1510s

The 1510s decade ran from January 1, 1510, to December 31, 1519.

April 11, 1512: Battle of Ravenna

Events

1510

This section is transcluded from 1510. (edit | history)

January–June

• January – Catherine of Aragon gives birth to her first child, a stillborn daughter. ^[1]
• January 23 – An 18-year-old Henry VIII of England jousts anonymously at Richmond, Surrey and draws applause, before revealing his identity. ^{[2] [3]}
• January 29 – The Mary Rose ship is laid out. ^[4] The next year the ship is launched on July 29, 1511, and is afterwards towed to London to be fitted, and is finally completed in 1512. ^[5] In 1545, during the Battle of the Solent, she sank. ^{[6] : 2} The reason for her sinking is disputed with contemporary accounts claiming the ship was heeled over or sank by French ships with gunfire, although modern historians believe it was sunk due to being unstable. ^{[6] : 22–23}
• February 27 – November 25 – Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa. ^[7]
• March 1 – Battle of Salt River: Indigenous ǃUriǁʼaekua decisively defeat sailors of the Portuguese Empire in South Africa. ^[8]
• May 12 – The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan, Prince of Anhua, kills all the officials invited to a banquet, and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin, during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor in China. ^[9]
• May 30 – Rebel leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated and captured by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Prince of Anhua rebellion. ^[9]

July–December

• July – The Holy League, formed to defend the Italian States, attacks French-occupied Genoa. The 1510 influenza pandemic reaches Sicily, where it is nicknamed coccolucio, before spreading to the Italian states and the rest of Europe.
• August 10 – The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded when Henrich Krummedige is appointed chief captain of all those who are at sea. ^[10]
• September 3 – Sir Thomas More becomes undersheriff of the City of London. ^[11]
• October 16 – Mingyi Nyo declares independence from the Ava Kingdom in upper Burma, by establishing the Toungoo dynasty.
• December 2 – Battle of Marv: Shah Ismail I's defeats the Uzbek forces of Shaybani Khan, in Khorasan. ^{[12] : 67–68} Shaybani flees the battle only to be captured and killed by Ismail I troops, his head is turned into a skull cup used as a drinking goblet. ^{[12] : 68–69}

Date Unknown

• The Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III conquers Pskov. ^[13]
• Paolo Cortese publishes De Cardinalatu, a manual for cardinals, including advice on palatial architecture – which inspires Thomas Wolsey in his construction work at Hampton Court Palace. ^[14]
• Sunflowers are brought to Europe by Spaniards. ^[15]

1511

This section is transcluded from 1511. (edit | history)

January–June

• March 26 – The 1511 Idrija earthquake occurs, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The epicenter is around the town of Idrija in present-day Slovenia, although some place it some 15-20 kilometers to the west, between Gemona and Pulfero in Friulian Slovenia. The earthquake affects a large territory between Carinthia, Friuli, present-day Slovenia and Croatia.
• April 9
  • St John's College, Cambridge, England, founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, receives its charter. ^[16]
  • The Şahkulu Rebellion breaks out in Anatolia.

July–December

• July – Henry VIII of England's flagship, the Mary Rose , is launched at Portsmouth.
• August 15 ^[17] – Capture of Malacca: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca, giving Portugal control over the Strait of Malacca, through which all sea-going trade between China and India is concentrated. The Sultanate then establishes rule from Johor, starting decades of skirmishes against the Portuguese to regain the fallen city. While taking the city, the Portuguese slaughter a large community of Chinese merchants living there. ^[18] Malacca is the first city in Southeast Asia to be taken by a Western nation, gaining home rule only in 1957, when it becomes part of Malaysia.
• October 1 – During the War of the League of Cambrai Pope Julius II proclaims a Holy League against French dominance in Italy. It is an alliance between the Papal States, the Swiss Confederation, Venice (which had been the opponent of the League of Cambrai) and Aragon. Emperor Maximilian and the English king Henry VIII join the League soon after.
• October 12 – James IV of Scotland's great ship, the Michael , is launched at Newhaven, Edinburgh; she is the largest ship afloat at this date. ^[19]
• November – The Treaty of Westminster creates an alliance between Henry VIII of England and Ferdinand II of Aragon against France.
• November 20 – The vessel Frol de la Mar , transporting Afonso de Albuquerque and the valuable treasure of the conquest of Malacca, sinks en route to Goa.

August (?)

• Diego Velázquez and Hernán Cortés conquer Cuba; Velázquez is appointed Governor.
• Duarte Barbosa arrives in India for the second time. He works as clerk in the factory of Cananor, and as the liaison with the Indian rajah.
• After the fall of Malacca, Afonso de Albuquerque sends Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to Burma and Siam, becoming the first European to visit these countries diplomatically.
• Ferdinand II of Aragon observes that "one black can do the work of four Indians".
• Juan de Agramonte, a sailor from Spain, is thought possibly to have travelled to Newfoundland.
• The indigenous Taíno people revolt against the Spanish in southwestern Puerto Rico near Guánica.
• The first black slaves arrive in Colombia.
• The Spanish conquest of Yucatán begins.
• Erasmus publishes his most famous work, The Praise of Folly (Laus stultitiae). ^[20]

1512

This section is transcluded from 1512. (edit | history)

January–June

• Mid-January – Following the death of Svante Nilsson, Eric Trolle is elected the new Regent of Sweden. He is, however, ousted after only six months in favour of Sten Sture the Younger. ^[21]
• February 18 – War of the League of Cambrai: The French carry out the Sack of Brescia.
• April 11 – War of the League of Cambrai – Battle of Ravenna: ^[22] French under Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours, defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the pursuit.
• May 3 – The Fifth Council of the Lateran begins.
• May 12 – Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, leads an English expedition into France and burns the port city of Brest. ^[23]
• May 26 – Selim I succeeds Bayezid II, as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

July–December

• July 23 – Sten Sture the Younger is elected new Regent of Sweden, deposing Eric Trolle. ^[21]
• August 10 – War of the League of Cambrai – Battle of Saint-Mathieu: The English navy defeats the French-Breton fleet. Both navies use ships firing cannons through ports, and each loses its principal ship — Regent and Marie-la-Cordelière — through a large explosion aboard the latter.
• Summer – War of the League of Cambrai: Ferdinand II of Aragon sends Don Fadrique de Toledo, to complete the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
• October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia). ^[24]
• October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. ^[24]
• November 1 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time.
• December 27 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World.

