13th Five-Year Plan | |||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 十三五规划 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 十三五規劃 | ||||||
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13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 中華人民共和國國民經濟社會發展第十三個五年規劃綱要 | ||||||
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The 13th Five-Year Plan of China,officially the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China,was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 2016 and 2020.
The Plan increased China's target for the use of non-fossil fuel energy sources to 15% over the 2016–2020 period. [1] : 28 It included planning to address wind energy and solar energy feed-in to the grid and prioritizing dispatch policies for renewable energy. [1] : 194 It also required that the government develop regulations for China's carbon emissions trading system. [2] : 47
Continuing themes from the Twelfth Five-Year Plan,the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan also sought to boost the services sector,increase urbanization,and expand the social safety net to reduce precautionary savings. [3] : 207
Regarding urbanization,the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan highlighted nineteen city clusters to be developed and strengthened pursuant to a geographic layout referred to as two horizontals and three verticals (liang heng san zong). [4] : 206 The highlighted clusters included the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the Yangtze River delta region,and the Greater Bay area. [4] : 206 Development of these clusters includes establishing regional coordination mechanisms,sharing development costs and benefits,collaborative industrial development,and shared governance approaches to ecological issues and environmental protection. [4] : 208
China Development Bank (CDB) is a policy bank of China under the State Council. Established in 1994,it has been described as the engine that powers the national government's economic development policies. It has raised funds for numerous large-scale infrastructure projects,including the Three Gorges Dam and the Shanghai Pudong International Airport.
In justifying opening up and the series of economic reforms that ensued in China,Deng Xiaoping referred to Karl Marx and his theories,which predicted that nations need to undergo urbanization and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. One of the most influential reforms under Deng was establishing four special economic zones (SEZ) along the Southeastern coast of China,with Shenzhen,Shantou,and Zhuhai located in Guangdong province and Xiamen located in Fujian province. The four aforementioned special economic zones were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024,there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988,Hainan became the fifth SEZ. In 1990,Pudong district in Shanghai became the sixth "SEZ". In 2009,Binhai district in Tianjin became the seventh SEZ. Special economic zones in mainland China are granted more market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government of China.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
Chen Yuan is a Chinese economist who is the current chairman of the China Association for International Friendly Contact (CAIFC). He was previously the chairman of the China Development Bank from March 1998 to April 2013. Chen Yuan then served as Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 2013 to 2018. He is the eldest son of former Vice Premier Chen Yun.
The Ministry of Ecology and Environment is an executive-department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,responsible for the ecological and environmental affairs. It is the 15th-ranked department in the State Council.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission,the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China,and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council".
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country,and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s,China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases,and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer,and the largest producer of hydroelectricity,solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy,where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
Environmental policy in China is set by the National People's Congress and managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China. Under the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,the Department of Policies,Laws,and Regulations is in charge of establishing and strengthening basic laws and policies such as environmental laws,administrative policies and economical regulations. It is also responsible for the development of national environmental protection policy and macro strategy.
Urbanization in China increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2023,China had an urbanization rate of 66.2% and is expected to reach 75-80% by 2035.
The industrial sector comprised 38.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2023. China is the world's leading manufacturer of chemical fertilizers,cement and steel. Prior to 1978,most output was produced by state-owned enterprises. As a result of the economic reforms that followed,there was a significant increase in production by enterprises sponsored by local governments,especially townships and villages,and,increasingly,by private entrepreneurs and foreign investors,but by 1990 the state sector accounted for about 70 percent of output. By 2002 the share in gross industrial output by state-owned and state-holding industries had decreased with the state-run enterprises themselves accounting for 46 percent of China's industrial output. In November,2012 the State Council mandated a "social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or expansions.
In China,a megalopolis is a designation by the government to promote the development of a group of cities through transportation and communication links.
The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) is a special commission of the People's Republic of China,directly under the State Council. It was founded in 2003 through the consolidation of various other industry-specific ministries. SASAC is responsible for managing state-owned enterprises (SOEs),including appointing top executives and approving any mergers or sales of stock or assets,as well as drafting laws related to SOEs.
Urban Planning in China is currently characterized by a top-down approach,high density urban development and extensive urbanization. China's urban planning philosophies and practices have undergone multiple transitions due to governance and economic structure changes throughout the nation's extensive history. The founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 marks the beginning of three recent historical stages of urban planning philosophies and practice which represent a divergence from traditional Chinese urban planning morphologies and are broadly categorized as socialist,hybrid and global cities.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses. The plenums follow a customary pattern of themes;since the 14th Party Congress (1992–1997),the fifth plenum has evaluated the current five-year plan and outlined the next five-year plan.
A state-owned enterpriseof China is a legal entity that undertakes commercial activities on behalf of an owner government.
Ecological civilization is the hypothetical concept that describes the alleged final goal of social and environmental reform within a given society. It implies that the changes required in response to global climate disruption and social injustices are so extensive as to require another form of human civilization,one based on ecological principles. It has become one of the tenets of the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party,often referred to as Xi Jinping Thought on ecological civilization.
Policy bank (政策性银行),or policy lender,refers to non-profit professional financial institutions established by the Chinese government with the goal of implementing the government's economic policies and carrying out financial business in specific fields. This measure separates policy finance from commercial finance and establishes a policy bank to undertake strictly defined policy businesses. Policy banks' sources of funds mainly rely on issuing financial bonds or borrowing from the central bank,and generally do not accept deposits from the public.
The 14th Five-Year Plan,officially the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and Long-range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the People's Republic of China,is a set of Chinese economic development goals designed to strengthen the national economy between 2021 and 2025. It was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) held from 26 to 29 October 2020.
The 12th Five-Year Plan of China,officially the 12th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China,was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 2011 and 2015. It was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) held in October 2010.
The 11th Five-Year Plan of China,officially the 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China,was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 2006 and 2010.
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