1474

May 9: The first war crimes trial in history is held in one day as Peter von Hagenbach is tried, convicted and executed.

1474 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1474 MCDLXXIV
Ab urbe condita	2227
Armenian calendar	923 ԹՎ ՋԻԳ
Assyrian calendar	6224
Balinese saka calendar	1395–1396
Bengali calendar	880–881
Berber calendar	2424
English Regnal year	13  Edw. 4  – 14  Edw. 4
Buddhist calendar	2018
Burmese calendar	836
Byzantine calendar	6982–6983
Chinese calendar	癸巳年 (Water  Snake) 4171 or 3964     — to — 甲午年 (Wood  Horse) 4172 or 3965
Coptic calendar	1190–1191
Discordian calendar	2640
Ethiopian calendar	1466–1467
Hebrew calendar	5234–5235
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1530–1531
- Shaka Samvat	1395–1396
- Kali Yuga	4574–4575
Holocene calendar	11474
Igbo calendar	474–475
Iranian calendar	852–853
Islamic calendar	878–879
Japanese calendar	Bunmei 6 (文明６年)
Javanese calendar	1390–1391
Julian calendar	1474 MCDLXXIV
Korean calendar	3807
Minguo calendar	438 before ROC 民前438年
Nanakshahi calendar	6
Thai solar calendar	2016–2017
Tibetan calendar	ཆུ་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ་ (female Water-Snake) 1600 or 1219 or 447     — to — ཤིང་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Wood-Horse) 1601 or 1220 or 448

Year 1474 ( MCDLXXIV ) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 6 – At the age of one year and nine months, Bianca Maria Sforza, the daughter of the Duke of Milan, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, is betrothed to the 9-year-old, Duke of Savoy, Philibert I, as part of an alliance between the two independent Italian duchies. ^[1]
• February 7 – The Hungarian town of Varad is attacked by an Ottoman Empire army of 7,000 cavalry, commanded by General Mihaloğlu Ali Bey, and its inhabitants are taken prisoner. ^[2]
• February 21 – The Treaty of Ófalu is signed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary.
• February 28 – The Treaty of Utrecht puts an end to the Anglo-Hanseatic War, restoring the status quo that had existed before the war, with the Kingdom of England and the states of the Hanseatic League agreeing to respect each other's trading rights. ^[3]
• March 19 – The Senate of the Republic of Venice enacts the Venetian Patent Statute , one of the earliest patent systems in the world. ^[4] New and inventive devices, once put into practice, have to be communicated to the Republic to obtain the right to prevent others from using them. This is considered the first modern patent system. ^[5]

April–June

• April 24 – The members of the Hungarian nobility ratify the treaty with Poland after King Matthias had given his assent on February 27. ^[6]
• May 9 – The first war crimes trial in recorded history begins in Breisach am Rhein in Upper Alsace as the Burgundian general Peter von Hagenbach is put on trial for allowing his troops to murder and rape civilians during the Burgundian Wars. ^[7] The trial is held before a panel of 28 judges drawn from Breibach and surrounding Alsatian towns, and is conducted outside before a large crowd. During the trial, Hagenbach becomes the first known person to raise the "superior orders defense", stating that he was simply following orders made his commanders. After deliberating for a few hours, the judges unanimously find Hagenbach guilty and sentenced to death. ^[8] At the end of his one-day trial, Hagenbach is decapitated. ^[7]
• May 14 – Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, begins peace talks with rebels in the Electorate of Cologne in hopes of bringing an agreement that would make the Electorate a protectorate of Burgundy. The talks fail to get a result and Charles begins a war against Colognian cities a month later. ^[9]
• May 28 – The English royal title of Duke of York is created by King Edward IV for his second-born son, Prince Richard. Thereafter, the title of Duke of York is reserved for the second son of the English monarch, while the title of Prince of Wales is reserved for the first-born son. ^[10]
• June 15 – Venetian captain general Triadan Gritti, with six armed galleys to protect the Albanian coast, destroys Ottoman forces attempting to take over the Albanian kingdom, and forces the others to retreat. ^[11]

July–September

• July 25 – By signing the Treaty of London, Charles the Bold of Burgundy agrees to support Edward IV of England's planned invasion of France. ^[12]
• August 8 – The siege of Shkodra by the Ottoman Empire ends when the city is freed by a combined army of 25,000 troops from the Republic of Venice commanded by Antonio Loredan, supplemented by the Principality of Zeta and Albanian resistance forces. ^[13] Nearly all of the 8,000 Ottoman troops commanded by Hadım Suleiman Pasha are killed.
• August 15 – In the city of Modica on the island of Sicily, a massacre is carried out in the Jewish neighborhood of Cartellone, and 360 Jews are killed in what is later referred to as the "Massacre of the Assumption". ^[14]
• August 26 – James III, the one-year old de jure King of Cyprus, dies 20 days after his first birthday, apparently from malaria. His mother, Catherine Cornaro, who had been serving as regent since her son's birth, becomes the ruling queen of Cyprus. ^{[15] [16]}
• September 21 – Ernest I becomes the new monarch of the independent Principality of Anhalt-Dessau upon the death of his father George I, who had ruled for 69 years. ^[17]