Date unknown

• António de Abreu discovers Timor Island, and reaches the Banda Islands, Ambon Island and Seram.
• Francisco Serrão reaches the Moluccas.
• Francisco Serrao and other shipwreck sailors with permission from the Ternate Sultanate build Fort Tolukko. It is one of the earliest, if not the first European style fortress in southeast Asia.
• Juan Ponce de León discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands. ^[25]
• Pedro Mascarenhas discovers Diego Garcia, and reaches Mauritius in the Mascarene Islands.
• Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be Eastern Orthodox Christians. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country.
• The Florentine Republic begins to be dismantled, and the Medici Family comes back into power. ^[26]
• The word masque is first used to denote a poetic drama.
• Possible date– Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write Commentariolus , an abstract of what will eventually become his heliocentric astronomy De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ; he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514. ^{[27] [28] [29]}

1513

This section is transcluded from 1513. (edit | history)

January–June

• March 11 – Pope Leo X (layman Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) succeeds Pope Julius II, as the 217th pope, ^[30] despite a strong challenge by Italian cardinal Raffaele Riario and his group of seniors, or cardinals that were elected by Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII, who were opposed to the relatively newer juniors that included Medici. ^[31]
• March 27 – Juan Ponce de León becomes the first European definitely known to sight Florida, ^[32] mistaking it for another island. ^[33]
• April 2
  • Juan Ponce de León and his expedition become the first Europeans known to visit Florida, landing somewhere on the east coast.
  • Juan Garrido (as part of Juan Ponce de León's expedition) becomes the first African known to visit North America, ^[34] landing somewhere on the east coast of Florida.
• May – Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares lands on Lintin Island, in the Pearl River estuary. ^[35]
• June 6 – Italian Wars – Battle of Novara: Swiss mercenaries defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, ^[36] forcing the French to abandon Milan and Italy. ^[37]

July–December

• July 22 – Christian II becomes King of Denmark and Norway. ^[38]
• August 16
  • Battle of Dubica (part of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War): Croatian troops under Petar Berislavić, Ban (Viceroy) of Croatia, defeat an Ottoman army under Sanjak-bey Junuz-aga
  • Battle of the Spurs (or Battle of Guinegate, part of the War of the League of Cambrai): English and allied troops under Henry VIII defeat French cavalry under Marshal La Palice. ^[39]
• August 23 – Thérouanne is given to Henry VIII of England after a treaty is concluded in the aftermath of the Battle of the Spurs. ^[40]
• September – The dispute between Johann Reuchlin and Johannes Pfefferkorn concerning the Talmud and other Jewish books, is referred to Pope Leo X.
• September 9
  • Battle of Flodden: King James IV of Scotland is defeated and killed by an English army under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. James's son, the Duke of Rothesay, becomes James V, King of Scots. ^[41]
  • Johann Reuchlin is summoned for an inquisition trial, which was initiated by Jacob van Hoogstraaten. ^{[42] : 152} The verdict of the trial was never revealed, as when it was going to be announced on October 12, the archbishop of Mainz ordered the court to go into recess on threat of resigning the court, and the trial never went on. ^{[42] : 157} Eventually, in March 1514, an ecclesiastical court presided over by George, Bishop of Speyer cleared Reuchlin of any charges and ordered Hoogstraten to pay the cost of 111 guldens, ^{[42] : 158–162} although this was overturned by Leo X in a papal decision in 1520. ^[43]
• September 25 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa, first sees what will become known as the Pacific Ocean from the Isthimus of Darién. ^[44] This moment is later referenced in a poem by John Keats called "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" with the line "silent upon a peak in Darién" although he mistakenly references Hernán Cortés as the one who saw the Pacific from Darién. ^[45]
• September 30 – A major rock avalanche occurs in the Southern side of the Swiss Alps at Monte Crenone, which destroys the village of Biasca, floods Bellinzona, and formed a lake of 390 m.a.s.l. ^[46]
• October 7 – Battle of La Motta (War of the League of Cambrai): Spanish troops under Ramón de Cardona decisively defeat those of the Republic of Venice under Bartolomeo d'Alviano in Schio. ^[47]
• December – Louis XII of France makes peace with the Pope. ^[48] He attempts to make peace with Spain by offering King Ferdinand his daughter Renée to one of his grandsons along with renouncing his claims on Naples, but the proposal was never accepted. ^[48]
• December 17 – Appenzell becomes a member of the Swiss Confederacy. ^[49]

Undated

• Niccolò Machiavelli is suspected of trying to overthrow the House of Medici and is arrested and tortured. He is soon after released and he moves to his farm in San Casciano, and he writes The Prince . ^[50]
• Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu, second city of the Songhai Empire. ^[51]
• Paracelsus begins studying at Ferrara University. ^[52]

1514

This section is transcluded from 1514. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 10 – A great fire breaks out, in the Rialto of Venice. ^[53]
• March 12 – A huge exotic embassy sent by King Manuel I of Portugal to Pope Leo X arrives in Rome, including Hanno, an Indian elephant.
• March – Louis XII of France makes peace with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
• May 2 – The Poor Conrad peasant revolt against Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg begins in Beutelsbach. ^[54]
• May 15 – The earliest printed edition of Saxo Grammaticus' 12th century Scandinavian history Gesta Danorum , edited by Christiern Pedersen from an original found near Lund, is published as Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae, by Jodocus Badius in Paris.
• June 13 – Henry Grace à Dieu , at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated. ^{[55] [56]}
• June – Battle of Hornshole in the Scottish Borders: Young men from Hawick defeat a raiding party from England. ^[57]

July–December

• July 20 – King Christian II is crowned King of Norway in Oslo. This coronation was the last in Norway for 304 years when King Charles III John was crowned king in 1818.
• August 7 – King Henry VIII of England concludes an independent peace treaty with France in the War of the League of Cambrai, negotiated by Thomas Wolsey.
• August 23 – Battle of Chaldiran: Selim I crushes the Persian army of Shah Ismail I.
• September 8 – Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Jagiellonian dynasty forces comprising Belarusians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poles defeat the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. ^[58]
• September 15 – Thomas Wolsey is appointed Archbishop of York in England. ^[59]
• October 9 – Louis XII of France marries Mary Tudor (sister of King Henry VIII of England) at Abbeville, as part of the English peace with France. ^[59]

Date unknown

• Albrecht Dürer makes his famous engraving Melencolia I .
• Paolo Ricci (Camillo Renato) moves to Augsburg.
• Nicolaus Copernicus's Commentariolus , outlining his theory of heliocentrism, is written by this date.

