1391

1391 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1391 MCCCXCI
Ab urbe condita	2144
Armenian calendar	840 ԹՎ ՊԽ
Assyrian calendar	6141
Balinese saka calendar	1312–1313
Bengali calendar	797–798
Berber calendar	2341
English Regnal year	14  Ric. 2  – 15  Ric. 2
Buddhist calendar	1935
Burmese calendar	753
Byzantine calendar	6899–6900
Chinese calendar	庚午年 (Metal  Horse) 4088 or 3881     — to — 辛未年 (Metal  Goat) 4089 or 3882
Coptic calendar	1107–1108
Discordian calendar	2557
Ethiopian calendar	1383–1384
Hebrew calendar	5151–5152
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1447–1448
- Shaka Samvat	1312–1313
- Kali Yuga	4491–4492
Holocene calendar	11391
Igbo calendar	391–392
Iranian calendar	769–770
Islamic calendar	793–794
Japanese calendar	Meitoku 2 (明徳２年)
Javanese calendar	1304–1305
Julian calendar	1391 MCCCXCI
Korean calendar	3724
Minguo calendar	521 before ROC 民前521年
Nanakshahi calendar	−77
Thai solar calendar	1933–1934
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Iron-Horse) 1517 or 1136 or 364     — to — ལྕགས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Iron-Sheep) 1518 or 1137 or 365

Year 1391 ( MCCCXCI ) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–December

• June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain. ^[1] Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
• July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia. ^[2]

Date unknown

• Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire. ^[3]
• Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
• Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.
• Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
• A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
• Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
• Roman I succeeds Petru, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).
• Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
• Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
• The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.
• Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
• The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula. ^[4]
• The Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in the Nanjing area.

Births

• June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
• July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
• October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
• November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
• Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
• Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)

Deaths

• January 16 – Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
• February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
• March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
• November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
• Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
• date unknown
  • Petru, Prince of Moldavia
  • Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)

References

1. Freund, Scarlett; Ruiz (1994). "Jews, Conversos, and the Inquisition in Spain, 1391–1492: The Ambiguities of History". In Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (eds.). Jewish-Christian Encounters Over the Centuries: Symbiosis, Prejudice, Holocaust, Dialogue. P. Lang. pp. 169–195. ISBN   978-0-8204-2082-0.
2. Tucker, Spencer C. (December 23, 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 428. ISBN   978-1-85109-672-5.
3. Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425); a study in late Byzantine statesmanship. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. xxiv. ISBN   0-8135-0582-8. OCLC   11370.
4. Grendler, Paul F. (September 29, 2004). The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. JHU Press. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-8018-8055-1.