List of sovereign states in the 1990s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1990s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1999. It contains 241 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 197 widely recognized sovereign states, 28 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de facto dependencies of other powers by the general international community, 2 associated states, 14 states which were initially unrecognized but then gained full recognition later in the decade, and 1 state which was initially widely recognized but then lost full recognition later in the decade.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Contents

• Members or observers of the United Nations
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• Y
• Z

• Non-UN members or observers
• Other entities
• See also
• Notes

Members or observers of the United Nations

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
→ → Afghanistan Capital: Kabul (to 26 September 1996), Mazar-i-Sharif (from 26 September 1996 to 25 May 1997), Taloqan (from 25 May 1997) Republic of Afghanistan (to 28 April 1992) [lower-alpha 1] Islamic State of Afghanistan (from 28 April 1992) [lower-alpha 1]	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 2] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan and recognized as such by the UN, but only controlled a small portion of the country after 26 September 1996.
→  Albania Capital: Tirana People's Socialist Republic of Albania (to 29 April 1991) [lower-alpha 3] Republic of Albania (from 29 April 1991) [lower-alpha 3]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Capital: Algiers	Widely recognized UN member state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra Capital: Andorra la Vella	Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. UN member state (from 28 July 1993). The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
Angola Capital: Luanda People's Republic of Angola (to 25 August 1992) [3] Republic of Angola (from 25 August 1992) [3]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Antigua and Barbuda Capital: St. John's	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Antigua and Barbuda had two dependencies, Barbuda and Redonda.
Argentina – Argentine Republic [lower-alpha 4] Capital: Buenos Aires	Widely recognized UN member state. Argentina was a federation of 22 provinces, two federal territories, and one federal territory. [lower-alpha 5] It had a claim over Argentine Antarctica, which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. It also claimed the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both of which were British overseas territories.
Armenia – Republic of Armenia (from 23 September 1991) [lower-alpha 6] Capital: Yerevan	De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991). [lower-alpha 7] UN member state (from 2 March 1992).
Australia – Commonwealth of Australia Capital: Canberra	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Australia was a federation of six states and three territories. [lower-alpha 8] It had sovereignty over the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.) Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands   Norfolk Island
Austria – Republic of Austria Capital: Vienna	Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (from 1 January 1995). Austria was a federation of nine states. [lower-alpha 9]
Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan (from 30 August 1991) [lower-alpha 10] Capital: Baku	De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 2 March 1992. Azerbaijan had one autonomous republic, Nakhchivan. It included the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, where a partially recognized breakaway republic declared independence on 6 January 1992.
The Bahamas – Commonwealth of the Bahamas Capital: Nassau	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Bahrain – State of Bahrain Capital: Manama	Widely recognized UN member state.
Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh Capital: Dhaka	Widely recognized UN member state.
Barbados Capital: Bridgetown	Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium Capital: Brussels	Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member to 1 November 1993; EU member from 1 November 1993. Belgium was a federation of three communities and three regions. [lower-alpha 11]
Belize Capital: Belmopan	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 12] Commonwealth realm.
→   Benin Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (seat of government) People's Republic of Benin (to 1 March 1990) [lower-alpha 13] Republic of Benin (from 1 March 1990) [lower-alpha 13]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Thimphu	Widely recognized UN member state. Bhutan was officially guided by India in its foreign affairs, but effectively pursued an independent foreign policy.
Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)	Widely recognized UN member state.
→  Bosnia and Herzegovina(from 5 April 1992) Capital: Sarajevo Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from 5 April 1992 to 14 December 1995) [lower-alpha 14] [lower-alpha 15] Bosnia and Herzegovina (from 14 December 1995) [lower-alpha 15]	De facto independent state. Claimed by Yugoslavia (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 7 April 1992). UN member state (from 22 May 1992). Much of the de jure territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the under control of the following self-declared entities which, although they did not claim independence, were effectively self-governing: Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (from 27 September 1993 to 26 July 1995)   Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (from 28 August 1993 to 18 March 1994)   Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (to 7 April 1992) In addition, there were three states which had declared and established de facto independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska (from 7 April 1992 to 14 December 1995) and Republic of Western Bosnia (from 26 July 1995 to 7 August 1995). After the Dayton Accords, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a federation of two constituent entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was itself a federation of ten cantons, [lower-alpha 16] and Republika Srpska. There was also a neutral Brčko District (from 5 March 1999).
Botswana – Republic of Botswana Capital: Gaborone	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil Capital: Brasília	Widely recognized UN member state; Brazil was a federation of 26 states and one federal district. [lower-alpha 17]
Brunei – State of Brunei, Abode of Peace Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan	Widely recognized UN member state. Brunei claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia).
→   Bulgaria Capital: Sofia People's Republic of Bulgaria (to 15 November 1990) [lower-alpha 18] Republic of Bulgaria (from 15 November 1990) [lower-alpha 18]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Burkina Faso Capital: Ouagadougou	Widely recognized UN member state.
Burma → Myanmar
Burundi – Republic of Burundi Capital: Bujumbura	Widely recognized UN member state.
→ → Byelorussia / Belarus (from 27 July 1990) Capital: Minsk Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (from 27 July 1990 to 25 August 1991) Republic of Belarus (from 25 August 1991)	Widely recognized UN member state. De facto independent state that was nominally a constituent state of the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized from 26 December 1991.
Cambodia → Kampuchea
Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon Capital: Yaoundé	Widely recognized UN member state.
Canada Capital: Ottawa	Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm. Canada was a federation of ten provinces and three territories. [lower-alpha 19]
→   Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde Capital: Praia	Widely recognized UN member state.
Central African Republic Capital: Bangui	Widely recognized UN member state.
Chad – Republic of Chad Capital: N'Djamena	Widely recognized UN member state.
Chile Capital: Santiago Military dictatorship (to 11 March 1990) Chilean transition to democracy (11 March 1990) Republic of Chile (from 11 March 1990)	Widely recognized UN member state; it had a claim over Chilean Antarctic Territory which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
China – People's Republic of China Capital: Beijing	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 20] The People's Republic of China had five autonomous regions: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet. Additionally, it had sovereignty over two special administrative regions:   Hong Kong (from 1 July 1997)   Macau (from 20 December 1999) The People's Republic of China claimed Taiwan, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks, and Itu Aba, all of which were governed by the Republic of China. It also claimed the Paracel Islands (disputed by the Republic of China and Vietnam), the Spratly Islands (disputed by the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei), and South Tibet (controlled by India). The People's Republic of China administered Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, which were within the disputed region of Kashmir.