1515

This section is transcluded from 1515. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 1 – Death of Louis XII of France and ascension of Francis, Dauphin of France.
• January 25 – Francis I of France is crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims. ^[60]
• May 13 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France, and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, are officially married at Greenwich (near London). ^[61]
• June 13 – Battle of Turnadag: The army of Ottoman sultan Selim I defeats the beylik of Dulkadir under Bozkurt of Dulkadir.

July–December

• July 2 – Manchester Grammar School is endowed by Hugh Oldham, the first free grammar school in England.
• July 22 – At the First Congress of Vienna, a double wedding takes place to cement agreements. Louis, only son of King Vladislaus II of Hungary, marries Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor; and Mary's brother, Archduke Ferdinand, marries Vladislaus' daughter, Anna.
• August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.
• September 13 – 14 – Battle of Marignano: The army of Francis I of France defeats the Swiss mercenaries, thanks to the timely arrival of a Venetian army. Francis restores French control of Milan.
• November 15 – Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.
• December 24 – Thomas Wolsey is named Lord Chancellor of England.

Date unknown

• Cardinal Wolsey orders construction to begin on what is to become Henry VIII's future summer residence Hampton Court Palace.
• Bartolomé de las Casas urges Ferdinand II of Aragon to end Amerindian slavery, and recommends experimental free towns. ^{[62] [63]}
• The Portuguese are the first Europeans to land in Timor island, as the first settlers arrive to the north coast of Madeira Island, there establishing Saint George.

• Dürer's Rhinoceros is cut.
• The Ottomans conquer the last beyliks of Anatolia, the Beylik of Dulkadir and the Ramadanid Emirate.
• Henry Cornelius Agrippa returns to Northern Italy.

1516

This section is transcluded from 1516. (edit | history)

January–June

• January – Juan Díaz de Solís is said to have discovered the Río de la Plata (in future Argentina), ^[64] although there was likely an expedition earlier in 1511-1512 by João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis. ^[65]
• January 23 – With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson, Charles of Ghent, becomes King of Spain; ^[66] his mother Queen Joanna of Castile also succeeds as Queen of Aragon and co-monarch with Carlos, but remains confined at Tordesillas.
• March 1 – Desiderius Erasmus publishes a new Greek edition of the New Testament, Novum Instrumentum omne , in Basel. ^[67]
• March 29 – The Venetian Ghetto is instituted in the Republic of Venice. ^[68]
• April 23 – The Reinheitsgebot is instituted in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, regulating the purity of beer permissible for sale. ^[69]

July–December

• July – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and invades Syria. ^[70]
• August 13 – The Treaty of Noyon is signed. Francis I of France recognizes Charles I of Spain's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. The treaty also promised Louise of France to Charles. ^[71]
• August 18 – King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X sign the Concordat of Bologna, agreeing on the relationship between church and state in France. ^[72]
• August 24 – Battle of Marj Dabiq (Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)): The Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeats the mamluk forces commanded by the sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. ^[73]
• October 28 – Battle of Yaunis Khan (Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)): Ottoman forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks near Gaza.
• December 4 – Treaty of Brussels: Peace is declared between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. ^[74]
• c. December – Thomas More's most famous work, Utopia , completed this year, is published in Leuven (in Latin). ^[75]

Date unknown

• Italian explorer Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of the wife of Christopher Columbus, commands an expedition from Portuguese Malacca to land on the shores of mainland southern China, and trade with Chinese merchants at Guangzhou, during the Ming Dynasty.
• Portuguese soldier Fernão Lopes becomes the first known permanent inhabitant of Saint Helena.
• Leonardo da Vinci accepts Francis I's invitation to France. ^[76]
• The predecessor of the Royal Mail, known as the Master of the Posts, is established by Henry VIII of England. ^[77]
• Gillingham School is founded, the oldest in Dorset, England.
• Fuggerei is established in Augsburg (Bavaria), as the world's oldest social housing complex still in use. ^[78]
• The fall of the Nantan meteorite is possibly observed near the city of Nantan, Nandan County, Guangxi (China). ^[79]

1517

This section is transcluded from 1517. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 22 – Battle of Ridaniya: The Holy Ottoman army of the sultan Selim I defeat the Mamluk army in Egypt, under Tuman bay II. ^[80]
• January 30 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle, ^[81] and the Mamluk Sultanate falls. ^[82]
• February 8 – Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a chronicler who documents the conquest of Mexico, sets out with the Hernández de Córdoba expedition from Jaruco. ^[83] They arrive at Cape Catoche twenty-one days later, and are met with hostility by the natives.
• March 16 – The Fifth Council of the Lateran ends. ^[84]
• May 1 – Evil May Day: Xenophobic riots break out in London. ^[85]

July–December

• August 15 – Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade meets Ming Dynasty Chinese officials through an interpreter, at the Pearl River estuary and lands, at what is now in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong. Although the first European trade expeditions to China took place in 1513 and 1516 by Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello, respectively, Andrade's mission is the first official diplomatic mission of a European power to China, commissioned by a ruler of Europe (Manuel I of Portugal).
• October 31 – Reformation: Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses (posting them on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church). ^[86] This story is possibly apocryphal. ^[87]

Date unknown

• Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy conquers Ryazan. ^[88]
• A third outbreak of the sweating sickness in England hits Oxford and Cambridge. ^[89] It is said that in Oxford that upwards of 400 students died in less than a week. ^[90]
• The Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans. ^[91]

1518

This section is transcluded from 1518. (edit | history)

January–June

• April 18 – The widowed Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, marries Milanese noblewoman Bona Sforza in Wawel Cathedral and she is crowned as Queen consort of Poland. ^[92]
• May 26 – A transit of Venus occurs. ^[93]

July–December

• July – Dancing plague of 1518: A case of dancing mania breaks out in Strasbourg, in which many people die from constant dancing. ^[94]
• August 10 – Construction of the Manchester Grammar School is completed in England. ^[95] The total cost of the project was £218 13s 5d.
• October 3 – The Treaty of London temporarily ensures peace in Western Europe. ^{[96] [97]}

Date unknown

• The Rajput Mewar Kingdom under Rana Sanga achieves a major victory over Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi.
• A swarm of stinging ants devastates crops on Hispaniola. ^[98]
• Johann Froben publishes Erasmus's work Colloquies , which was unauthorized, and it took until 1519 that an authorized version would be published. ^[99]
• Henricus Grammateus publishes Ayn neu Kunstlich Buech in Vienna, containing the earliest printed use of plus and minus signs for arithmetic. ^[100]
• The remnants of The Abbasid Caliphate (stationed in Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) hands over the title of caliph to the Ottoman Empire that had conquered Constantinople in 1453, 65 years earlier

1519

This section is transcluded from 1519. (edit | history)

January–June

• January 1 – Ulrich Zwingli preaches for the first time, as people's priest of the Great Minister in Zürich.
• March 4 – Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores land in Mexico.
• April 21 (Maundy Thursday) – Hernán Cortés reaches San Juan de Ulúa; next day (Good Friday) he sets foot on the beach of modern-day Veracruz. ^[101]
• May 2 – 67-year-old Leonardo da Vinci dies.
• June 28 – Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (rules until 1556).

July–December

• July 4 – Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority, against Johann Eck at Leipzig.
• July 10 – The Prince of Ning rebellion begins, after Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.
• August 15 – Panama City is founded.
• August 20 – Ming Dynasty Chinese philosopher and general Wang Yangming, governor of Jiangxi, defeats Zhu Chenhao, ending the Prince of Ning rebellion. Wang has expressed the intention of using fo–lang–ji cannons in suppressing the rebellion, probably the earliest reference in China to the breech-loading Frankish culverin.
• September 20 – Ferdinand Magellan departs from Spain with a fleet of five ships, to sail westbound to the Spice Islands.
• October 12 – Hernán Cortés and his men, accompanied by 3,000 Tlaxcalans, enter Cholula.
• November 8 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlan, and the court of Aztec ruler Moctezuma.

Date unknown

• The first civil revolt in Anatolia takes place, led by Alevi preacher Celâl.
• The Spanish invade Barbados.
• Spanish conquistador and founder of Panama City, Gaspar de Espinosa, sails up the Pacific coast from Panama to Nicaragua, landing at the Gulf of Nicoya. ^[102]
• Havana moves from the southern to the northern part of Cuba.
• A large pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru in South America. This widespread epidemic kills off much of the indigenous populations in these areas (the first widely documented epidemic in the New World). ^[103]
• Central Mexico Amerindians' population reaches 25.3 million.
• The Mexican Indian Wars begin.
• Cacao comes to Europe.
• St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn is completed in Estonia.
• The first recorded fatal accident involving a gun in England is recorded at Welton, East Riding of Yorkshire.

Births

Transcluding articles: 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, and 1519

1510

Elisabeth of Brandenburg

• February 24 – Costanzo II Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1512) ^[104]
• March 25 – Guillaume Postel, French linguist (d. 1581) ^[105]
• March 30 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (d. 1566) ^[106]
• June 6 – Giovanni Battista Cicala, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1570) ^[107]
• August 11 – Margaret Paleologa, Sovereign Marchioness of Montferrat (1531–1540) (d. 1566) ^[108]
• August 24 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (1525–1540) (d. 1558) ^[109]
• October 6
  • Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (d. 1555)
  • John Caius, English physician (d. 1573) ^[110]
• October 25 – Renée of France, French princess (d. 1574) ^[111]
• October 28 – Francis Borgia, Spanish General of the Jesuits (d. 1572) ^[112]
• December 28 – Nicholas Bacon, English politician (d. 1579) ^[113]
• date unknown
  • Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (d. 1547) ^[114]
  • Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian founder of the Unitarian Church (d. 1579) ^[115]
  • Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (d. 1574) ^[116]
  • Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (d. 1551) ^[117]
  • Bernard Palissy, French potter and writer ^[118]
  • Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (d. 1537) ^[119]
  • Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (d. 1590) ^[120]
  • Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (d. 1571) ^[121]
  • Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer (d. 1564) ^[122]
  • Gracia Mendes Nasi, Portuguese businessperson and philanthropist (d. 1569) ^[123]
  • Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Spanish conquistador (d. 1554) ^[124]
• probable
  • Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author and philosopher (d. 1556) ^[125]
  • Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (d. 1576) ^[126]
  • Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (d. 1586) ^[127]
  • Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and author (d. 1565) ^[128]
  • Claudio Veggio, Italian composer ^[129]

1511

Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg

Giorgio Vasari

Michael Servetus

• January 1 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England ^[130]
• April 2 – Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1550)
• April 5 – John III, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken, German noble (d. 1574)
• June 4 – Honorat II of Savoy, French Navy admiral (d. 1580)
• June 6 – Jakob Schegk, German physician (d. 1587)
• June 18 – Bartolomeo Ammannati, Florentine architect and sculptor (d. 1592)
• July 9 – Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, consort of Christian III from 1525, and Queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1571)
• July 30 – Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter and architect (d. 1574) ^[131]
• August 24 – Jean Bauhin, French physician (d. 1582)
• September 28 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (d. 1535)
• September 29 – Michael Servetus, Spanish theologian (d. 1553)
• October 22 – Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1553)
• November 8 – Paul Eber, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1569)
• November 15 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (d. 1536)
• December 5 – Maldev Rathore, ruler of Marwar (d. 1562)
• date unknown
  • Amato Lusitano, Portuguese Jewish physician (d. 1568)
  • Birgitte Gøye, Danish county administrator, lady in waiting, landholder and educator (d. 1574)
  • Kimotsuki Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1566)
  • Luís de Velasco, Spanish viceroy of New Spain (d. 1564)
  • Nicola Vicentino, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1576)
  • Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Spanish Jesuits (d. 1590)
  • Pierre Viret, Swiss reformed theologian (d. 1571)
  • Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, Spanish cardinal (d. 1575)

1512

Sibylle of Cleves

Gerardus Mercator

• January 13 – Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela, General Inquisitor of Spain (d. 1594)
• January 17 – Sibylle of Cleves, electress consort of Saxony (d. 1554)
• January 31 – Henry, King of Portugal and Cardinal (d. 1580) ^[132]
• February 3 – John Hamilton, archbishop of St Andrews (d. 1571)
• February 22 – Pedro Agustín, Spanish Catholic bishop (d. 1572)
• March 5 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer (d. 1594)
• April 10 – James V of Scotland, King of Scots (d. 1542) ^[133]
• April 23 – Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel, Chancellor of the University of Oxford (d. 1580)
• April 30 – George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Glatz (d. 1553)
• July 5 – Cristoforo Madruzzo, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)
• July 25 – Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva, Spanish jurist, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cuenca (d. 1577)
• August ? – Catherine Parr, English queen consort (d. 1548) ^[134]
• August 27 – Friedrich Staphylus, German theologian (d. 1564)
• November 4 – Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (d. 1565)
• November 9 – Jon Simonssøn, Norwegian humanist (d. 1575)
• November 11 – Marcin Kromer, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. 1589)
• December 21 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian nobleman (d. 1530)
• date unknown
  • Robert Recorde, Welsh physician and mathematician (d. 1558) ^[135]
  • Gissur Einarsson, first Lutheran bishop in Iceland (d. 1548)

1513

Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg

Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg

• February 14 – Domenico Ferrabosco, Italian composer (d. 1573) ^[136]
• March 15 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg (d. 1573)
• April 22 – Tachibana Dōsetsu, Japanese Daimyō (d. 1585)
• June 10 – Louis, Duke of Montpensier (1561–1582) (d. 1582) ^[137]
• August 3 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (d. 1571) ^[138]
• September 23 – Hans Buser, Swiss noble (d. 1544)
• September 24 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1535)
• October 30 – Jacques Amyot, French writer (d. 1593) ^[139]
• December 3 – Lorenzo Strozzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1571) ^[140]
• December 23 – Thomas Smith, English scholar and diplomat (d. 1577) ^[141]
• date unknown
  • Abe Motozane, Japanese general (d. 1587) ^[142]
  • Anna Hogenskild, Swedish lady-in-waiting (d. 1590) ^[143]
  • Michael Baius, Belgian theologian (d. 1589) ^[144]
  • George Cassander, Flemish theologian (d. 1566) ^[145]
  • Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (d. 1537) ^[146]
  • Elisabeth Plainacher, Austrian alleged witch (d. 1583)

1514

Andreas Vesalius

• January 1 – George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, Scottish noble (d. 1562)
• January 23 – Hai Rui, Chinese official of the Ming Dynasty (d. 1587)
• January 27 – Bernardino Maffei, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1553)
• February 8 – Daniele Barbaro, Venetian churchman, diplomat and scholar (d. 1570)
• February 10 – Domenico Bollani, Bishop of Milan (d. 1579)
• February 16 – Georg Joachim Rheticus, Austrian cartographer and scientific instrument maker (d. 1574)
• February 22 – Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran (d. 1576)
• February 22 – Johannes Gigas, German theologian (d. 1581)
• February 26 – Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1573)
• March 8 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1561)
• March 23 – Lorenzino de' Medici, Italian writer and assassin (d. 1548)
• April 2 – Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, Italian condottiero (d. 1574)
• April 5 – Joachim Mörlin, German bishop (d. 1571)
• April 30 – Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross, Scottish prince (d. 1515)
• May 28 – Shimazu Takahisa, daimyō and fifteenth head of the Shimazu clan (d. 1571)
• June 16 – John Cheke, English classical scholar and statesman (d. 1557)
• August 29 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1577)
• September 12 – Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg, (d. 1557)
• September 20 – Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1590)
• September 24 – Prospero Santacroce, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1589)
• October 7 – Queen Inseong, Korean royal consort (d. 1578)
• October 31 – Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (d. 1565)
• November 29 – Andreas Musculus, German theologian (d. 1581)
• November 30 – Andreas Masius, German Catholic priest (d. 1573)
• December 31 – Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (d. 1564)
• date unknown
  • Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (d. 1563)
  • George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, Scottish nobleman (d. 1562)
  • Charles de Mornay, Swedish (originally French) court official, diplomat and royal favorite (d. 1574)
  • John Knox, Scottish clergyman, theologian and writer (d. 1572)
  • Barbara Uthmann, German businessperson (d. 1575)

1515

Sybille of Saxony

Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke

Anne of Cleves

Mary of Bourbon

Mary of Guise

• January 1 – Johann Weyer, Dutch physician (d. 1588)
• February 4 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1565)
• February 14 – Frederick III, Elector Palatine, ruler from the house of Wittelsbach (d. 1576)
• February 18 – Valerius Cordus, German physician, botanist and author (d. 1544)
• March 10 – Injong of Joseon, 12th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (d. 1545)
• March 12 – Caspar Othmayr, German Protestant priest, theologian and composer (d. 1553)
• March 28 – Teresa of Ávila, Spanish Carmelite nun, poet and saint (d. 1582)
• May 2 – Sibylle of Saxony, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1592)
• May 12
  • Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (1550–1568) (d. 1568)
  • Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, Scottish politician and judge (d. 1558)
• June 15 – Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke, English countess (d. 1552)
• July 4 – Eleonora d'Este, Ferranese noblewoman (d. 1575)
• July 10 – Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru (d. 1582)
• July 14 – Philip I, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (d. 1560)
• July 21 – Philip Neri, Italian Roman Catholic saint (d. 1595)
• September 8 – Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish biblical scholar and early Jesuit (d. 1585)
• September 22 – Anne of Cleves, Fourth Queen of Henry VIII of England (d. 1557) ^[147]
• October 4 – Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (d. 1586)
• October 7 – Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, son of King Manuel I of Portugal (d. 1540)
• October 8 – Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archibald Douglas (d. 1578)
• October 15 – Leone Strozzi, French Navy admiral (d. 1554)
• October 29
  • Vincenzo Borghini, Italian monk (d. 1580)
  • Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (d. 1538)
• November 22 – Mary of Guise, queen of James V of Scotland and regent of Scotland (d. 1560) ^[148]
• December 15 – Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1583)
• date unknown
  • Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, Scottish peer (d. 1558)
  • Sebastian Castellio, rector of the College of Geneva (d. 1563)
  • Sehzade Mustafa, First born son of Suleiman the Magnificent by Mahidevran Sultan (d. 1553)
  • Cristóbal Acosta, Portuguese doctor and natural historian (d. 1580)
  • Injong of Joseon, 12th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (d. 1545)
  • Pierre de la Ramée, French humanist scholar (d. 1572)
  • Thomas Seckford, Master of Requests for Elizabeth I of England (d. 1587)
  • Thomas Watson, English Catholic bishop (d. 1584)
• probable
  • Leonard Digges, English mathematician and surveyor (d. c. 1559)
  • Jean Maillard, French composer
  • Laurence Nowell, English antiquarian (d. 1571)
  • Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (d. 1565)
  • Nicholas Throckmorton, English churchman, last abbot of Westminster (d. 1571)
  • John Willock, Scottish reformer (d. 1585)

