15th century

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Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, victorious at the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages. Zonaro GatesofConst.jpg
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, victorious at the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages.
The Surrender of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella La Rendicion de Granada - Pradilla.jpg
The Surrender of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella
Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus arrives in America in 1492, 1893 painting. Columbus Taking Possession.jpg
Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus arrives in America in 1492, 1893 painting.

The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from 1 January 1401 (represented by the Roman numerals MCDI) to 31 December 1500 (MD).

Contents

In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. The architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as banking and accounting were founded in Italy.

The Hundred Years' War ended with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century.

Constantinople, known as the capital of the world and the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. [1] This led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of a mechanical movable type began the printing press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance. [2] [3] The Roman papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century.

Islamic Spain became dissolved through the Christian Reconquista, followed by the forced conversions and the Muslim rebellion, [4] ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule and returning southern Spain to Christian rulers.

The spices, wines and precious metals of the Bengal sultanate [5] had attracted European traders to trade with Bengal, but the trade was subsequently lower, due to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, which introduced new taxes and tariffs against European traders. This had led to explorers like Christopher Columbus finding a route to reach India, which eventually reached the Americas. Explorers like Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese traveller, also found a route to reach to India from the African coast.

In Asia, the Timurid Empire collapsed and the Afghan Pashtun Lodi dynasty took control of the Delhi Sultanate. Under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle.

In Africa, the spread of Islam led to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century, leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire.

In the Americas, both the Aztec Empire and the Inca Empire reached the peak of their influence, but the voyages of Christopher Columbus and other European voyages of discovery in the Americas, beginning the European colonization of the Americas, changed the course of modern history.

Events

1401–1409

Portrait of the founder of accounting, Luca Pacioli, by Jacopo de' Barbari (Museo di Capodimonte). Pacioli.jpg
Portrait of the founder of accounting, Luca Pacioli , by Jacopo de' Barbari (Museo di Capodimonte).

1410s

The Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century Northern Yuan and Golden Horde.svg
The Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century

1420s

Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl, directly influenced the result of the Hundred Years' War. Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg
Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl, directly influenced the result of the Hundred Years' War.

1430s

1440s

Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Xuande Emperor's royal carriage. Ming dynasty of China. Detail of The Emperor's Approach, Xuande period.jpg
Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Xuande Emperor's royal carriage. Ming dynasty of China.

1450s

Modern painting of Mehmed II marching on Constantinople in 1453 Conquest of Constantinople, Zonaro.jpg
Modern painting of Mehmed II marching on Constantinople in 1453

1460s

The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatan after The League of Mayapan in 1461. Cacicazgos mayas - es.svg
The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatán after The League of Mayapan in 1461.

1470s

1480s

The Siege of Rhodes (1480). Ships of the Hospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background. SiegeOfRhodes1480.jpg
The Siege of Rhodes (1480). Ships of the Hospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.

1490–1500

The Siege of Rhodes (1480). Ships of the Hospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background. SiegeOfRhodes1480.jpg
The Siege of Rhodes (1480). Ships of the Hospitaliers in the forefront, and Turkish camp in the background.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor</span> Type of monarch

The word emperor can mean the male ruler of an empire. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife, mother/grandmother, or a woman who rules in her own right and name. Emperors are generally recognized to be of the highest monarchic honor and rank, surpassing kings. In Europe, the title of Emperor has been used since the Middle Ages, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of Western Europe. The emperor of Japan is the only currently reigning monarch whose title is translated into English as "Emperor".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">16th century</span> One hundred years, from 1501 to 1600

The 16th century began with the Julian year 1501 and ended with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (MDC), depending on the reckoning used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">17th century</span> One hundred years, from 1601 to 1700

The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700 (MDCC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">14th century</span> One hundred years, from 1301 to 1400

The 14th century lasted from 1 January 1301 to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire. West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity.

Year 1402 (MCDII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

The 1380s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1380, and ended on December 31, 1389.

The 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.

The 1420s decade ran from January 1, 1420, to December 31, 1429.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1410s</span> Decade

The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.

The 1390s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1390, and ended on December 31, 1399.

The 1370s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1370, and ended on December 31, 1379.

(MCCCXC) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Year 1411 (MCDXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1427</span> Calendar year

Year 1427 (MCDXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malacca Sultanate</span> State on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding regions (1400–1511)

The Malacca Sultanate was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks c. 1400 as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah, although earlier dates for its founding have been proposed. At the height of the sultanate's power in the 15th century, its capital grew into one of the most important transshipment ports of its time, with territory covering much of the Malay Peninsula, the Riau Islands and a significant portion of the northern coast of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia.

A puppet ruler is someone who holds a title that indicates they have political authority, but is loyal to or controlled by outside persons or groups. A foreign government can wield such outside control, and the puppet ruler's territory is referred to as a puppet state. Internal factors, such as non-elected officials, may also exert power over the puppet monarch. A figurehead monarch, as a source of legitimacy and perhaps divine reign, has been the used form of government in numerous circumstances and places throughout history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aztec Empire</span> Imperial alliance of city states located in central Mexico during the 15th and 16th centuries

The Aztec Empire or the Triple Alliance was an alliance of three Nahua city-states: Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan. These three city-states ruled that area in and around the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until the combined forces of the Spanish conquistadores and their native allies who ruled under Hernán Cortés defeated them in 1521.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Aztecs</span>

The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. They called themselves Mēxihcah.

The 1400s ran from January 1, 1400, to December 31, 1409.

References

  1. Crowley, Roger (2006). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber. ISBN   0-571-22185-8. (reviewed by Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). "The Conquestof Constantinople and the end of empire". Contemporary Review. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages
  2. Encyclopædia Britannica, Renaissance, 2008, O.Ed.
  3. McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
  4. Harvey 2005, p. 14.
  5. Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN   978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
  6. Winstedt, R. O. (1948). "The Malay Founder of Medieval Malacca". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies. 12 (3/4): 726–729. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083312. JSTOR   608731.
  7. "An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644)". Khan Academy . Asian Art Museum . Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  8. Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in Some Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Geoffrey Wade
  9. "Thousands in China are descendants of an ancient Filipino king. Here's how it happened". Filipiknow.
  10. "New Sulu King research book by Chinese author debuts in Philippines". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ricklefs (1991), page 18.
  12. "Shri Mahaprabhuji Shri Vallabhacharyaji Biography | Pushti Sanskar". pushtisanskar.org. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  13. Leinbach, Thomas R. (20 February 2019). "Religions". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  14. Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 437.

Sources