Colombia – Republic of Colombia Capital: Bogotá	Widely recognized UN member state. Colombia administered Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank (disputed by Nicaragua and the United States)
→ →   Comoros – Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Capital: Moroni	Widely recognized UN member state. The Comoros was a federation of three islands: Grande Comore, Mohéli, and Anjouan. Anjouan was a de facto independent state from 3 August 1997. Mohéli was a de facto independent state from 11 August 1997 to 1998. Comoros claimed sovereignty over the French overseas territories of Mayotte and the Glorioso Islands. It also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and France).
→ Congo / Congo, Republic of the Capital: Brazzaville People's Republic of the Congo (to 10 June 1991) [lower-alpha 21] Republic of the Congo (from 10 June 1991) [lower-alpha 21]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the → Zaire
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San José	Widely recognized UN member state.
Côte d'Ivoire → Ivory Coast
Croatia – Republic of Croatia (from 25 June 1991) [lower-alpha 22] Capital: Zagreb	De facto independent state. Claimed by Yugoslavia (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 15 January 1992). UN member state (from 22 May 1992). Croatia contained the following self-declared entities, all of which claimed to be part of Yugoslavia. Although they did not explicitly claim independence, they were de facto self-governing: SAO Krajina (to 19 December 1991) SAO Western Slavonia (from 12 August 1991 to 26 February 1992) SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (to 26 February 1992)   Republic of Serbian Krajina (from 19 December 1991 to 7 August 1995) Republic of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (from 7 August 1995 to 15 January 1996) On 15 January 1996, the last of these entities came under the administration of the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium. It was reintegrated into Croatia on 15 January 1998.
Cuba – Republic of Cuba Capital: Havana	Widely recognized UN member state; the Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay was under the complete control of the United States.
Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus Capital: Nicosia	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 23] The northeastern part of the island was the de facto independent state of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey.
Czech Republic (from 1 January 1993) [lower-alpha 24] Capital: Prague	Widely recognized independent state. [lower-alpha 25] UN member state (from 19 January 1993).
Czechoslovakia (to 31 December 1992) Capital: Prague Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (to 29 March 1990) [lower-alpha 26] Czechoslovak Federative Republic (from 29 March 1990 to 20 April 1990) [lower-alpha 26] [lower-alpha 27] Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (from 23 April 1990 to 31 December 1992) [lower-alpha 24] [lower-alpha 27]	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 25] Czechoslovakia was a federation of two republics. [lower-alpha 28]
Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark Capital: Copenhagen	Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member to 1 November 1993. EU member (from 1 November 1993). The Danish Realm also included two of its constituent states:   Greenland   Faroe Islands
Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti Capital: Djibouti	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica Capital: Roseau	Widely recognized UN member state.
Dominican Republic Capital: Santo Domingo	Widely recognized UN member state.
Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito	Widely recognized UN member state.
Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt Capital: Cairo	Widely recognized UN member state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Capital: San Salvador	Widely recognized UN member state.
Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea Capital: Malabo	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Eritrea – State of Eritrea (from 24 May 1993) [15] Capital: Asmara	Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 28 May 1993).
Estonia – Republic of Estonia (from 20 August 1991) Capital: Tallinn	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 6 September 1991. Widely recognized state from 6 September 1991; UN member state from 17 September 1991.
→ → →   Ethiopia Capital: Addis Ababa People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia [lower-alpha 29] (to 28 May 1991) Transitional Government of Ethiopia (from 28 May 1991 to 22 August 1995) [lower-alpha 29] [17] Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (from 22 August 1995) [lower-alpha 29]	Widely recognized UN member state. The province of Eritrea was under the control of a self-governing provisional government from 29 May 1991 to 23 May 1993. After 1995, Ethiopia was a federation of nine regions and two chartered cities. [lower-alpha 30]
Fiji Capital: Suva Republic of Fiji (to 25 July 1990) [lower-alpha 31] Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji (from 25 July 1990 to 27 July 1998) [lower-alpha 31] [lower-alpha 32] Republic of the Fiji Islands (from 27 July 1998) [lower-alpha 32]	Widely recognized UN member state. Fiji had an autonomous dependency, Rotuma.
Finland – Republic of Finland Capital: Helsinki	Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (from 1 January 1995). Finland had a neutral and demilitarised region:   Åland
France – French Republic Capital: Paris	Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). France included four overseas departments: French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion. It also had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:   French Polynesia, with one dependency: Clipperton Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands (including a claim to Adélie Land which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.)   Mayotte New Caledonia   Saint Pierre and Miquelon The Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, consisting of five uninhabited possessions: Bassas da India (disputed by Madagascar) Europa Island (disputed by Madagascar) Glorioso Islands (disputed by Madagascar, Comoros, and the Seychelles) Juan de Nova Island (disputed by Madagascar) Tromelin Island (disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles)   Wallis and Futuna France also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and the Comoros).
Gabon Capital: Libreville Gabonese Republic (to 16 September 1990) Gabonese Republic (from 16 September 1990)	Widely recognized UN member state.
The Gambia – Republic of the Gambia Capital: Banjul	Widely recognized UN member state.
Georgia (from 9 April 1991) Capital: Tbilisi Republic of Georgia (from 9 April 1991 to 24 August 1995) [lower-alpha 33] [lower-alpha 34] Georgia (from 24 August 1995) [lower-alpha 34]	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union until 26 December 1991. Widely recognized sovereign state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 31 July 1992. Georgia had two autonomous republics: Adjara and Abkhazia. The latter republic was effectively self-governing from 30 September 1993 to 12 October 1999. After 12 October 1999, it was home to a de facto independent state. Georgia also included the disputed region of South Ossetia, where an unrecognized recognized breakaway republic declared independence on 29 May 1992.
Germany, East – German Democratic Republic (to 2 October 1990) [lower-alpha 35] Capital: East Berlin (disputed)	Widely recognized UN member state.
Germany, West / Germany – Federal Republic of Germany Capital: Bonn (to 20 June 1991, seat of government to 1999), Berlin (official, from 20 June 1991)	Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). Germany was a federation of sixteen states. [lower-alpha 36]
Ghana – Republic of Ghana Capital: Accra	Widely recognized UN member state.
Greece – Hellenic Republic Capital: Athens	Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). Greece had sovereignty over Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state that was jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually came under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Grenada Capital: St. George's	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Grenada had one autonomous dependency and it was Carriacou and Petite Martinique.
→ Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City	Widely recognized UN member state.
Guinea – Republic of Guinea Capital: Conakry	Widely recognized UN member state.
Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau Capital: Bissau	Widely recognized UN member state.
Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana Capital: Georgetown	Widely recognized UN member state.
Haiti – Republic of Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince	Widely recognized UN member state; Haiti claimed the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa Island.
Holy See → Vatican City
Honduras – Republic of Honduras Capital: Tegucigalpa	Widely recognized UN member state.
Hungary – Republic of Hungary Capital: Budapest	Widely recognized UN member state.
Iceland – Republic of Iceland Capital: Reykjavík	Widely recognized UN member state.
India – Republic of India Capital: New Delhi	Widely recognized UN member state; India was a federation of twenty-five states and seven union territories. [lower-alpha 37] Indian sovereignty over South Tibet was disputed by China; India administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia Capital: Jakarta	Widely recognized UN member state. Indonesia had three special provinces: Aceh, Jakarta, and Yogyakarta.
Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran Capital: Tehran	Widely recognized UN member state.
→ Iraq Capital: Baghdad Iraqi Republic (until 6 January 1992) [23] [24] Republic of Iraq (from 6 January 1992)	Widely recognized UN member state.
Ireland [lower-alpha 38] Capital: Dublin	Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member to 1 November 1993. EU member from 1 November 1993.
Israel – State of Israel Capital: Jerusalem	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 39] Israel occupied East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip the Golan Heights, the Israeli Security Zone in Southern Lebanon, and the West Bank. These areas were not generally recognized as being part of Israel.
Italy – Italian Republic Capital: Rome	Widely-recognized UN member state; EEC member. Italy had 5 autonomous regions and they were the Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Ivory Coast Capital: Yamoussoukro (official), Abidjan (seat of government) Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (to December 24, 1999) Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (from December 24, 1999)	Widely recognized UN member state.
Jamaica Capital: Kingston	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
→   Japan Capital: Tokyo	Widely recognized UN member state. Japan claimed the Liancourt Rocks, which were controlled by South Korea.
Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Capital: Amman	Widely recognized UN member state.
→ → Kampuchea / Cambodia Capital: Phnom Penh State of Cambodia (to 15 March 1992) United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (from 15 March 1992 to 24 September 1993) [lower-alpha 40] Kingdom of Cambodia (from 24 September 1993)	Widely recognized UN member state. [lower-alpha 41] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Cambodia, despite being in exile until 15 March 1992.
→ →   Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan (from 16 December 1991) [25] Capital: Alma-Ata (to 10 December 1997, renamed Almaty in 1993), Aqmola (from 10 December 1997, renamed Astana in 1998)	De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 2 March 1992.
Kenya – Republic of Kenya Capital: Nairobi	Widely recognized UN member state.
Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati Capital: South Tarawa	Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 14 September 1999).
→   Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea Capital: Pyongyang	Widely recognized independent state. [lower-alpha 42] Permanent observer at the UN (to 17 September 1991). UN member state (from 17 September 1991). Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea.
→   Korea, South – Republic of Korea Capital: Seoul	Widely recognized independent state. [lower-alpha 43] Permanent observer at the UN (to 17 September 1991). UN member state (from 17 September 1991). Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. South Korea controlled the Liancourt Rocks, which were claimed by Japan.
Kuwait – State of Kuwait (to 8 August 1990, from 27 February 1991) [lower-alpha 44] Capital: Kuwait City	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Kyrgyzstan (from 31 August 1991) Capital: Bishkek Republic of Kyrgyzstan (from 31 August 1991 to 5 May 1993) [lower-alpha 45] [lower-alpha 46] Kyrgyz Republic (from 5 May 1993) [lower-alpha 46]	De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; UN member state from 2 March 1992.
Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic Capital: Vientiane	Widely recognized UN member state.
Latvia – Republic of Latvia (from 21 August 1991) [lower-alpha 47] Capital: Riga	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 6 September 1991; widely recognized state from 6 September 1991 and UN member state from 17 September 1991.
Lebanon – Lebanese Republic Capital: Beirut	Widely recognized UN member state. Lebanon was occupied by Syria. Some of Southern Lebanon was occupied by Israel.
Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho Capital: Maseru	Widely recognized UN member state.
Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia	Widely recognized UN member state.
Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Capital: Tripoli	Widely recognized UN member state.
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz	Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 18 September 1990). [lower-alpha 25] The defense of Liechtenstein was the responsibility of Switzerland.
Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania (from 11 March 1990) [lower-alpha 48] Capital: Vilnius	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 6 September 1991. Widely recognized state from 6 September 1991; UN member state from 17 September 1991.
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg	Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993).
→ → Macedonia – Republic of Macedonia [lower-alpha 49] (from 8 September 1991) [lower-alpha 50] Capital: Skopje	De facto independent state claimed by Yugoslavia to 28 April 1992. Widely recognized UN member state from 8 April 1993. [lower-alpha 51]
Madagascar Capital: Antananarivo Democratic Republic of Madagascar (to 19 August 1992) [36] Republic of Madagascar (from 19 August 1992) [36]	Widely recognized UN member state. Madagascar claimed the French possessions of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova Island. It also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Comoros and France).
Malawi – Republic of Malawi Capital: Lilongwe	Widely recognized UN member state.
Malaysia Capital: Kuala Lumpur (official), Putrajaya (administrative, from 1999)	Widely recognized UN member state. Malaysia was a federation of thirteen states and two federal territories. [lower-alpha 52] Malaysia claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei).
Maldives – Republic of Maldives Capital: Malé	Widely recognized UN member state.
Mali Capital: Bamako Republic of Mali (to 26 March 1991) Republic of Mali (from 26 March 1991)	Widely recognized UN member state.
Malta – Republic of Malta Capital: Valletta	Widely recognized UN member state.
Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands Capital: Majuro	Widely recognized state under a Compact of Free Association with the United States; UN member state (from 17 September 1991). The Marshall Islands claimed the United States territory of Wake Island.
Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania Capital: Nouakchott	Widely recognized UN member state.
Mauritius Capital: Port Louis Mauritius (to 12 March 1992) [37] Republic of Mauritius (from 12 March 1992) [37]	Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm (to 12 March 1992). Mauritius had three dependencies: Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos and Rodrigues. It claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territory of Tromelin Island.
Mexico – United Mexican States Capital: Mexico City	Widely recognized UN member state. Mexico was a federation of 31 states and one federal district. [lower-alpha 53]
Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia Capital: Palikir	Widely recognized state under Compact of Free Association with the United States. UN member state (from 17 September 1991). The FSM was a federation of four states. [lower-alpha 54]
Moldova – Republic of Moldova (from 27 August 1991) [lower-alpha 55] Capital: Chișinău	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and UN member state from 2 March 1992. Moldova had two autonomous territorial units and they were Gagauzia and Transnistria. Both units (only Transnistria after 14 January 1995) were home to de facto independent statelets.
Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco	Widely recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN (to 28 May 1993). UN member state (from 28 May 1993). The defense of Monaco was the responsibility of France.