1516

Margaret Leijonhufvud

Charlotte of Valois

• January 1 – Margaret Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1551) ^[149]
• January 14 – Herluf Trolle, Danish admiral (d. 1565) ^[150]
• January 16 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma (d. 1581)
• February 2 – Girolamo Zanchi, Italian theologian (d. 1590) ^[151]
• February 16 – Prospero Spani, Italian sculptor (d. 1584) ^[152]
• February 18 – Queen Mary I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Queen Catherine of Aragon (d. 1558) ^[153]
• March 15 – Alqas Mirza, Safavid prince (d. 1550) ^[154]
• March 26 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (d. 1565) ^[155]
• April 16 – Tabinshwehti, King of Burma (d. 1550)
• April 23 – Georg Fabricius, Protestant German poet (d. 1571) ^[156]
• June 28 – Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, English courtier and patron of learning (d. 1544) ^[157]
• July 27 – Emilie of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1591) ^[158]
• July 28 – William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (d. 1592) ^[159]
• August 13 – Hieronymus Wolf, German historian (d. 1580) ^[160]
• September 2 – Francis I, Duke of Nevers (d. 1561) ^[161]
• September 21 – Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (d. 1571) ^[162]
• October 23 – Charlotte of Valois, French princess (d. 1524) ^[163]
• October 27 – Ruy Gómez de Silva, Portuguese noble (d. 1573)
• November 5 – Martin Helwig, German cartographer of Silesia (d. 1574) ^[164]
• December 21 – Giuseppe Leggiadri Gallani, Italian poet and dramatist (d. 1590) ^[165]
• date unknown
  • John Foxe, biographer (d. 1587) ^[166]
  • Manco Inca Yupanqui, ruler of the Inca (d. 1544) ^[167]
  • Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (d. 1535) ^[168]
  • Margaretha Coppier, Dutch heroine (d. 1597) ^[169]

1517

Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

Amalia of Cleves

• January 17
  • Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English duke (d. 1554) ^[170]
  • Antonio Scandello, Italian composer (d. 1580) ^[171]
• January 30 – Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis, German theologian (d. 1568) ^[172]
• January 31 – Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian composer (d. 1590) ^[173]
• February 2 – Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1587)
• February 12 – Luigi Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1584) ^[174]
• March 29 – Carlo Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1561) ^[175]
• May 1 – Svante Stensson Sture, Swedish count (d. 1567) ^[176]
• June 18 – Emperor Ōgimachi, Japanese emperor (d. 1593)
• June 29 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish botanist (d. 1585) ^[177]
• July 10 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (d. 1571) ^[178]
• July 16 – Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, English duchess (d. 1559) ^[179]
• July 20 – Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (d. 1604) ^[180]
• July 25 – Jacques Pelletier du Mans, French mathematician (d. 1582) ^[181]
• August 20 – Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, statesman, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1586) ^[182]
• August 23 – Francis I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1545) ^[183]
• September 6 – Francisco de Holanda, Portuguese artist (d. 1585) ^[184]
• October 17 – Amalia of Cleves, German princess and writer (d. 1586) ^[185]
• October 18 – Manuel da Nóbrega, Spanish Catholic priest (d. 1570) ^[186]
• December 15 – Giacomo Gaggini, Italian artist (d. 1598) ^[187]
• date unknown
  • Hayashi Narinaga, Japanese samurai (d. 1605)
  • Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English aristocrat (d. 1547) ^[188]

1518

Sidonie of Saxony

Clara of Saxe-Lauenburg

• February 2
  • Johann Hommel, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1562) ^[189]
  • Godfried van Mierlo, Dutch Dominican friar and bishop (d. 1587) ^[190]
• February 7 – Johann Funck, German theologian (d. 1566) ^[191]
• February 13 – Antonín Brus of Mohelnice, Moravian Catholic archbishop (d. 1580) ^[192]
• February 20 – Georg, Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim, (d. 1569) ^[193]
• February 21 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (d. 1532) ^[194]
• February 28 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Duke of Brittany (d. 1536) ^[195]
• March 8 – Sidonie of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg (d. 1575) ^[196]
• April 22 – Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (d. 1562) ^[197]
• July 3 – Li Shizhen, Chinese physician, pharmacologist and mineralogist (d. 1593)
• August 8 – Conrad Lycosthenes, Alsatian humanist and encyclopedist (d. 1561) ^[198]
• September/October – Tintoretto, Italian painter (d. 1594) ^[199]
• November 26 – Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1564) ^[200]
• December 13 – Clara of Saxe-Lauenburg, Princess of Saxe-Lauenburg and Duchess of Brunswick-Gifhorn by marriage (d. 1576)
• December 17 – Ernest III, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1567)
• December 19 – Enrique de Borja y Aragón, Spanish noble of the House of Borgia (d. 1540) ^[201]
• date unknown
  • James Halyburton, Scottish reformer (d. 1589) ^[202]
  • Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (d. 1581) ^[203]
  • Edmund Plowden, English legal scholar (d. 1585) ^[204]
  • Mayken Verhulst (a.k.a. Marie Bessemers), Flemish artist (d. 1596 or 1599) ^[205]
• possible– Catherine Howard, fifth queen consort of Henry VIII of England (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542) ^[206]

1519

Isabella Jagiellon

Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk

Catherine de' Medici

Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach

• January 1 – Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, Spanish colonial administrator (d. 1593)
• January 18 – Isabella Jagiellon, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1559)
• February 5 – René of Châlon, Prince of the House of Orange (d. 1544)
• February 15 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, first Spanish Governor of Florida (d. 1574)
• February 16 – Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader (d. 1572)
• February 17 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (d. 1563)
• February 19 – Froben Christoph of Zimmern, author of the Zimmern Chronicle (d. 1566)
• March 4
  • Hindal Mirza, Mughal Emperor (d. 1551)
  • Adrian Stokes, English politician (d. 1586)
• March 17 – Thoinot Arbeau, French priest and author (d. 1595)
• March 22 – Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, English noblewoman (d. 1580)
• March 31 – King Henry II of France (d. 1559) ^[207]
• April 13 – Catherine de' Medici, Italian noblewoman, queen consort of Henry II of France and regent of France (d. 1589) ^[208]
• May 27 – Girolamo Mei, Italian humanist historian (d. 1594)
• June 6 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (d. 1603)
• June 12 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
• June 15 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1536)
• June 23 – Johannes Goropius Becanus, Dutch physician, linguist and humanist (d. 1572)
• June 24 – Theodore Beza, French theologian (d. 1605)
• July 20 – Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591) ^[209]
• September 23 – Francis, Count of Enghien, French military leader (d. 1546)
• October 14 – Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Princess of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and by marriage Electress Palatine (d. 1567)
• November 9 – Ogasawara Nagatoki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1583)
• November 22 – Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, German humanist and physician (d. 1585)
• date unknown
  • Janet Beaton, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1569)
  • Nicholas Grimald, English poet (d. 1562)
  • Edwin Sandys, English archbishop (d. 1588)
  • Barbara Thenn, Austrian merchant and Münzmeister (d. 1579)
  • Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese warlord (d. 1560)
  • Paula Vicente, Portuguese artist, musician and writer (d. 1576)
  • Stanisław Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1572)
• probable
  • Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (d. 1579)
  • Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1583)
• possible
  • Catherine Howard, fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England (born between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, and 1519

