List of Iron Age states

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Overview map of the world in the mid 1st millennium BC, color-coded by cultural stage: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Palaeolithic or Mesolithic hunter-gatherers nomadic pastoralists simple farming societies complex farming societies/chiefdoms state societies empires World in 500 BCE.png
Overview map of the world in the mid 1st millennium BC, color-coded by cultural stage:
  Palaeolithic or Mesolithic hunter-gatherers
  nomadic pastoralists
  simple farming societies
  complex farming societies/chiefdoms
  state societies
  empires

The Iron Age is an archaeological age, the last of the three-age system of Old World prehistory. It follows the Bronze Age, in the Ancient Near East beginning c. 1200 BC, and in Europe beginning in 793 It is taken to end with the beginning of Classical Antiquity, in about the 6th century BC, although in Northern Europe, the Germanic Iron Age is taken to last until the beginning of the Viking Age, c. AD 800.

Contents

The term "Iron Age" is mostly limited to Europe, the Near East, and the Indian subcontinent, although West Africa also had iron metallurgy, beginning with the Nok culture c. 550 BC and spread by the Bantu expansion. There are also cast iron artefacts in China from about 500 BC, but use of iron was minimal, and the Bronze Age in China is usually extended to the beginning of the classical period (Qin dynasty).

Africa

StateCapital/sTypeExisted
Carthage CarthageKingdom/empire814–146 BC
D'mt YehaKingdom980–650 BC
Kingdom of Kush Meroë1070 BC – 350 AD
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt Memphis, Thebes1069–525 BC
Egyptian Empire 1550–1069 BC
Land of Punt 2400–1069 BC
Nok culture ancient kingdomc. 550 BC – 300 AD

Americas

StateCapital/sTypeExisted
Chacin Chavín de Huántar900–250 BC
Chiripa Adulisc. 13th–5th centuries BC
Mixtec civilization 1500 BC – 1523 AD
Olmec La Venta Kingdom city states1400–400 BC
Paracas 800–100 BC
Pukara Pukara1400 BC – 400 AD

Europe

Greece

StateCapital/sTypeExisted
Arcadia Kingdom1000–743 BC
Argolis ArgosKingdom1200–379 BC
Athens AthensKingdom city state1556–683 BC
Athens AthensRepublican city state683–87 BC
Boeotia ThebesKingdom1100–750 BC
Corinth CorinthCity state700–338 BC
Epirus Amvrakia, Passaron, PhoeniceKingdom1183–168 BC
Locria Amphissa, NaupactusKingdom1250–386 BC
Macedon Aigai, PellaKingdom860–146 BC
Messenia MesseneKingdom1300–724 BC
Sparta SpartaKingdom950–146 BC

Italian peninsula

StateCapital/sTypeExisted
Alba Longa LaviniumKingdom1200 – 753 BC
Daunia Tribal kingdom7th century – 89 BC
Epirus Amvrakia, Passaron, PhoeniceKingdom1183–168 BC
Etruscans VariousKingdom900–27 BC
Liburnia Tribal thalassocracy [1] 11th century – 34 BC
Magna Graecia VariousKingdom city states740–89 BC
Messapia HyriaTribal kingdom8th century – 89 BC
Oenotria MetabonTribal kingdom1000–325 BC
Oscans AusonesTribal kingdom1000 – 4th centuries BC
Padanian Etruria VariousFederated city states9th century – 5th century BC
Kingdom of Rome RomeKingdom753–509 BC
Sabinum Tribal kingdomc. 760 – 494 BC
Samnium BovianumTribal confederationc. 600 – 82 BC

Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Bactria BactraTribal kingdom/client2140 – 550 BC
BalharaBalkhTribal kingdom12th century – 7th century BC
Colchis PhasisKingdom1300 BC – 2nd century AD
Margiana Tribal kingdom9th century – 6th century BC
Scythia NeopolisTribal kingdom690 – 250 BC
Sogdia MarakandaTribal confederation8th century – 327 BC
Jushi kingdom (Tarim basin)Tribal kingdom city states1st millennium BC

