgent foreign economic support. China's attack on Vietnam in 1979 compounded industrial problems by damaging important industrial facilities in the North,particularly a major steel plant and an apatite mine.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses. The plenums follow a customary pattern of themes;since the 14th Party Congress (1992–1997),the fifth plenum has evaluated the current five-year plan and outlined the next five-year plan.
The 7th Five-Year Plan of China was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 1986 and 1990.
China's Rural Reform was one of the multiple Chinese reforms implemented in China in 1978. The reforms were initiated by Deng Xiaoping,the leader of the Chinese Communist Party at the time.
The 1st Five-Year Plan was the first five-year plan adopted by the People's Republic of China after its establishment in 1949. It lasted from 1953 until 1957.
The Beidaihe Conference of 1958 was an enlarged meeting held by the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee from August 17 to 30 1958. It also involved a conference of provincial industrial secretaries and other relevant local leaders from the 25th to the 31st.
The 6th Five-Year Plan of China was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 1981 and 1985.
The 2nd Five-Year Plan was the second five-year plan adopted by the People's Republic of China. It was planned to last from 1958 to 1962,and was more modest than the first Five-Year Plan,but was de facto abandoned since the beginning of the Great Leap Forward.
The Fourth five-year plan,is known as the China's national economic development strategy that China formulated from 1971 to 1975. The plan was formally issued in 1971,following the commencement of its preparation in 1970.
References
- ↑ Huang, Yibing (2020). An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ W. K (1966). "China's Third Five-Year Plan". The China Quarterly (25): 171–175. JSTOR 3082101.
- ↑ "The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970) – china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. OCLC 1145096137.
- 1 2 Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1.
- 1 2 "The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970)". China Internet Information Center . Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ↑ "The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970)". China Internet Information Center.
- ↑ "The 4th Five-Year Plan (1971–1975) – china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn.