1499

February 20: The Swiss Confederation defeats Holy Roman Empire troops at the Battle of Hard.

1499 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1499 MCDXCIX
Ab urbe condita	2252
Armenian calendar	948 ԹՎ ՋԽԸ
Assyrian calendar	6249
Balinese saka calendar	1420–1421
Bengali calendar	905–906
Berber calendar	2449
English Regnal year	14  Hen. 7  – 15  Hen. 7
Buddhist calendar	2043
Burmese calendar	861
Byzantine calendar	7007–7008
Chinese calendar	戊午年 (Earth  Horse) 4196 or 3989     — to — 己未年 (Earth  Goat) 4197 or 3990
Coptic calendar	1215–1216
Discordian calendar	2665
Ethiopian calendar	1491–1492
Hebrew calendar	5259–5260
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1555–1556
- Shaka Samvat	1420–1421
- Kali Yuga	4599–4600
Holocene calendar	11499
Igbo calendar	499–500
Iranian calendar	877–878
Islamic calendar	904–905
Japanese calendar	Meiō 8 (明応８年)
Javanese calendar	1416–1417
Julian calendar	1499 MCDXCIX
Korean calendar	3832
Minguo calendar	413 before ROC 民前413年
Nanakshahi calendar	31
Thai solar calendar	2041–2042
Tibetan calendar	ས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Earth-Horse) 1625 or 1244 or 472     — to — ས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Earth-Sheep) 1626 or 1245 or 473

Year 1499 ( MCDXCIX ) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 8 – Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany, in accordance with a law set by his predecessor, Charles VIII. ^[1]
• February 4 – Hans, King of Denmark is formally crowned as King of Sweden and his wife Christina of Saxony crowned as Queen Consort.
• February 9 – The Treaty of Blois is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Venice as a secret military alliance between the two nations to attack the Duchy of Milan. ^[2]
• February 20 – The Battle of Hard is fought near the village of Hard in modern-day western Austria as the Swiss Confederacy defeats the troops of the Holy Roman Empire in the first large-scale confrontation of the Swabian War. ^[3]
• March 22 – At the Battle of Bruderholz, the Swiss Confederation defeats a larger force of troops from the Swabian League near Basel. ^[4]

April–June

• April 11 – The Battle of Schwaderloh is won by the Swiss Confederacy over the Swabian League with more than 1,400 of the Swabian troops killed. ^[5]
• April 20 – The Swiss Confederacy defeats the forces of the Holy Roman Empire in the Battle of Frastanz, with more than 2,000 Imperial troops killed. ^[6]
• April 30 – The University of Valencia is founded in Spain with the passage of the University Statutes by the magistrates of Valencia. ^[7]
• May 19 – Catherine of Aragon, the future first wife of Henry VIII, is married by proxy to his brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales.
• June 1 – Pedro Alonso Niño, who had accompanied Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492, departs from Palos in Spain toward South America on a 7-month voyage to the New World. Niño sets sail in a small caravel with 33 men ^[8]
• June 10 – Pope Alexander VI informs the Roman Catholic cardinals that the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire has amassed a fleet of 300 ships to lay siege to the city of Rhodes. ^[9]
• June 15 – The Great Epidemic of plague reaches London, forcing King Henry and Queen Anne to flee to the capital to Langley on June 25 and then to Abingdon. ^[10]
• June 20 – Queen Isabella of Spain orders Christopher Columbus to liberate and repatriate Indians from the New World, declaring that nobody had authorized him to kidnap any of her subjects. ^[11]

July–September

• July 22 – Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. ^[12]
• July 28 – First Battle of Lepanto: The Turkish navy wins a decisive victory over the Venetians.
• August 24 – Lake Maracaibo is discovered, by Alonso de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci.
• August – Polydore Vergil completes De inventoribus rerum, the first modern history of inventions.
• September 18 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Lisbon, returning from India, and is received by King Manuel of Portugal. ^[13]
• September 22 – Treaty of Basel: Maximilian is forced to grant the Swiss de facto independence.

October–December

• October 26 – King Louis XII of France and his troops seize Milan, driving out Duke Ludovico Sforza, and ][Leonardo da Vinci]] flees to Venice. ^[14]
• October 25 – The Pont Notre-Dame in Paris, constructed under Charles VI of France, collapses into the Seine. ^[15]
• November 5 – The Catholicon is published in Tréguier (Brittany). This Breton–greek–Latin dictionary had been written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first dictionary of either French or Breton.
• November 23 – Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England, is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
• November 28 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York, is executed for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
• December 18 – The Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) begins in the Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile) against the forced conversions of Muslims in Spain.

Date unknown

• Montenegro, the last free monarchy in the Balkans, is annexed by the Ottoman Empire, as part of the sanjak of Shkodër, and Stefan II Crnojević is removed from office.
• Johannes Trithemius inadvertently reveals interests in magic by writing a letter to a Carmelite friar about a treatise he is writing on steganography.
• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa matriculates at Cologne University.
• Giggleswick School is founded by Reverend James Carr in England.