→   Mongolia Capital: Ulaanbaatar Mongolian People's Republic (to 12 February 1992) [39] Mongolia (from 12 February 1992) [39]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco Capital: Rabat	Widely recognized UN member state. Morocco claimed sovereignty over and controlled most of the disputed Western Sahara, which was home to the de facto independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco disputed the Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, and Peñón de Alhucemas.
Mozambique Capital: Maputo People's Republic of Mozambique (to 30 November 1990) [lower-alpha 56] Republic of Mozambique (from 30 November 1990) [lower-alpha 56]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Myanmar – Union of Myanmar [lower-alpha 57] Capital: Yangon	Widely recognized UN member state.
Namibia – Republic of Namibia (from 21 March 1990) [lower-alpha 58] Capital: Windhoek	Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 23 April 1990).
Nauru – Republic of Nauru Capital: Yaren (unofficial)	Widely recognized independent state. UN member state (from 14 September 1999). The defense of Nauru was the responsibility of Australia.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal Capital: Kathmandu	Widely recognized UN member state.
Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam (official), The Hague (seat of government)	Widely recognized UN member state. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consisted of three autonomous countries:   Aruba   Netherlands   Netherlands Antilles The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole was a member of the EEC (to 1 November 1993) and the EU (from 1 November 1993), but Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles were not.
New Zealand Capital: Wellington	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. New Zealand had responsibilities for the two free associated states of:   Cook Islands   Niue It also had sovereignty over two dependent territories: Ross Dependency (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty) Tokelau The government of Tokelau claimed Swains Island, part of American Samoa (a U.S. dependence). New Zealand did not recognize this claim.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua Capital: Managua	Widely recognized UN member state.
Niger – Republic of Niger Capital: Niamey	Widely recognized UN member state.
Nigeria Capital: Lagos (to 12 December 1991), Abuja (from 12 December 1991) Military dictatorship (to 17 November 1993) Third Republic of Nigeria (from 17 November 1993 to 29 May 1999) Fourth Republic of Nigeria (from 29 May 1999)	Widely recognized UN member state. Nigeria was a federation of 36 states and one federal territory. [lower-alpha 59]
Norway – Kingdom of Norway Capital: Oslo	Widely recognized UN member state. Norway had two integral overseas areas: Jan Mayen and Svalbard. The latter of area had a special status due to the Spitsbergen Treaty. Norway had sovereignty over the following dependencies: Bouvet Island Peter I Island (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty) Queen Maud Land (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
→   Oman – Sultanate of Oman Capital: Muscat	Widely recognized UN member state.
Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan Capital: Islamabad	Widely recognized UN member state. Pakistan was a federation of four provinces and four territories; it administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the territories of Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. [lower-alpha 60]
Palau – Republic of Palau (from 1 October 1994) [lower-alpha 61] Capital: Koror	Widely recognized state under Compact of Free Association with the United States; UN member state from 15 December 1994.
Panama – Republic of Panama Capital: Panama City	Widely recognized UN member state.
Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea Capital: Port Moresby	Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
→   Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Capital: Asunción	Widely recognized UN member state.
Peru – Republic of Peru Capital: Lima	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Philippines – Republic of the Philippines Capital: Manila	Widely recognized UN member state. The Philippines had one autonomous region: Muslim Mindanao. The Philippines administered Scarborough Shoal, which was disputed by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China. It also claimed sovereignty over the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, Brunei, and Malaysia) and the Malaysian territory of Sabah.
Poland – Republic of Poland Capital: Warsaw	Widely recognized UN member state. Poland's government was still in exile until 22 December 1990.
Portugal – Portuguese Republic Capital: Lisbon	Widely recognized UN member state. EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993). Portugal had two autonomous regions: the Azores and Madeira. Portugal had one Chinese territory which it administered as a dependency: Macau (to 19 December 1999) Portugal claimed sovereignty over the former colony of Portuguese Timor (which had been annexed by Indonesia) until 25 October 1999. It also claimed the Spanish municipalities of Olivenza and Táliga.
Qatar – State of Qatar Capital: Doha	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Romania Capital: Bucharest	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Russia – Russian Federation [lower-alpha 62] (from 26 December 1991) [lower-alpha 63] Capital: Moscow	Widely recognized UN member state from 26 December 1991. Russia was a federation of 21 republics, 49 oblasts, 6 krais, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast, and 10 autonomous okrugs. [lower-alpha 64] One of those republics, Tatarstan, declared state sovereignty on 6 November 1992 and was effectively self-governing until 15 February 1994.
Rwanda [lower-alpha 65] Capital: Kigali Military rule in Rwanda (to April 6, 1994) Rwandese Republic (from April 6, 1994)	Widely recognized UN member state.
Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis Capital: Basseterre	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Saint Kitts and Nevis was a federation of fourteen parishes within two islands. [lower-alpha 66] Nevis (which was one of the islands) had autonomy.
Saint Lucia Capital: Castries	Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Capital: Kingstown	Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
Samoa → Western Samoa
San Marino – Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino	Widely recognized independent state; UN member state from 2 March 1992.
São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe Capital: São Tomé	Widely recognized UN member state; São Tomé and Príncipe had one autonomous province and it was Príncipe (from 29 April 1995).
Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Capital: Riyadh	Widely recognized UN member state.
Senegal – Republic of Senegal Capital: Dakar	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Seychelles Capital: Victoria Republic of Seychelles (to 27 December 1991) Third Republic of Seychelles (from 27 December 1991)	Widely recognized UN member state; the Seychelles claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territories of Tromelin Island and the Glorioso Islands.
Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone Capital: Freetown	Widely recognized UN member state.
Singapore – Republic of Singapore Capital: Singapore	Widely recognized UN member state.
Slovakia – Slovak Republic (from 1 January 1993) [lower-alpha 24] Capital: Bratislava	Widely recognized independent state. [lower-alpha 25] UN member state (from 19 January 1993).
Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia (from 25 June 1991) [lower-alpha 22] Capital: Ljubljana	De facto independent state claimed by Yugoslavia (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 15 January 1992); UN member state (from 22 May 1992).
Solomon Islands Capital: Honiara	Widely recognized UN member state. Commonwealth realm.
Somalia Capital: Mogadishu Somali Democratic Republic (to 26 January 1991) [lower-alpha 67] Interim Government of Somalia (from January 1991 to January 1997) [lower-alpha 67] [lower-alpha 68] Somalia (from January 1997) [lower-alpha 68]	Widely recognized UN member state. Somalia's internationally recognized government did not exercise full control over the country from 26 January 1991 to 18 November 1991. After 18 November 1991, Somalia did not have any recognized central government. Many areas of the country had no effective government at all or were ruled by local clans. During this period, Somalia included one state which was de facto self-governing (although it did not claim independence from Somalia): Jubaland (from 3 September 1998 to 11 June 1999) In addition, there were two states which had declared and established de facto independence from Somalia: Puntland (from 1 August 1998), and Somaliland (from 18 May 1991).