October–December

• October 14 – King Ferdinand of Naples sends his son, Prince Frederick, to Burgundy in hopes of an alliance between the Kingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Burgundy to be secured by Frederick's marriage to Mary of Burgundy, daughter of the Duke, Charles the Bold. The proposal is rejected by Burgundy. ^[18]
• October 26 – In a peace treaty between King Edward IV of England and King James III of Scotland, an agreement is reached for the betrothal and eventual marriage of King Edward's daughter Cecily to King James' eldest son and future King of Scotland, James, Duke of Rothsay. ^[19]
• November 2 – An alliance pact is signed between the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Florence.
• December 12 – Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile, a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile, and her niece Juana, who is supported by her husband, Afonso V of Portugal. Isabella wins the civil war after a lengthy struggle, when her husband, the newly crowned Ferdinand II of Aragon, comes to her aid. ^[20]
• December 14 – Pietro Mocenigo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice 13 days after the death of the Doge Nicolò Marcello. ^[21]
• December 26 – The betrothal of the son of King James III of Scotland and King Edward IV of England is formalized by proxy. After King Edward dies, the planned marriage is called off by the new monarch, Richard III. ^{[22] [19]}

Date unknown

• Marsilio Ficino completes his book Theologia Platonica (Platonic Theology).
• Axayacatl defeats the Matlatzinca of the Toluca Valley.

Births

• January 7 – Thihathura II of Ava (d. 1501)
• March 21 – Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint (d. 1540)
• May 5
  • Juan Diego, Roman Catholic Saint from Mexico (d. 1548)
  • Giovanni Stefano Ferrero, Italian cardinal (d. 1510)
• May 18 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (d. 1539)
• August 6 – Luigi de' Rossi, Italian cardinal (d. 1519)
• September 8 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (d. 1533) ^[23]
• October 6 – Luigi d'Aragona, Italian cardinal (d. 1518)
• October 7 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1536)
• October 13 – Mariotto Albertinelli, High Renaissance Italian painter of the Florentine school (d. 1515)
• November 7 – Lorenzo Campeggio, Italian Cardinal (d. 1539)
• November 8 – Francesco Vettori, Italian diplomat (d. 1539)
• November 11 – Bartolomé de las Casas, Spanish Dominican friar, historian, and social reformer (d. 1566)
• December 24 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (d. 1539)
• date unknown
  • Anacaona, Taino queen and poet (d. 1503)
  • Juan Diego, Mexican Catholic saint (d. 1548)
  • Giacomo Pacchiarotti, Italian painter (d. 1539 or 1540)
  • Cuthbert Tunstall, English bishop and diplomat (d. 1559)
  • Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (d. 1534)
• probable
  • Sebastian Cabot, Venetian explorer (d. c. 1557) ^[24]
  • Edward Guilford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports of England (d. 1534)
  • Stephen Hawes, English poet (d. c. 1521)
  • Sir John Seymour, English courtier (d. 1536)
  • Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England (d. 1499)

Deaths

Eric II, Duke of Pomerania died 5 July

Ali Qushji died 16 December

• January 3 – Pietro Riario, Catholic cardinal (b. 1447)
• March 22 – Iacopo III Appiani, Prince of Piombino (b. 1422)
• April 14 – Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1414)
• April 30 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (b. 1456)
• May 4 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (b. 1407)
• May 9
  • Alfonso Vázquez de Acuña, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Jaén and Bishop of Mondoñedo (b. 1474)
  • Peter von Hagenbach, Alsatian knight and ruler (b. 1423)
• May 11 – John Stanberry, Bishop of Hereford ^[25]
• May 14 – Ch'oe Hang, Korean politician (b. 1409)
• July 5 – Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (b. 1418)
• July 9 – Isotta degli Atti, Italian Renaissance woman (b. 1432)
• July 18 – Mahmud Pasha Angelović, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1420)
• August 1 – Walter Blount, 1st Baron Mountjoy, English politician (b. 1416)
• August 16 – Ricciarda of Saluzzo (b. 1410)
• August 26 – James III of Cyprus (b. 1473)
• September 21 – George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1390)
• October 1 – Juan Pacheco, Spanish noble and politician (b. 1419)
• November – William Canynge, English merchant (b. c. 1399)
• November 27 – Guillaume Dufay, Flemish composer (b. 1397) ^[26]
• December 1 – Nicolò Marcello, Doge of Venice (b. 1397)
• December 11 – King Henry IV of Castile (b. 1425) ^[27]
• December 16 – Ali Qushji, Ottoman astronomer and mathematician (b. 1403)
• date unknown
  • Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Portuguese chronicler (b. c. 1410)
  • Antoinette de Maignelais, French royal favorite (b. 1434)
  • Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama (b. 1391)
• probable
  • Walter Frye, English composer
  • Jehan de Waurin, French chronicler