Births

• January 15 – Samuel Maciejowski, Polish bishop (d. 1550)
• January 20 – Sebastian Franck, German humanist (d. 1543)
• January 29 – Katharina von Bora, German nun, wife of Martin Luther (d. 1552)
• February 10 – Thomas Platter, Swiss humanist scholar and writer (d. 1582)
• March 22 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (d. 1537)
• March 31 – Pope Pius IV (d. 1565) ^[16]
• May 14 – Agostino Gallo, Italian agronomist (d. 1570)
• June 24 – Johannes Brenz, German theologian and Protestant Reformer of the Duchy of Württemberg (d. 1570)
• July 17 – Maria Salviati, Italian noble and mother of Cosimo I de Medici (d. 1543)
• August 14 – John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1526)
• September 3 – Diane de Poitiers, French duchess, mistress of Henry II of France (d. 1566)
• October 13 – Claude of France, queen consort of France, daughter of Louis XII (d. 1524)
• October 14 – Catherine of the Palatinate, Abbess of Neuburg am Neckar (d. 1526)
• October 31 – Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg (1526–1552) (d. 1552)
• November 1 – Rodrigo of Aragon, Italian noble (d. 1512)
• December 8 – Sebald Heyden, German musicologist and theologian (d. 1561)
• December 13 – Justus Menius, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1558)
• date unknown
  • Hans Asper, Swiss painter (d. 1571)
  • Michael Coxcie, Flemish painter (d. 1592)
  • Cesare Hercolani, Italian military leader (d. 1534)
  • Jan Łaski, Polish Protestant reformer (d. 1560)
  • Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1573)
  • Giulio Romano, Italian painter (d. 1546)
  • Bernardino de Sahagún, Franciscan missionary (d. 1590)
  • Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician (d. 1557)
  • Ming, Icelandic clam (d. 2006) ^[17]
• probable– Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer (d. 1543)

Deaths

• January 9 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1455)
• March 24 – Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire, English nobleman (b. 1470)
• April 7 – Galeotto I Pico, Duke of Mirandola (b. 1442)
• August 29 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Florentine painter (b. 1427)
• October 1 – Marsilio Ficino, Italian philosopher (b. 1433)
• November 23 – Perkin Warbeck, Flemish imposter (b. c. 1474) (executed)
• November 28 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the English House of York (b. 1475)
• date unknown
  • Rennyo, leader of the Ikkō sect of Buddhism (b. 1415)
  • Muhammad Rumfa, ruler of Kano
  • Laura Cereta, Italian humanist and feminist (b. 1469)

References

1. The Secular Spirit: Life and Art at the End of the Middle Ages; [catalog of an Exhibition Held at the Cloisters, Mar. 26, 1975 - June 3, 1975]. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1975. p. 256. ISBN   9780870990960.
2. Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars: 1494–1559. Pearson Education. p. 44. ISBN   978-0-582-05758-6.
3. 500 Jahre Schlacht bei Hard (500 Years Since the Battle of Hard) (Schweizerischer Feldweibelverband Sektion St. Gallen-Appenzell, 2016)
4. Albert Winkler, "The Swiss in the Swabian War of 1499: An Analysis of the Swiss Military at the End of the Fifteenth Century," Swiss American Historical Society Review, vol. 56 (2020), no. 3, pp. 55-141.
5. Scheck, P.: Der Schwabenkrieg 1499 (Municipal Archives of Schaffhausen, 1999)
6. Schibler, T.:"Battle of Frastanz" in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland ,31 March 2005.
7. Palanca, Abelardo (1968). La Universidad de Valencia en el primer decenio del siglo XVI [The University of Valencia in the First Decade of the 15th Century](PDF). pp. 85–106. ISSN 0210-9980.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
8. .nino.htm "Pedro Alonso Niño", in Panama History, by Bruce Ruiz
9. Kenneth M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, Volume II: The Fifteenth Century (American Philosophical Society, 1976) p.516 ISSN 0065-9788
10. Terry Breverton, Henry VII: The Maligned Tudor King (Amberley Publishing, 2016) ISBN 9781445646060
11. "Columbus, Christopher", in The Home Encyclopedia, Volume VI, (Chicago Educational Publishing Company) p.1697
12. Herold, J. Christopher (21 October 2016). The Swiss Without Halos. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 36. ISBN   9781787201385.
13. Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (4 July 2013). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 145. ISBN   9781135590949.
14. Gagné, John (2021). Milan Undone: Contested Sovereignties in the Italian Wars. Harvard University Press. p. 27. ISBN   978-0674248724.
15. Wouters, Ine; van de Voorde, Stephanie; Bertels, Inge; Espion, Bernard; de Jonge, Krista; Zastavni, Denis (11 July 2018). Building Knowledge, Constructing Histories: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Construction History (6ICCH 2018), July 9-13, 2018, Brussels, Belgium. Vol. 1. CRC Press. p. 23. ISBN   9780429822643.
16. "Pius IV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
17. Traynor, Luke (2013-11-13). "Ming the clam confirmed by Bangor University scientists as the world's oldest creature at 507 - 102 years older than previously believed". Mirror Online.