→   South Africa – Republic of South Africa Capital: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial)	Widely recognized UN member state. South Africa had six autonomous "bantustans": Gazankulu, KaNgwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, and QwaQwa. There were also four bantustans which were nominally independent: Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda. All ten bantustans were formally abolished when a new constitution took effect on 27 April 1994. South Africa administered one League of Nations mandate: South-West Africa (to 20 March 1990)
Soviet Union – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (to 26 December 1991) [lower-alpha 63] Capital: Moscow	Widely recognized UN member state. The Soviet Union was a federation of 15 republics, two of which (Byelorussia and Ukraine) were UN members in their own right. [lower-alpha 69]
Spain – Kingdom of Spain Capital: Madrid	Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member (to 1 November 1993). EU member (from 1 November 1993); Spain was divided into seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. [lower-alpha 70] Its sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas was disputed by Morocco. Its sovereignty over Olivenza and Táliga was disputed by Portugal. It claimed the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.
Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Capital: Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte	Widely recognized UN member state.
Sudan – Republic of the Sudan Capital: Khartoum	Widely recognized UN member state. After 1991, Sudan was a federation of 30 states. [lower-alpha 71]
Suriname – Republic of Suriname Capital: Paramaribo	Widely recognized UN member state.
Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland Capital: Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (royal and legislative)	Widely recognized UN member state.
Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden Capital: Stockholm	Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (from 1 January 1995).
Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern	Widely recognized independent state. Permanent observer at the UN. Switzerland was a federation of 26 cantons. [lower-alpha 72]
Syria – Syrian Arab Republic Capital: Damascus	Widely recognized UN member state. Syria included the Golan Heights, which were occupied by Israel. It disputed the Turkish sovereignty over Hatay Province.
→   Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan (from 9 September 1991) [53] Capital: Dushanbe	De facto independent state; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991). UN member state (from 2 March 1992). Tajikistan had one autonomous province: Gorno-Badakhshan.
Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania Capital: Dar es Salaam (to February 1996, seat of government from February 1996), Dodoma (official, from February 1996)	Widely recognized UN member state; Tanzania had one autonomous region and it was Zanzibar.
Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand Capital: Bangkok	Widely recognized UN member state.
Togo – Togolese Republic Capital: Lomé	Widely recognized UN member state.
Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga Capital: Nukuʻalofa	Widely recognized independent state; UN member state (from 14 September 1999).
Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Capital: Port of Spain	Widely recognized UN member state; Trinidad and Tobago had one autonomous island and it was Tobago.
→   Tunisia – Tunisian Republic Capital: Tunis	Widely recognized UN member state.
Turkey – Republic of Turkey Capital: Ankara	Widely recognized UN member state.
→ →   Turkmenistan (from 27 October 1991) [lower-alpha 73] Capital: Ashgabat	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and UN member state from 2 March 1992.
Uganda – Republic of Uganda Capital: Kampala	Widely recognized UN member state.
→ → Ukraine (from 16 July 1990) Capital: Kyiv Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (from 16 July 1990 to 24 August 1991) Ukraine (from 24 August 1991) [lower-alpha 74]	Widely recognized UN member state; constituent republic within the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991); Ukraine had one autonomous republic and it was Crimea.
United Arab Emirates Capital: Abu Dhabi	Widely recognized UN member state. The United Arab Emirates was a federation of seven emirates. [lower-alpha 75]
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Capital: London	Widely recognized UN member state; EEC member (to 1 November 1993) and EU member (from 1 November 1993). The United Kingdom was composed of four constituent countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It had sovereignty over 16 dependent territories: The following are.. → Anguilla →   Bermuda →   British Antarctic Territory (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty) → British Indian Ocean Territory (disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles)   British Virgin Islands →   Cayman Islands →   Falkland Islands (disputed by Argentina)   Gibraltar Hong Kong (to 30 June 1997) →   Montserrat   Pitcairn Islands   Saint Helena, with two dependencies Ascension Island Tristan da Cunha →   South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (disputed by Argentina) Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia →   Turks and Caicos Islands In addition, the British Monarch had direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies:   Guernsey, with two dependencies:   Alderney   Sark   Herm   Isle of Man   Jersey
United States – United States of America Capital: Washington, D.C.	Widely recognized UN member state. The United States was a federation of 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory. [lower-alpha 76] It asserted sovereignty over the following inhabited insular areas:   American Samoa (including Swains Island, disputed by Tokelau)   Guam   Northern Mariana Islands →   Puerto Rico   United States Virgin Islands The United States administered one United Nations Trust Territory:   Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (to 30 September 1994), consisting of one territory   Palau
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan (from 31 August 1991) Capital: Tashkent	De facto independent state claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and UN member state from 2 March 1992. Uzbekistan had one autonomous region (or "republic") and it was Karakalpakstan.
Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu Capital: Port Vila	Widely recognized UN member state.
Vatican City – Vatican City State Capital: Vatican City	Widely recognized independent state. Vatican City was administered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by a large number of countries and a permanent observer at the United Nations. The Holy See also administered a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy. The Pope was the ex officio head of state of Vatican City.
Venezuela Capital: Caracas Republic of Venezuela (to 20 December 1999) [lower-alpha 77] Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (from 20 December 1999) [lower-alpha 77]	Widely recognized UN member state. Venezuela was a federation of 23 states, three territories, one federal dependency, and one federal district. [lower-alpha 78]
Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam Capital: Hanoi	Widely recognized UN member state. Vietnam claimed sovereignty over the Paracel Islands (disputed by China and Taiwan) and Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Brunei, the Philippines, and Malaysia).
Western Samoa / Samoa Capital: Apia Independent State of Western Samoa (to 4 July 1997) [lower-alpha 79] Independent State of Samoa (from 4 July 1997) [lower-alpha 79]	Widely recognized UN member state.
Yemen – Republic of Yemen (from 22 May 1990) [58] Capital: Sana'a	Widely recognized UN member state.
Yemen, North – Yemen Arab Republic (to 22 May 1990) [58] Capital: Sana'a	Widely recognized UN member state.
Yemen, South Capital: Aden People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (to 22 May 1990) [58] Democratic Republic of Yemen (from 21 May 1994 to 7 July 1994) [lower-alpha 80]	Widely recognized UN member state (to 22 May 1990). De facto independent state (from 7 July 1994). Claimed by Yemen. (from 7 July 1994).
Yugoslavia – Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (to 27 April 1992) Capital: Belgrade [lower-alpha 81]	Widely recognized independent state and UN member state to 27 April 1992. Yugoslavia was a federation of six republics, four of which (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia) declared independence in 1991 and 1992. The two remaining republics, Montenegro and Serbia, established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992. It claimed to continue Yugoslavia's international personality, but this claim was not widely recognized.
→ Zaire / Congo, Democratic Republic of the Capital: Kinshasa Republic of Zaire (to 17 May 1997) [lower-alpha 82] Democratic Republic of the Congo (from 17 May 1997) [lower-alpha 82]	Widely recognized UN member state.
→   Zambia Capital: Lusaka	Widely recognized UN member state.
Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe Capital: Harare	Widely recognized UN member state.