1510

Juan de la Cosa

Francisco de Almeida

Sandro Botticelli

Catherine Cornaro

Saint Catherine of Genoa

• February 1 – Sidonie of Poděbrady, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1449) ^[210]
• February 28 – Juan de la Cosa, Spanish cartographer and explorer (b. c. 1460) ^[211]
• March 1 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. c. 1450) ^[212]
• March 10 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (b. 1445) ^[213]
• March 12 – Mihnea cel Rău, Prince of Wallachia (b. c. 1460) ^[214]
• May 17 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (b. 1445) ^[215]
• May 25 – Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, aka Monseigneur le Ledat. Adviser to King Louis XII of France. (b. 1460) ^[216]
• July 10 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1454) ^[217]
• July 14 – Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the Scottish throne (b. 1509) ^[218]
• July 27 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian condottiere (b. 1466) ^[219]
• August 17
  • Edmund Dudley, English statesman (b. c. 1462) ^[220]
  • Richard Empson, English statesman ^[220]
• September 15 – Saint Catherine of Genoa (b. 1447) ^[221]
  • September 17 – Giorgione, Italian painter (b. c. 1477) ^[222]
• September 18 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1488) ^[223]
• November 11 – Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer (b. 1461)
• December 2 – Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara (b. 1451) ^{[12] : 68–69}
• December 14 – Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473) ^[224]
• December 31 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1472) ^[225]
• date unknown
  • Agüeybaná, Taino chief ^[226]
  • Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, Italian regent (b. 1478)
  • Mandukhai Khatun, Mongolian queen

1511

Demetrios Chalkokondyles

Oliviero Carafa

Francis of Denmark

• January 9 – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek classical scholar (b. 1424)
• January 20 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1430)
• February 22 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England ^[227]
• April 1 – Francis of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1497)
• April 2 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, German nobleman (b. 1428)
• June 3 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, North African Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa
• June 13 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1445)
• July 2 – Şahkulu, leader of the Şahkulu Rebellion
• July 6 – Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (b. 1443)
• July 12 – Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko (b. 1468)
• August 2 – Andrew Barton, Scottish naval leader (b. c. 1466)
• September 6
  • Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481) ^[228]
  • William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (b. 1455)
• October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)
• November 23
  • Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (b. 1458)
  • Anne of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (b. 1475)
• date unknown
  • Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer
  • Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435)
  • Estefania Carròs i de Mur, Spanish educator (b. 1455)
  • Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482)
  • Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi Dynasty
• probable– Antoine de Févin, French composer (b. c. 1470)

1512

Amerigo Vespucci

Sultan Bayezid II

Alessandro Achillini

• January 2 – Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden since 1504 (b. 1460) ^[21]
• January 30 – Reinhard IV, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1500–1512) (b. 1473)
• February 2 – Hatuey, Puerto Rican Taíno chief
• February 22 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian merchant and cartographer, after whom the Americas are named (b. 1451)
• March 29 – Lucas Watzenrode, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (b. 1447)
• April 11
  • Gaston de Foix, French military commander (b. 1489)
  • Asakura Sadakage, 9th head of the Asakura clan (b. 1473)
• May 21 – Pandolfo Petrucci, ruler of Siena (b. 1452)
• May 26 – Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1447)
• June 20 – Goto Yujo, Japanese swordsman and artisan (b. 1440)
• August 2 – Alessandro Achillini, Italian philosopher (b. 1463)
• August 15 – Imperia Cognati, Italian courtesan (b. 1486)
• September 15 – John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl, Scottish peer (b. 1440)
• September 29 – Johannes Engel, German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (b. 1453) ^[229]
• October 5 – Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Polish princess (b. 1464)
• October 31 – Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg (b. 1437)

1513

Pope Julius II

James IV of Scotland

• January – Hans Folz, German author (b. c. 1437) ^[230]
• January 20 – Helena of Moscow, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and queen consort of Poland (b. 1476) ^[231]
• February 20 – King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (b. 1455) ^[232]
• February 21 – Pope Julius II (b. 1443) ^[233]
• March 10 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English general (b. 1443) ^[234]
• April 24 – Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (executed) (b. 1465) ^[235]
• April 30 – Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, Duke of Suffolk (b. 1471) ^{[236] [237]}
• August 3 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) and Administrator of Halberstadt (b. 1464) ^[238]
• September 9 (killed at the Battle of Flodden)
  • James IV of Scotland (b. 1473) ^[239]
  • George Douglas, Master of Angus (b. 1469) ^[240]
  • William Douglas of Glenbervie (b. 1473) ^[241]
  • William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose, Scottish politician (b. 1464) ^[241]
  • George Hepburn, Scottish bishop ^[242]
  • Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish politician, Lord High Admiral of Scotland ^[241]
  • Adam Hepburn of Craggis ^[243]
  • David Kennedy, 1st Earl of Cassilis, Scottish soldier (b. 1478) ^[241]
  • Alexander Lauder of Blyth, Scottish politician ^[244]
  • Alexander Stewart, Scottish archbishop (b. 1493) ^[244]
  • Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox, Scottish politician (b. 1488) ^[241]
• October 27 – George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, English nobleman
• date unknown
  • Claudine de Brosse, duchess Consort of Savoy (b. 1450) ^[245]
  • Hua Sui, Chinese inventor and printer (b. 1439) ^[246]

1514

Donato Bramante

• January 2 – William Smyth, English bishop and statesman (b. 1460)
• January 9 – Anne of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France and Louis XII of France (b. 1477) ^[247]
• March 11 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (b. 1444) ^[248]
• April 21 – Ichijō Fuyuyoshi, Japanese court noble (b. 1465)
• May 3 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Schleswig and Holstein (b. 1487)
• June 23 – Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1463)
• June 25 – Suster Bertken Dutch anchorite (b. 1426)
• July 20 – György Dózsa, Transylvanian peasant revolt leader (b. 1470)
• October 21 – Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and Count of Veldenz (1489–1514) (b. 1462)
• October 25 – William Elphinstone, Scottish bishop and statesman (b. 1431)
• November 28 – Hartmann Schedel, German cartographer (b. 1440)
• December – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, third son of Henry VIII of England (stillborn)
• date unknown
  • Agnes Fingerin, German philanthropist and businessperson