East Asia

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Âu Lạc Cổ Loa Citadel Kingdom257 – 180 BC
Ba YíchéngTribal confederation13th century – 311 BC
Cai Shàngcài), Xīncài, XiàcàiMarquisate/client980 – 447 BC
Cao TáoqiūDukedom/client1053 – 487 BC
Chen WǎnqiūDukedom/client1046 – 479 BC
Chu Danyang, JiangYing, JiYing, Shouchun,Viscountcy/kingdom/client1030 – 223 BC
Deng DengzhouMarquisate/client1200 – 678 BC
Donghu Nomadic tribal confederation1400 – 150 BC
Eastern Guo DengzhouMarquisate/client1046 – 767 BC
Gojoseon Asadal, Wanggeom-seongKingdom2333 – 108 BC
Guan GuanKingdom city state1046 – 1040 BC
Gumie GumieKingdom1046 – 480 BC
Han HanchengMarquisate/client1046 – 764 BC
Huang Can'hu, Yicheng, HubeiMarquisate/client891 – 648 BC
Jin Tang, Quwo, Jiang, XintianDukedom/client1042 – 376 BC
Kỷ line Not specifiedKingdom853 – 755 BC
Lu QufuMarquisate/dukedom/client1042 – 249 BC
Pi XuechengEarldom/client1046 – 418 BC
Qi QiDukedom1600 – 445 BC
Qi LinziDukedom/client1046 – 221 BC
Qin Qin, Quanqiu, Qian, PingyangMarquisate/dukedom/client858 – 221 BC
Quan Dukedom/client1250 – 704 BC
Quanrong Nomadic Tribal Confedracy954 – 301 BC
Shěn ShěnEarldom/marquisate1050 – 500 BC
Shu Kingdom1046 – 316 BC
Song ShangqiuDukedom and vassal1058 – 286 BC
Sui SuizhouMarquisate and client771 – 221 BC
Sumpa Tribal chiefdom/client1600 BC – 7th century AD
Tan MingshuiViscountcy and vassal1046 – 684 BC
Teng TengzhouViscountcy1046 – 414 BC
Văn Lang AnyangConfederation/kingdom2879 – 258 BC
Western Guo Yongdi, Shangyang, XiayangCountship/dukedom1046 – 687 BC
Wey ShangqiuDukedom and vassal1046 – 687 BC
Wu GusuDukedom and vassal1046 – 473 BC
Xing XingtaiMarquisate/client1046 – 632 BC
Xu GusuViscountacy/client2000 – 512 BC
Yan JiKingdom/principality1046 – 222 BC
Zheng Zheng, XinzhengKingdom806 – 375 BC
Zhou Haojing, LuoyiKingdom1046 – 256 BC
Zou Viscountacy/dukedom1012 – 350 BC

South Asia

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Anga Champa or CampāKingdom1100 – 530 BC
Asmaka PotanaKingdom700 – 425/345 BC
Avanti Mahissati, UjjainiKingdom700 – 300 BC
Āryāvarta MultipleConfederated tribal kingdoms1750 – 600 BC
Chedi SuktimatiKingdom1200 – 300 BC
Chola Uraiyur/KaveripoompattinamKingdom600 – 110 BC
Himalaya Kingdom600 – 322 BC
Kalinga Dantapura/Rajapura [2] Kingdom1376 – 285 BC
Kamboja RajapuraKingdom1450 – 195 BC
Kuru Āsandīvat, IndraprasthaKingdom1200 – 500 BC
Magadha Rajagriha or RajgirKingdom1100 – 28 BC
Malla Kusavati, PavaRepublicc. 7th century BCE–c. 4th century BCE
Matsya ViratanagaraKingdom1400 – 350 BC
Panchala Ahichatra, KampilyaKingdom, later republic1100 – 400 BC
Pandya MaduraiKingdom600 BC – 1600 AD
Pundra PundravardhanaKingdom1300 BC – 550 AD
Saurashtra Kingdom950 – 355 BC
Shakya KapilavatthuMonarchical Republic7th–5th century BC
Sindhu-Sauvīra VrsadarbhpuraKingdom1000 – 518 BC
Suhma not specifiedKingdomc. 8th century – 4th century BC
Surasena MethoraKingdom700 – 300 BC
Trigarta PrasthalaKingdom1100 – 322 BC
Vanga GangeKingdom700 – 300 BC
Vatsa KauśāmbīKingdom1100 – 323 BC
Vidarbha KundinapuriKingdom1200 – 322 BC
Vajjika League Vaishali Confederacyc. 6th century BCE – c. 468 BCE

West Asia

Anatolia

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Arzawa ApasaFederation15th – 12th century BC
Arme-Shupria VanKingdom1290 – 1190 BC
Caria ApasaKingdom11th–6th century BC
Diauehi Zua, UltuKingdom1118 – 760 BC
Doris DorisKingdom1200 – 580 BC
Hittite Empire HattussaEmpire1600 – 1178 BC
Ionia DelosKingdom city states1070 – 545 BC
Lukka Tribal kingdom2000 – 1183 BC
Lycia Xanthos, PataraKingdom1183 – 546 BC
Lydia SardisKingdom1200 – 680 BC
Lydian Empire SardisEmpire680 – 546 BC
Mysia PergameneKingdom1320 – 301 BC [3]
Paphlagonia GangraKingdom1480 – 183 BC [4]
Phrygia Kingdom1200 – 700 BC
Sam'al SamalPrincipality/kingdom1200 – 680 BC
Syro-Hittite states VariousKingdoms1200–800 BC
Tabal KaneshKingdom1180 – 609 BC
Tarhuntassa TarhuntassaKingdom1350 – 1200 BC
Troas TroyKingdom3000 – 700 BC
Tuwanuwa TuwanuwaKingdom city state1000 – 700 BC
Zabdicene Principality/client780 BC – 5th century AD