Non-UN members or observers

Widely-recognized

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
Serbia and Montenegro – Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (from 27 April 1992) [lower-alpha 81] Capital: Belgrade	Widely recognized independent state from 27 April 1992. Serbia and Montenegro was a federation of two republics, Montenegro and Serbia. Serbia and Montenegro claimed to continue Yugoslavia's international personality, but this claim was not widely recognized. Serbia itself included two autonomous provinces, which were Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. The latter province was under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo from 10 June 1999.
→ → →   Tuvalu Capital: Funafuti	Widely recognized independent state and Commonwealth realm.

Others

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia (from 25 August 1990) [lower-alpha 83] Capital: Sukhumi	De facto independent state not recognized by any other state; claimed by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
→ Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of (from 26 September 1996) [lower-alpha 84] Capital: Kabul	Partially-recognized de facto independent state; [lower-alpha 85] claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan, but this was not recognized by the UN or most countries.
Anjouan – State of Anjouan (from 3 August 1997) [lower-alpha 86] Capital: Mutsamudu	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Comoros.
Bophuthatswana – Republic of Bophuthatswana (to 13 March 1994) [65] Capital: Mmabatho	Nominally independent South African bantustan. [lower-alpha 87]
Bougainville – Republic of Bougainville (from 17 May 1990 to 24 December 1998) [lower-alpha 88] Capital: Arawa	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Papua New Guinea.
Cambodia, State of (to 15 March 1992) [lower-alpha 40] Capital: Phnom Penh	Partially recognized de facto independent state. [lower-alpha 41] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Cambodia.
Chechnya (from 1 November 1991) Capital: Grozny (renamed Dzhokhar-Ghala in 1996) Chechen Republic (from 1 November 1991 to 12 March 1992) [69] [lower-alpha 89] Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (from 12 March 1992) [lower-alpha 89]	Partially recognized de facto independent state; [lower-alpha 90] claimed by Russia as the Republic of Chechnya.
Ciskei – Republic of Ciskei (to 13 March 1994) [71] Capital: Bisho	Nominally independent South African bantustan. [lower-alpha 87]
Cook Islands Capital: Avarua	A state in free association with New Zealand, recognized by China (from 25 July 1997). The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity; it shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
Gagauzia – Gagauz Republic (from 19 August 1990 to 14 January 1995) Capital: Comrat	De facto independent state; not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Soviet Union until 26 December 1991 and by Moldova from 27 August 1991 to 14 January 1995.
Kosova – Republic of Kosova (from 22 September 1991 to 31 January 2000) Capital: Pristina	Partially recognized de facto independent state; only recognized by Albania. Claimed by Serbia.
Kunar – Islamic Emirate of Kunar (from January to 20 April 1991) Capital: Asadabad	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Afghanistan.
Mindanao – Federal Republic of Mindanao (from 4 October to 6 October 1990) Capital: Cagayan de Oro (de facto)	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Philippines.
Mohéli – Democratic Republic of Mohéli (from 11 August 1997) [lower-alpha 91] Capital: Fomboni	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Comoros.
Nagorno-Karabakh – Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (from 6 January 1992) [lower-alpha 92] Capital: Stepanakert	De facto independent state; not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Azerbaijan.
Niue Capital: Alofi	A state in free association with New Zealand. Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It had shared citizenship with New Zealand.
Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Capital: Lefkoşa	Partially recognized de facto independent state, recognized only by Turkey. Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus.
Palestine – State of Palestine [lower-alpha 93] Capital: Ramallah (administrative), Gaza City (administrative), Jerusalem (claimed)	Disputed region consisting of three occupied territories: the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. The declared State of Palestine, which claimed independence for all the Palestinian territories, was recognized by a large number of countries. In foreign relations, Palestine was represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was a permanent observer at the United Nations. The Palestinian National Authority (established on 4 May 1994) was an interim administrative body that exercised limited control over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
Puntland – Puntland State of Somalia (from 1 August 1998) [lower-alpha 94] Capital: Garowe	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Somalia.
Republika Srpska (from 7 April 1992 to 14 December 1995) Capital: Banja Luka Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from 7 April 1992 to 12 August 1992) [lower-alpha 95] [lower-alpha 96] Republika Srpska (from 12 August 1992 to 14 December 1995) [lower-alpha 15] [lower-alpha 96]	De facto independent state until 14 December 1995 not recognized by any other state; claimed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and recognized as such by the UN.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Capital: Bir Lehlou (official), Rabouni (seat of government-in-exile), El Aaiún (claimed)	Partially recognized de facto independent state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed the disputed territory of Western Sahara, most of which was under control of Morocco. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, were claimed by Morocco. Its government resided in exile at Tindouf in Algeria.
→   Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland (from 18 May 1991) [77] Capital: Hargeisa	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Somalia.
South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia (from 29 May 1992) [78] Capital: Tskhinvali	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Georgia.
Taiwan – Republic of China Capital: Taipei (seat of government), Nanjing (claimed, to late 1990s) [79]	Partially recognized de facto independent state. [lower-alpha 20] The Republic of China claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China, but only administered Taiwan, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island and Itu Aba. The Republic of China had territorial claims over Mongolia; the Russian republic of Tuva; the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River (administered by Russia); The majority of Gorno-Badakhshan (administered by Tajikistan); The eastern tip of the Wakhan Corridor (administered by Afghanistan); a small portion of Gilgit-Baltistan (administered by Pakistan and part of the disputed Kashmir region); Aksai Chin (administered by the People's Republic of China and part of the disputed Kashmir region); eastern Bhutan; South Tibet (controlled by India); and Kachin State (administered by Myanmar).
Tamil Eelam Capital: Trincomalee	Unrecognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Sri Lanka.
Tatarstan – Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic (from 6 November 1992 to 15 February 1994) Capital: Kazan	De facto independent state. De facto part of the Russian Federation since 15 February 1994. De jure since March 2002.
Transkei – Republic of Transkei (to 27 April 1994) [lower-alpha 97] [71] Capital: Umtata	Nominally independent South African bantustan (until 27 April 1994). [lower-alpha 87]
Transnistria (from 25 August 1991) Capital: Tiraspol Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (from 25 August 1991 to 5 November 1991) [lower-alpha 98] Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (from 5 November 1991)	De facto independent state not recognized by any other country; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991 and Moldova from 27 August 1991.
Venda – Republic of Venda (to 27 April 1994) [lower-alpha 99] Capital: Thohoyandou	Nominally independent South African bantustan. [lower-alpha 87]
Vevčani – Republic of Vevčani (from 19 September 1991 to 8 April 1993) Capital: Vevčani	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Macedonia.
Western Bosnia – Republic of Western Bosnia (from 26 July 1995 to 7 August 1995) [lower-alpha 100]	De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Other entities

Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:

•   Antarctica as a whole had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these had reciprocally recognised one another's claims. ^[82] These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state. ^[83]
•   East Timor was occupied and administered by Indonesia until October 1999 as Timor Timur, but this was not recognized by the United Nations, which considered it to be Portuguese territory under Indonesian occupation. In October 1999, Indonesia relinquished control over the territory to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, which took over responsibility for it.
•   Estonia was a part of the Soviet Union until August 1991, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A government in exile claimed independence for Estonia until 15 September 1992, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
• The European Union was a sui generis supranational organisation which had 12 (later 15) member states. It was established on 1 November 1993. The member states had transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU had some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union did not claim to be a sovereign state and had only limited capacity for relations with other states.
• Kosovo was a territory that was nominally part of Serbia and Montenegro, but after 10 June 1999 came under United Nations administration as part of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.
•   Latvia was a part of the Soviet Union until 1991, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A government in exile claimed independence for Latvia until 21 August 1991, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
•   Lithuania was a part of the Soviet Union until 1990, but its annexation was not widely recognized. Stasys Lozoraitis Jr. claimed independence for Lithuania until 6 September 1991, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
• The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was an entity claiming sovereignty and (from 24 August 1994) a United Nations observer. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome. ^[84] The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions." ^[85] Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
• The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor was a transitional non-independent territory governed by the United Nations. It was neither sovereign nor under the sovereignty of any other state. It was established on 25 October 1999, following the end of the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.
• West Berlin was a political enclave that was closely aligned with – but not actually a part of – West Germany. It consisted of three occupied sectors administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. West Berlin was incorporated into the reunified Germany on 3 October 1990.