References

1. Lubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan Under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press. p. 18.
2. Bunyitay Vincze (1883–1884). A váradi püspökség története [History of the Episcopate of Várad] (in Hungarian). Nagyvárad, Hungary: Episcopate of Várad. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
3. Charles D. Stanton, Medieval Maritime Warfare (Pen & Sword Maritime, 2015) ISBN 9781526782199/251-9
4. Ladas, Stephen Pericles (1975). Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection, Volume 1. Harvard University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN   978-0-674-65775-5.
5. Schippel, Helmut (2001). "Die Anfänge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig". In Lindgren, Uta (ed.). Europäische Technik im Mittelalter, 800 bis 1400: Tradition und Innovation (4. ed.). Berlin: Wolfgang Pfaller. pp. 539–550. ISBN   3-7861-1748-9.
6. József Köblös; Szilárd Süttő; Katalin Szende (2000). "1474. Lengyel-magyar békekötés (Ófalui béke)" [1474. Polish-Hungarian peace conclusion (peace of Ófalu)]. Magyar Békeszerződések 1000–1526[Hungarian peace treaties 1000–1526] (in Hungarian). Pápa, Hungary: Jókai Mór Városi Könyvtár. pp. 198–206. ISBN   963-00-3094-2.
7. "The Trial of Peter von Hagenbach: Reconciling History, Historiography, and International Criminal Law", by Gregory S. Gordon, in An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, ed. by William A. Schabas, (Cambridge University Press, Third Edition, 2007) pp. 30-36 ISBN 978-0-521-88125-8
8. An Introduction to the International Criminal Court William A. Schabas, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition
9. Williams, Gareth (2014). "Fools Rush In: Charles the Bold and the Siege of Neuss". Medieval Warfare. 4 (4). Karwansaray BV: 22–26. eISSN   2589-3548. ISSN   2211-5129. JSTOR   48578371.
10. Watson, Bruce; White, William (2016). "Anne Mowbray, Duchess of York: A 15th-century child burial from the abbey of St Clare, in the London Boroush of Tower Hamlets" (PDF). London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Transactions. 67: 229.
11. Božić, Ivan (1979), Nemirno pomorje XV veka [Troubled Seas, vol. 15] (in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, p. 380, OCLC   5845972
12. Lander, J. R. (1981). Government and Community: England, 1450–1509. Harvard University Press. p. 287. ISBN   978-0-674-35794-5.
13. George Merula, www.albanianhistory.net/texts15/AH1474.html The War of Shkodra (1474), translated by Robert Elsie (2013)
14. "Itinerario 'I Quartieri' - Modica.it".
15. Fileti, Felice (2009). I Lusignan di Cipro (in Italian). Florence: Atheneum.
16. Luke, Harry (1975). "The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369—1489". In Setton, K. M.; Hazard, H. W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 389.
17. "George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau - Biographische Kurzfassungen von bekannten Personen". MyHeritage (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-27.
18. Walsh, Richard J. (2005). Charles the Bold and Italy (1467–1477): Politics and Personnel. Liverpool Historical Studies. Vol. 19. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 304. ISBN   9781846312809.
19. Everett Green, Mary Anne (1851). Lives of the Princesses of England. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longman and Robers. p. 405.
20. da Costa Dominguez, Rodrigo; Triano-Milán, José Manuel (2023). "The Price of the Throne: Public Finances in Portugal and Castile and the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–9)". Journal of Medieval History. 49: 93–110. doi:10.1080/03044181.2022.2155988. hdl: 10630/26215 . ISSN   0304-4181. S2CID   255174977.
21.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mocenigo". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
22. Bloks, Moniek (2020-10-05). "Cecily of York - Daughter of York (Part one)". History of Royal Women. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
23. Peter G. Bietenholz; Thomas Brian Deutscher (1 January 2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. University of Toronto Press. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-8020-8577-1.
24. Plinio Prioreschi (1996). A History of Medicine: Renaissance medicine. Horatius Press. p. 65. ISBN   978-1-888456-06-6.
25. Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society (1867). Transactions of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society. Exeter, England: EDAAS. p. 218.
26. Reinhard Strohm (17 February 2005). The Rise of European Music, 1380–1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN   978-0-521-61934-9.
27. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. p. 733. ISBN   978-0-85229-961-6.