1515

King Louis XII of France

Afonso de Albuquerque

• January 1 – King Louis XII of France (b. 1462) ^[249]
• February 6 – Aldus Manutius, Venetian printer (b. c. 1449)
• March 16 – Queen Janggyeong, Korean royal consort (b. 1491)
• April 15 – Mikołaj Kamieniecki, Polish nobleman (szlachcic) and first Great Hetman of the Crown (b. 1460)
• June 13 – Alaüddevle Bozkurt, Bey of Anatolian Dulkadir
• September 4 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Bohemian queen (b. 1464)
• September 9 – Joseph Volotsky, caesaropapist ideologist of the Russian Orthodox Church
• October – Bartolomeo d'Alviano, Venetian general (b. 1455)
• November 5 – Mariotto Albertinelli, Italian painter (b. 1474)
• December 2 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general and statesman (b. 1453)
• December 16 – Afonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese naval general (b. 1453)
• December 18 – Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross, Scottish prince (b. 1514)
• date unknown
  • Giovanni Giocondo, Italian friar, architect and classical scholar (b. c. 1433 in Verona)
  • Eoghan Mac Cathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher since 1505
  • Meñli I Giray, khan of the Crimean Khanate (b. 1445)
  • Pietro Lombardo, Italian Renaissance sculptor and architect (b. 1435 in Carona (Ticino))
  • Nezahualpilli, Aztec philosopher (b. 1464)
  • Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador (b. 1466)
• probable– Vincenzo Foppa, Italian Renaissance painter (b. 1430)
  • Quilago, queen regnant of the Cochasquí in Ecuador (b. 1490)

1516

Ferdinand II of Aragon

Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

• January 20 – Juan Díaz de Solís, Spanish navigator and explorer (b. 1470) ^[250]
• January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (b. 1452) ^[251]
• February 4 – Anthony of Supraśl, Polish Orthodox priest and saint ^[252]
• March 13 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (b. 1456) ^[253]
• March 17 – Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, ruler of Florence (b. 1449) ^[254]
• April 25 – John Yonge, English diplomat (b. 1467) ^[255]
• June 14 – King John III of Navarre (b. 1469) ^[256]
• July 10 – Alice FitzHugh, English heir (b. 1448)
• July 30 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count (b. 1455) ^[257]
• August 9 (bur.)– Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter (b. 1450) ^[258]
• August 21 – John III of Egmont, Dutch count (b. 1438)
• August 24 – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, Mamluk sultan (b. c. 1441) ^[259]
• November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Venetian painter (b. 1430) ^[260]
• December 13 – Johannes Trithemius, German scholar and cryptographer (b. 1462) ^[261]
• date unknown– Giuliano da Sangallo, Florentine sculptor and architect (b. 1443) ^[262]

1517

Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal

• January 5 – Francesco Raibolini, Italian painter (b. c. 1450) ^[263]
• January 7 – Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (b. 1454) ^[264]
• January 22 – Hadım Sinan Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1459)
• March 7 – Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (b. 1482) ^{[265] [266]}
• March 26 – Heinrich Isaac, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)
• April 14 – Tuman bay II, last Mamluk sultan of Egypt (b. c. 1476) ^[267]
• June 19 – Luca Pacioli, Mathematician, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci and 'father of accounting' (b. c. 1447) ^[268]
• September 13 – Yunus Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire ^[269]
• September 21 – Dyveke Sigbritsdatter, mistress of Christian II of Denmark (b. 1490)
• September 24 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (b. 1455) ^[270]
• October 31 – Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist (b. 1472) ^[271]
• November 6 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (b. 1445) ^[272]
• November 8 – Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Spanish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1436) ^[273]
• date unknown
  • Badi' al-Zaman, Timurid ruler of Herat ^{[274] [275]}
  • Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, Spanish conquistador ^[276]
  • Marcus Musurus, Greek scholar and philosopher (b. 1470) ^[277]
• probable
  • Gaspar van Weerbeke, Dutch composer (b. 1445) ^[278]

1518

• February 9 – Jean IV de Rieux, Breton noble and Marshal (b. 1447) ^[279]
• May 31 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German margravine (b. 1494) ^[280]
• July 10 – Sibylle of Baden, Countess consort of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1485) ^[281]
• August 16 – Loyset Compère, French composer (b. c. 1445) ^[282]
• August 27 – Joan of Naples, queen consort of Naples (b. 1478) ^[283]
• November 20
  • Marmaduke Constable, English soldier (b. c. 1455) ^[284]
  • Pierre de La Rue, Flemish composer (b. c. 1452) ^[285]
• November 24 – Vannozza dei Cattanei, mistress of Pope Alexander VI (b. 1442) ^[286]
• December – Moxammat Amin of Kazan, khan of Kazan (b. c. 1469) ^[287]
• December 5 – Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Italian military commander (b. c. 1440) ^[288]
• December 27 – Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate (b. c. 1470)
• date unknown
  • Kabir, Indian mystic (b. 1440) ^[289]
  • Oruç Reis, Ottoman corsair, brother of Hayreddin Barbarossa ^[290]
  • Guido Mazzoni, sculptor (b. c. 1445) ^[291]
  • Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din, sultan of Adal (assassinated) (b. c. 1473)
  • Basil Solomon, Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East. ^[292]

1519

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Leonardo da Vinci

• January 12
  • Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1459) ^[293]
  • Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish explorer (b. 1475) ^[294]
• February 6 – Lorenz von Bibra, Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Würzburg (b. 1459)
• March 29 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (b. 1466)
• April 15 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (b. 1448)
• April 18 – Sibylle of Bavaria, Electress Palatine consort (b. 1489)
• May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and artist (b. 1452) ^[295]
• May 4 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (b. 1492) ^[296]
• May 13 – Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (b. 1475)
• June 2 – Philippe de Luxembourg, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1445)
• June 24 – Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (b. 1480) ^[297]
• July 13 – Zhu Youyuan, Ming dynasty politician (b. 1476)
• July 27 – Zanobi Acciaioli, librarian of the Vatican (b. 1461)
• August 11 – Johann Tetzel, German opponent of the Reformation (b. 1465) ^[298]
• August 23 – Philibert Berthelier, Swiss patriot (b. c. 1465)
• September – John Colet, English churchman and educator (b. 1467)
• date unknown
  • William Grocyn, English scholar (b. 1446) ^[299]
  • Ambrosius Holbein, German painter (b. 1494)

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