See also

• List of sovereign states by year
• 1990s
• List of state leaders in 1990
• List of state leaders in 1991
• List of state leaders in 1992
• List of state leaders in 1993
• List of state leaders in 1994
• List of state leaders in 1995
• List of state leaders in 1996
• List of state leaders in 1997
• List of state leaders in 1998
• List of state leaders in 1999

Notes

1. Sibghatullah Mojaddedi entered Kabul after the fall of Mohammad Najibullah and proclaimed the Islamic State of Afghanistan. ^[1]
2. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was not recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, or the United Arab Emirates after 26 September 1996.
3. Albania adopted a temporary basic law on 29 April 1991, changing the name of the country to "Republic of Albania". This change was confirmed in the constitution of 1998. ^[2]
4. The name "Argentine Nation" was also used for the purposes of legislation.
5. 23 provinces: Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Río Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego (from 26 April 1991), Tucumán. 1 Autonomous City: Buenos Aires (from 6 August 1996). 2 Territories: Buenos Aires (to 6 August 1996), Tierra del Fuego (to 26 April 1991).
6. The Armenian people voted for succession from the Soviet Union in a referendum on 21 September 1991. The parliament of Armenia ratified the result on 23 September 1991. ^[4]
7. Armenia was not recognized by Pakistan.
8. 6 states: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia. 3 territories: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, Northern Territory.
9. 9 states: Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Upper Austria, Vorarlberg, Vienna.
10. On August 30, 1991, Azerbaijan's Parliament adopted the Declaration on the Restoration of the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ^[5]
11. 3 communities: Flemish Community, French Community, German-speaking Community. 3 regions: Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia.
12. Belize was not recognized by Guatemala (to 24 November 1992)
13. The People's Republic of Benin was renamed the Republic of Benin on 1 March 1990. Its new constitution was adopted on 2 December 1990. ^[6]
14. Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia on 5 April 1992. ^[7]
15. The Dayton Agreement was signed on 14 December 1995, creating the unified state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ^[8]
16. 10 cantons: Bosnian-Podrinje, Canton 10, Central Bosnia, Herzegovina-Neretva, Posavina, Sarajevo, Tuzla, Una-Sana, West Herzegovina, Zenica-Doboj.
17. 26 states: Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins. 1 federal district: Federal District.
18. The Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria adopted a motion changing Bulgaria's official name on 15 November 1990. ^[9]
19. 10 provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan. 3 territories: Northwest Territories, Nunavut (from 1 April 1999), Yukon.
20. The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China did not recognize each other, as both states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China. The following states recognized the ROC instead of the PRC: Bahamas (to 23 May 1997), Belize, Burkina Faso (from 4 February 1994), Central African Republic (from 8 July 1991 to 29 January 1998), Chad (from 15 August 1997), Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, the Gambia (from 25 July 1995), Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau (from 26 May 1990 to 13 April 1998), Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, South Korea (to 24 August 1992), Lesotho (from 5 April 1990 to 12 January 1994), Macedonia (to 27 January 1999), Malawi, Marshall Islands (from 20 November 1998), Monaco (to 16 January 1995), Nauru, Nicaragua (from 9 November 1990), Niger (from 30 June 1992 to 19 August 1996), Palau (from 1999), Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia (to 1 September 1997), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe (from 6 May 1997), Saudi Arabia (to 21 July 1990), Senegal (from 6 January 1996), Solomon Islands, South Africa (to 1 January 1998), Swaziland, Tonga (to 2 November 1998), Tuvalu, and Vatican City. After 9 September 1997, Liberia recognized both the ROC and the PRC, which led to the PRC severing diplomatic relations.^{[ citation needed ]}
21. A Sovereign National Conference was held in the People's Republic of Congo from 25 February 1991 to 10 June 1991, during which the country was renamed. ^[10]
22. Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. ^[11]
23. Cyprus was not recognized by Turkey or Northern Cyprus.
24. Czechoslovakia was dissolved on midnight of 31 December 1992. From the start of 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were independent countries. ^[12]
25. Owing to a dispute over lands seized during World War II, Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia did not recognize each other. This dispute continued with Czechoslovakia's successor states.
26. Following the Velvet Revolution, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was replaced by the Czechoslovak Federative Republic. ^[13]
27. After a naming dispute, the name of Czechoslovakia was changed to "Czech and Slovak Federative Republic" ^[14]
28. 2 republics: Czech Socialist Republic (renamed Czech Republic on 29 March 1990), Slovak Socialist Republic (renamed Slovak Republic on 1 March 1990).
29. The Workers' Party of Ethiopia regime collapsed on 28 May 1991. ^[16]
30. 9 regions: Afar, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambela, Harari, Oromiya, Somali, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, Tigray. 2 chartered cities: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa.
31. Fiji adopted a new constitution on 25 July 1990. ^[18]
32. Fiji adopted a new constitution on 25 July 1997 which came into force on 27 July 1998. ^[19]
33. Georgia declared independence from the Soviet Union on 9 April 1991. ^[20]
34. The Republic of Georgia adopted a new constitution on 24 August 1995, changing its official name to Georgia. ^[21]
35. West Germany and East Germany reunified on 3 October 1990. ^[22]
36. 16 states: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin (from 3 October 1990), Brandenburg (from 3 October 1990), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (from 3 October 1990), North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony (from 3 October 1990), Saxony-Anhalt (from 3 October 1990), Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia (from 3 October 1990)
37. 25 states: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 7 union territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, National Capital Territory of Delhi, Pondicherry.
38. Ireland also had the legal description of "Republic of Ireland", although this was not its constitutional name.
39. Israel was not recognized by Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Chad, Cuba, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan (to 26 October 1994), Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
40. The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia began operations on 15 March 1992. ^[68]
41. Although the State of Cambodia had near total control over the territory of Cambodia, the majority of the states in the world recognized the former government of Democratic Kampuchea, which retained Cambodia's UN membership. The State of Cambodia was mainly recognized by Vietnam and states within the Soviet sphere of influence.
42. North Korea was not recognized by Estonia, France, Japan, or South Korea.
43. South Korea was not recognized by the Soviet Union to 1990, China to 1992, Romania to 1990, or North Korea.
44. Iraq annexed Kuwait on 8 August 1990. ^[26] Following the Persian Gulf War, Kuwait was declared liberated on 27 February 1991. ^[27]
45. Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991. ^[28]
46. Kyrgyzstan adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1993. ^[29]
47. Latvia declared independence from the Soviet Union on 21 August 1991. ^[30]
48. Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. ^[31]
49. Provisionally referred to by the UN and a number of countries and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", see Macedonia naming dispute.
50. Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 8 September 1991. ^[32]
51. Macedonia was not recognized by Serbia and Montenegro until 8 April 1996. ^{[33] [34] [35]}
52. 13 states: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Penang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu. 2 federal territories: Kuala Lumpur, Labuan.
53. 31 states: Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas. 1 federal district: Federal District.
54. 4 states: Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Yap.
55. Moldova declared independence from the Soviet Union on 27 August 1991. ^[38]
56. Mozambique adopted a new constitution on 30 Nov 1990. ^[40]
57. Commonly known in English as "Burma".
58. Namibia gained independence from a South African League of Nations mandate on 21 March 1990. ^[41]
