1438

1438 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1438 MCDXXXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2191
Armenian calendar	887 ԹՎ ՊՁԷ
Assyrian calendar	6188
Balinese saka calendar	1359–1360
Bengali calendar	844–845
Berber calendar	2388
English Regnal year	16  Hen. 6  – 17  Hen. 6
Buddhist calendar	1982
Burmese calendar	800
Byzantine calendar	6946–6947
Chinese calendar	丁巳年 (Fire  Snake) 4135 or 3928     — to — 戊午年 (Earth  Horse) 4136 or 3929
Coptic calendar	1154–1155
Discordian calendar	2604
Ethiopian calendar	1430–1431
Hebrew calendar	5198–5199
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1494–1495
- Shaka Samvat	1359–1360
- Kali Yuga	4538–4539
Holocene calendar	11438
Igbo calendar	438–439
Iranian calendar	816–817
Islamic calendar	841–842
Japanese calendar	Eikyō 10 (永享１０年)
Javanese calendar	1353–1354
Julian calendar	1438 MCDXXXVIII
Korean calendar	3771
Minguo calendar	474 before ROC 民前474年
Nanakshahi calendar	−30
Thai solar calendar	1980–1981
Tibetan calendar	阴火蛇年 (female Fire-Snake) 1564 or 1183 or 411     — to — 阳土马年 (male Earth-Horse) 1565 or 1184 or 412

Year 1438 ( MCDXXXVIII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–December

• January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary.
• January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna.
• January 10 – The Council of Florence opens in Ferrara.
• February 2 – The Unio Trium Nationum pact is established in Transylvania.
• February 10 – All Souls' College is founded in the University of Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry VI of England as a graduate institution. ^[1]
• March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany.
• April 14 – The County of Holland declares war on several cities of the Hanseatic League, triggering the Dutch–Hanseatic War. ^[2]
• July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges , giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.
• September 13 – Afonso V becomes King of Portugal.
• October
  • Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden, as Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.
  • The siege of Brescia in Italy by the condottieri troops of Niccolò Piccinino, begun on July 11, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.

Date unknown

• According to John Rowe's chronology, Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu). ^[3]
• At 95 years of age, Nang Keo Phimpha becomes queen of Lan Xang for a few months before being deposed and killed.
• Just two years after the Ming dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and prohibit all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. The illegal mining of silver is now an offense punishable by death; although it becomes a dangerous affair, the high demand for silver also makes it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continue to mine.
• The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

Births

• February 5
  • Margaret of Bourbon, French noble (d. 1483)
  • Philip II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1497)
• February 12 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (d. 1477)
• March 23 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo, Italian noble (d. 1504)
• April 3 – John III of Egmont, Dutch noble (d. 1516)
• September 7 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1458–1471) (d. 1471)
• December 1 – Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, son of Charles I (d. 1503)
• date unknown– Husayn Bayqarah, Timurid ruler of Herat (d. 1506)
• probable– Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, English nobleman and military commander during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1471) ^[4]

Deaths

• April 24 – Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel (b. 1429)
• September 9 – Edward, King of Portugal (b. 1391)
• October 16 – Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383)
• October 20 – Jacopo della Quercia, Sienese sculptor (b. c. 1374)

References

1. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN   978-0-7126-5616-0.
2. Vaughan, Richard (2004). Philip the Good (reprinted new ed.). Boydell Press. p. 92. ISBN   978-0-85115-917-1.
3. Julian Haynes Steward (1947). Handbook of South American Indians: The Andean civilizations. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 205.
4. Trevor Royle (2009). The Road to Bosworth Field: A New History of the Wars of the Roses. Little, Brown. p. 454. ISBN   978-0-316-72767-9.