Arabia

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Dilmun Qal'atKingdom2600 – 675 BC
Magan Kingdom2200 – 550 BC
Qedar AdumattuTribal confederation/client870 BC – 250 AD
Thamud HegeaKingdom8th century – 500 BC

Armenian plateau

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Nairi MultipleTribal confederation1190 – 890 BC
Saparda Kingdom720 – 670 BC
Urartu Arzashkun, TushpaKingdom860 – 590 BC

Iranian plateau

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Elamite EmpireSusaEmpire1210 – 535 BC
Ellipi Kingdom850 – 609 BC
Ḫubuškia Kingdom10th/9th century–??? BC
Mannai IzirtuKingdom1110 – 616 BC
Media EcbatanaKingdom750 – 678 BC
Median Empire EcbatanaEmpire678 – 549 BC
Namar NamarKingdom2350 – 750 BC
Parsua Tribal chiefdom/kingdom [5] 860 – 600 BC
Persis Tribal kingdom10th century – 550 BC
Zikirti Kingdom750 – 521 BC

Levant

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Ammon Rabbath AmmonKingdom1000 – 332 BC
Amurru kingdom SumurKingdom2000–1200 BC
Aram-Damascus DamascusKingdom1184 – 732 BC
Aramea Tribal chiefdom's/kingdom2300 – 700 BC
Bashan BashanConfederation1330 – 928 BC
Edom Rabbath AmmonKingdom1200 – 125 BC
Twelve Tribes of Israel Tribal confederation1440 – 1050 BC
United Monarchy of Israel JerusalemUnited Kingdom1050 – 930 BC
Israel SamariaKingdom930 – 720 BC
Judah JerusalemKingdom930 – 586 BC
Moab DibonKingdom13th century – 400 BC
Philistia Ashdod, Ekron, GazaKingdom city states1175 – 732 BC
Phoenicia Byblos, Tyre, Berytus, SidonKingdom city states1800 – 539 BC

Mesopotamia

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Assyria AssurKingdom1975 – 934 BC
Assyrian Empire Assur, Nineveh, HarranEmpire911 – 612 BC
Bit-Istar Kingdom12th century – 710 BC
Chaldea Bit YakinKingdom1100 – 539 BC
Lullubi LulubunaTribal kingdom2400 – 650 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire BabylonEmpire626 – 539 BC
Simurrum Kingdom3rd–2nd millennium BC

Yemen

NameCapitalState typeExisted
Awsan Ḥajar YaḥirrKingdom7th century BC – 100 AD
Hadhramaut Kingdom700 BC – 320 AD
Haram HaramKingdom city state600 – 175 BC
Sabaea Ma'ribKingdom1100 – 275 BC

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Bronze Age was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the three-age system, following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age. Conceived as a global era, the Bronze Age follows the Neolithic, with a transition period between the two known as the Chalcolithic. The final decades of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean basin are often characterised as a period of widespread societal collapse known as the Late Bronze Age collapse, although its severity and scope is debated among scholars.

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory and progressing to protohistory. In this usage, it is preceded by the Stone Age and Bronze Age. These concepts originated for describing Iron Age Europe and the Ancient Near East. In the Archaeology of the Americas, a five-period system is conventionally used instead; indigenous cultures there did not develop an iron smelting economy in the Pre-Columbian era, though some did work copper, bronze, unsmelted iron, and iron from East Asian shipwrecks. Indigenous metalworking arrived in Australia with European contact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2nd millennium BC</span> Millennium between 2000 BC and 1001 BC

The 2nd millennium BC spanned the years 2000 BC to 1001 BC. In the Ancient Near East, it marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. The Ancient Near Eastern cultures are well within the historical era: The first half of the millennium is dominated by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. At the center of the millennium, a new order emerges with Mycenaean Greek dominance of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the Bronze Age collapse and the transition to the Iron Age.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient history:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Near East</span> Home of many cradles of civilization

The ancient Near East was home to many cradles of civilization, spanning Mesopotamia, Egypt, Iran, Anatolia and the Armenian highlands, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. As such, the fields of ancient Near East studies and Near Eastern archaeology are one of the most prominent with regard to research in the realm of ancient history. Historically, the Near East denoted an area roughly encompassing the centre of West Asia, having been focused on the lands between Greece and Egypt in the west and Iran in the east. It therefore largely corresponds with the modern-day geopolitical concept of the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prehistory of Anatolia</span> Prehistorical period in Western Asia

The prehistory of Anatolia stretches from the Paleolithic era through to the appearance of classical civilisation in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. It is generally regarded as being divided into three ages reflecting the dominant materials used for the making of domestic implements and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. The term Copper Age (Chalcolithic) is used to denote the period straddling the stone and Bronze Ages.

References

  1. ↑ "State definiation". 2014. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  2. ↑ "Far East Kingdoms, South Asia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  3. ↑ "Kingdoms of Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  4. ↑ "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  5. ↑ Eduljee, K D. "Zoroastrian Heritage The Zagros". 2012. The Heritage Site. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
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