Related Research Articles
A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders,and their aims include increasing trade balance,employment,increased investment,job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone,financial policies are introduced. These policies typically encompass investing,taxation,trading,quotas,customs and labour regulations. Additionally,companies may be offered tax holidays,where upon establishing themselves in a zone,they are granted a period of lower taxation.
The Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China is the constituent department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China which administers macroeconomic policies and the annual budget. It also handles fiscal policy,economic regulations and government expenditure for the state.
China Development Bank is a development bank in the People's Republic of China,led by a governor-level cabinet minister,under the direct jurisdiction of the State Council. As one of three policy banks in China,it is responsible for raising funds for large-scale infrastructure projects,including the Three Gorges Dam and the Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Established by the Policy Banks Law of 1994,the bank is described as the engine that powers the national government's economic development policies.
In justifying opening up and the series of economic reforms that ensued in China,Deng Xiaoping referred to Karl Marx and his theories,which predicted that nations need to undergo urbanization and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. One of the most renowned reforms under Deng was establishing four "special economic zones" along the Southeastern coast of China,with Shenzhen,Shantou,and Zhuhai located in Guangdong province and Xiamen located in Fujian province. The four aforementioned special economic zones were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024,there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988,Hainan became the fifth "SEZ". In 1990,Pudong district in Shanghai became the sixth "SEZ". In 2009,Binhai district in Tianjin became the seventh "SEZ". Special economic zones (SEZs) in mainland China are granted more free market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government of China,compared to the planned economy elsewhere.
The economic history of China describes the changes and developments in China's economy from the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 to the present day. The speed of China's transformation in this period from one of the poorest countries to one of the world's largest economies is unmatched in history.
The Ministry of Ecology and Environment is an executive-department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,responsible for the ecological and environmental affairs. It is the 15th-ranked department in the State Council.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission,the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China,and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council".
Environmental policy in China is set by the National People's Congress and managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China. Under the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,the Department of Policies,Laws,and Regulations is in charge of establishing and strengthening basic laws and policies such as environmental laws,administrative policies and economical regulations. It is also responsible for the development of national environmental protection policy and macro strategy.
Urbanization in China increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2023,China had an urbanization rate of 66.2% and is expected to reach 75-80% by 2035.
In China,a megalopolis is a designation by the government to promote the development of a group of cities through transportation and communication links.
National champions are corporations which are technically private businesses but due to governmental policy are ceded a dominant position in a national economy. In this system,these large organizations are expected not only to seek profit but also to "advance the interests of the nation";the government sets policies which favor these organizations. The policy is practiced by many governments,in some sectors more than others,but by giving an unfair advantage against market competition,the policy promotes economic nationalism domestically and global pre-eminence abroad contrary to the free market. The policy also deters or prevents venture capitalism.
Urban Planning in China is currently characterized by a top-down approach,high density urban development and extensive urbanization. China's urban planning philosophies and practices have undergone multiple transitions due to governance and economic structure changes throughout the nation's extensive history. The founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 marks the beginning of three recent historical stages of urban planning philosophies and practice that represent a divergence from traditional Chinese urban planning morphologies are broadly categorized as socialist,hybrid and global cities.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
A state-owned enterprise is a legal entity that undertakes commercial activities on behalf of an owner government. Their legal status varies from being a part of government to stock companies with a state as a regular or dominant stockholder. There is no standard definition of a government-owned corporation (GOC) or state-owned enterprise (SOE),although the two terms are often used interchangeably. The defining characteristics are that they have a distinct legal shape and they are established to operate in commercial affairs.
Chen Jinhua was a Chinese politician. Chen joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in February 1949 and studied at Renmin University of China from 1953 to 1955 and from 1960 to 1962. From the 1950s through the 1970s,he served in positions of increasing responsibility in China's former Ministry of Textile Industry and Ministry of Light Industry. From 1977 to 1983,Chen served on the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress,as well as deputy secretary of the Shanghai CCP Committee. From 1983 to 1990,he served as the general manager and CCP committee secretary of state-owned oil company Sinopec.
The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area,commonly as the Greater Bay Area (GBA),is a megalopolis,consisting of nine cities and two special administrative regions in South China. It is envisioned by Chinese government planners as an integrated economic area aimed at taking a leading role globally by 2035.
Eco-Citiesin China are ambitious,planned urban development projects that serve as a key component of China’s climate change and urbanization strategies,which aim to integrate environmental sustainability with urban planning and design. These cities are envisioned as models of sustainable development,seeking to address the pressing challenges of rapid urbanization,environmental degradation,and resource constraints in China. With their emphasis on green technologies,low-carbon infrastructure,and eco-friendly practices,Chinese eco-cities strive to create livable,harmonious,and ecologically conscious urban environments.
References
- 1 2 Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54482-5.
- ↑ Lewis, Joanna I. (2020). "China's Low-Carbon Energy Strategy". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.). Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-74791-0. JSTOR j.ctv19rs1b2.
- ↑ Roach, Stephen S. (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26901-7. OCLC 1347023475.
- 1 2 3 Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
- ↑ Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.2915805. ISBN 9780674271913. JSTOR jj.2915805. S2CID 259402050.
- ↑ Kennedy, Scott (June 2015). "Made in China 2025". Center for Strategic and International Studies.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)