59. 36 states: Abia (from 27 August 1991), Adamawa (from 27 August 1991), Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa (from 1 October 1996), Bendel (to 27 August 1991), Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta (from 27 August 1991), Ebonyi (from 1 October 1996), Edo (from 27 August 1991), Ekiti (from 1 October 1996), Enugu (from 27 August 1991), Gombe (from 1 October 1996), Gongola (to 27 August 1991), Imo, Jigawa (from 27 August 1991), Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi (from 27 August 1991), Kogi (from 27 August 1991), Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa (from 1 October 1996), Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun (from 27 August 1991), Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba (from 27 August 1991), Yobe (from 27 August 1991), Zamfara (from 1 October 1996). 1 federal territory: Federal Capital Territory.
60. 4 provinces: Balochistan, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh. 4 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Islamabad Capital Territory, Northern Areas.
61. Palau's United Nations trusteeship ended on 1 October 1994. ^[42]
62. From 25 December 1993, Russia had two equally official longform names and they were "Russia" and "Russian Federation". ^[43]
63. The Soviet Union effectively ceased to exist on 12 December 1991 and officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991 when the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself; Russia was recognized as its successor state by the UN. ^{[51] [52]}
64. 21 republics: Adygea, Altai, Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Chechnya, Chuvash Republic, Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia Karachay–Cherkessia, Karelia, Khakassia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, North Ossetia–Alania, Sakha, Tatarstan, Tuva, Udmurtia. 49 Oblasts: Amur, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Oryol, Penza, Perm, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin, Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk, Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl. 6 Krais: Altai, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky, Stavropol. 2 federal cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg. 1 Autonomous Oblast: Jewish Autonomous Oblast. 10 autonomous okrugs: Agin-Buryatia, Chukotka, Evenkia, Khanty–Mansi, Koryakia, Nenetsia, Permyakia, Taymyria, Ust-Orda Buryatia, Yamalia.
65. Rwanda's official French name was "République rwandaise". ^{[44] [45]} It could be translated into English as "Rwandese Republic", ^[46] "Rwandan Republic", ^[47] or "Republic of Rwanda". ^[48]
66. 2 islands: Saint Kitts, Nevis. 14 parishes: Christ Church Nichola Town (Saint Kitts), Saint Anne Sandy Point (Saint Kitts), Saint George Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Saint George Gingerland (Nevis), Saint James Windward (Nevis), Saint John Capesterre (Saint Kitts), Saint John Figtree (Nevis), Saint Mary Cayon (Saint Kitts), Saint Paul Capisterre (Saint Kitts), Saint Paul Charlestown (Nevis), Saint Peter Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Saint Thomas Lowland (Nevis), Saint Thomas Middle Island (Saint Kitts), Trinity Palmetto Point (Saint Kitts)
67. Somalia was renamed after Siad Barre's overthrow on 26 January 1991. ^[49]
68. President Ali Mahdi Muhammad of Somalia was ousted on 18 November 1991, although he continued to claim the title of President from exile. After this, there was no widely-recognized central government in the country. ^[50]
69. 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia (to 6 September 1991), Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Latvia (to 6 September 1991), Lithuania (to 6 September 1991), Moldavia, Russian SFSR, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.
70. 17 autonomous communities: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha, Castile and León, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencian Community. 2 autonomous cities: Ceuta (from 14 March 1995), Melilla (from 14 March 1995).
71. 30 States: Bahr el Ghazal (to 14 February 1994), Blue Nile, Central Equatoria (from 14 February 1994), Darfur (to 14 February 1994), Eastern Equatoria (from 14 February 1994), Equatoria (to 14 February 1994), Al Jazirah (from 14 February 1994), Jonglei (from 14 February 1994), Kassala, Khartoum, Kurdufan (to 14 February 1994), Lakes (from 14 February 1994), Northern Bahr el Ghazal (from 14 February 1994), North Darfur (from 14 February 1994), North Kurdufan (from 14 February 1994), Northern, Al Qadarif (from 14 February 1994), Red Sea (from 14 February 1994), River Nile (from 14 February 1994), Sennar (from 14 February 1994), South Darfur (from 14 February 1994), South Kurdufan (from 14 February 1994), Unity (from 14 February 1994), Upper Nile, Western Equatoria (from 14 February 1994), Western Bahr el Ghazal (from 14 February 1994), West Darfur (from 14 February 1994), West Kurdufan (from 14 February 1994), White Nile (from 14 February 1994), Warrap (from 14 February 1994).
72. 26 cantons: Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Glarus, Graubünden, Jura, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zürich.
73. Turkmenistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 27 October 1991. ^[54]
74. Ukraine declared independence from the Soviet Union on 24 August 1991. ^[55]
75. 7 emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Qaiwain.
76. 50 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 1 Federal District: District of Columbia. 1 incorporated territory: Palmyra Atoll.
77. Venezuela's new constitution came into force on 20 December 1999. ^[56]
78. 23 States: Amazonas (from 23 July 1992), Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro (from 8 March 1991), Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Mérida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Vargas (from 31 December 1998), Yaracuy, Zulia. 3 Territories: Amazonas (to 23 July 1992), Delta Amacuro (to 8 March 1991), Vargas (from 22 April 1998 to 31 December 1998). 1 Federal District: Federal District (renamed Capital District on 20 December 1999). 1 Federal Dependency: Federal Dependencies.
79. Western Samoa's constitution was amended on 4 July 1997 to change the name of the country to Samoa. ^[57]
80. The former South Yemen declared independence on 21 May 1994. ^[59] Aden fell to Northern Yemeni forces on 7 July 1994. ^[60]
81. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was created on 27 April 1992, ending the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ^[61]
82. Laurent-Désiré Kabila took power on 17 May 1997 and renamed Zaire again the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ^[62]
83. Abkhazia re-declared independence from Georgia on 12 October 1999 (Act of State Independence of the Republic of Abkhazia), although it had been effectively self-governing since the end of the War in Abkhazia on 30 September 1993.
84. The Taliban took over Kabul on 26 September 1996 and proclaimed the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. ^[63]
85. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
86. Anjouan declared independence from the Comoros on 3 August 1997. ^[64]
87. The nominally independent bantustans of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda were only recognized by South Africa and by each other. The rest of the world regarded them as part of South Africa.
88. The Republic of Bougainville declared independence on 17 May 1990. ^[66] After a lengthy peace process started in 1997, the Bougainville Interim Government agreed to give up their self-declared independence and establish a reconciliation government on 24 December 1998. ^[67]
89. The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria enacted its constitution on 12 March 1992. ^[70]
90. Chechnya was recognized by the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
91. Mohéli declared independence from the Comoros on 11 August 1997. ^[72]
92. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declared independence from Azerbaijan on 6 January 1992. ^[73]
93. See the following on statehood criteria:
    • Mendes, Errol (30 March 2010), Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute (PDF), 30 March 2010, pp. 28, 33, retrieved 2011-04-17: "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognized Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice".
    • McKinney, Kathryn M. (1994), "The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine", Seattle University Law Review, 18 (93), Seattle University: 97, archived from the original on 2011-07-22, retrieved 2011-04-17: "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory".
    • McDonald, Avril (Spring 2009), "Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute", Human Rights Brief, 25, Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, retrieved 2011-04-17: "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."
94. Puntland declared temporary independence from Somalia on 1 August 1998. ^[74]
95. The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence on 7 April 1992. ^[75]
96. The name Republika Srpska was adopted on 12 August 1992. ^[76]
97. Transkei ceased to exist on 27 April 1994, when South Africa's interim constitution took effect.
98. Transnistria had declared its independence from Moldova (but within the Soviet Union) on 2 September 1990. The Soviet Union did not recognize that declaration, leading to Transnistria's full declaration of independence on 25 August 1991. ^[80]
99. Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994, when South Africa's interim constitution took effect. ^[71]
100. The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia declared itself an independent Republic on 26 July 1995; it was conquered by Bosnia and Herzegovina on 7 August 1995. ^[81]

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