Related Research Articles
Emissions trading is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing the emissions of pollutants. The concept is also known as cap and trade (CAT) or emissions trading scheme (ETS). One prominent example is carbon emission trading for CO2 and other greenhouse gases which is a tool for climate change mitigation. Other schemes include sulfur dioxide and other pollutants.
Li Peng was a Chinese politician who served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1987 to 1998,and as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,China's top legislative body,from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) hierarchy behind then Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the CCP Politburo Standing Committee until his retirement in 2002.
The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations (UN) is a coalition of developing countries,designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. The group consists of a diverse set of states with a common South-South ideology. There were 77 founding members of the organization headquartered in Geneva,but it has since expanded to 134 member countries. Uganda holds its chairmanship for 2024,succeeding Cuba.
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,often shortened to Rio Declaration,was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations "Conference on Environment and Development" (UNCED),informally known as the Earth Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development. It was signed by over 175 countries.
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council,responsible for basic education,vocational education,higher education,and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions,degree curriculum,and school teachers of the country.
The 1998 China floods (1998年中国洪水) lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in China at the Yangtze River as well as the Nen River,Songhua River and the Pearl River.
The Ministry of Ecology and Environment is an executive-department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,responsible for the ecological and environmental affairs. It is the 15th-ranked department in the State Council.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission,the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China,and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council".
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country,and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s,China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases,and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. However,from 2010 to 2015 China reduced energy consumption per unit of GDP by 18%,and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 20%. On a per-capita basis,China was only the world's 51st largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2016. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer,and the largest producer of hydroelectricity,solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy,where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
Environmental policy in China is set by the National People's Congress and managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China. Under the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,the Department of Policies,Laws,and Regulations is in charge of establishing and strengthening basic laws and policies such as environmental laws,administrative policies and economical regulations. It is also responsible for the development of national environmental protection policy and macro strategy.
The climate policy of China is to peak its greenhouse gas emissions before 2030 and to be carbon neutral before 2060. Due to the large buildout of solar power in China and burning of coal in China the energy policy of China is closely related to its climate policy. There is also policy to adapt to climate change. Ding Xuexiang represented China at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2023,and may be influential in setting climate policy.
Climate change is having major effects on the Chinese economy,society and the environment. China is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide,through an energy infrastructure heavily focused on coal. Other industries,such as a burgeoning construction industry and industrial manufacturing,contribute heavily to carbon emissions. However,like other developing countries,on a per-capita basis,China's carbon emissions are considerably less than countries like the United States. It has also been noted that higher-income countries have outsourced emissions-intensive industries to China. On the basis of cumulative CO2 emissions measured from 1751 through to 2017,China is responsible for 13% globally and about half of the United States' cumulative emissions. China is now the world's largest polluter and in 2023 recorded its hottest year on record with an average temperature of 10.7 C.
The Chinese national carbon trading scheme is an intensity-based trading system for carbon dioxide emissions by China,which started operating in 2021. This emission trading scheme (ETS) creates a carbon market where emitters can buy and sell emission credits. The scheme will allow carbon emitters to reduce emissions or purchase emission allowances from other emitters. Through this scheme,China will limit emissions while allowing economic freedom for emitters. China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and many major Chinese cities have severe air pollution. The scheme is run by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,which eventually plans to limit emissions from six of China's top carbon dioxide emitting industries. In 2021 it started with its power plants,and covers 40% of China's emissions,which is 15% of world emissions. China was able to gain experience in drafting and implementation of an ETS plan from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),where China was part of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). China's national ETS is the largest of its kind,and will help China achieve its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement. In July 2021,permits were being handed out for free rather than auctioned,and the market price per tonne of CO2e was around RMB 50,far less than the EU ETS and the UK ETS.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
China Beijing Environmental Exchange (CBEEX) is a corporate domestic and international environmental equity public trading platform initiated by the China Beijing Equity Exchange (CBEX) and authorized by the Beijing municipal government.
Ecological civilization is the hypothetical concept that describes the alleged final goal of social and environmental reform within a given society. It implies that the changes required in response to global climate disruption and social injustices are so extensive as to require another form of human civilization,one based on ecological principles. It has become one of the tenets of the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party,often referred to as Xi Jinping Thought on ecological civilization.
The Ministry of Natural Resources is an executive-department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China which is responsible for natural resources in the country. It is the 14th-ranking department of the State Council.
China's greenhouse gas emissions are the largest of any country in the world both in production and consumption terms,and stem mainly from coal burning,including coal power,coal mining,and blast furnaces producing iron and steel. When measuring production-based emissions,China emitted over 14 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases in 2019,27% of the world total. When measuring in consumption-based terms,which adds emissions associated with imported goods and extracts those associated with exported goods,China accounts for 13 gigatonnes (Gt) or 25% of global emissions. According to the Carbon Majors Database,Chinese state coal production alone accounts for 14% of historic global emissions.
The 13th Five-Year Plan of China,officially the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China,was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 2016 and 2020.
The 11th Five-Year Plan of China,officially the 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China,was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 2006 and 2010.
References
- 1 2 3 "CPC sets targets for 12th Five-Year Program". Xinhua. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- 1 2 3 Roach, Stephen S. (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26901-7. OCLC 1347023475.
- ↑ "China's 12th Five-Year Plan signifies a new phase in growth". Xinhua. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ↑ Zhang Jingya, ed. (28 October 2010). "China unveils 12th Five-Year Plan". CNTV. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Lewis, Joanna I. (2020). "China's Low-Carbon Energy Strategy". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.). Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-74791-0. JSTOR j.ctv19rs1b2.
- 1 2 Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54482-5.
- ↑ Ding, Iza (2020). "Pollution Emissions Trading in China". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.). Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-74791-0. JSTOR j.ctv19rs1b2.