List of Mamluk sultans

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Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate
Citadel of Salah el deen al ayoubi 03.JPG
The Cairo Citadel, the seat of power of the Mamluk sultans
Details
Last monarch Tuman bay II
Formation1250
Abolition 1517
Residence Cairo

The following is a list of Mamluk sultans. The Mamluk Sultanate was founded in 1250 by mamluks of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and it succeeded the Ayyubid state. It was based in Cairo and for much of its history, the territory of the sultanate spanned Egypt, Syria and parts of Anatolia, Upper Mesopotamia and the Hejaz. The sultanate ended with the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1517.

Contents

The Mamluk period is generally divided into two periods, the Bahri and Burji periods. The Bahri sultans were predominantly of Turkic origins, while the Burji sultans were predominantly ethnic Circassians. While the first three Mamluk sultans, Aybak, his son al-Mansur Ali, and Qutuz, are generally considered part of the Bahri dynasty, they were not part of the Bahriyya mamluk regiment and opposed the political interests of the Bahriyya. [1] The first sultan to come from the Bahriyya's ranks was Baybars. [1] The Burji mamluks usurped the throne in 1382 with the accession of Sultan Barquq. The 34th sultan, al-Musta'in Billah, was also the Mamluk Abbasid caliph and was installed in power by the Burji emirs as a figurehead. [2]

List of sultans

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qalawun</span> Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r.1279–1290)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aybak</span> Sultan of Egypt (1197–1257)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barquq</span> Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1382 to 1389 and 1390 to 1399

Al-Malik Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq was the first Sultan of the Circassian Mamluk Burji dynasty of Egypt ruling from 1382 to 1389 and 1390 to 1399. Born to a Christian father in Circassia, Barquq was enslaved and later arrived in Egypt. He deposed sultan al-Salih Hajji to claim the throne for himself. Once in power, he placed many of his family members in positions of power. Rebelling governors in 1389 restored Hajji to the throne but Barquq was able to reclaim the throne shortly after and ruled until his death in 1399 and was succeeded by his son. The name Barquq is of Circassian origin and is his birth name.

Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr, better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr, was a Bahri Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1341. From an early age, Abu Bakr received military training in the desert town of al-Karak. His father, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad, groomed him as a potential successor to the throne and made him an emir in 1335. He was consistently promoted in the following years, becoming the na'ib (governor) of al-Karak in 1339. In June 1341, he became sultan, the first of several sons of an-Nasir Muhammad to accede to the throne. However, his reign was short-lived; in August, Abu Bakr was deposed and arrested by his father's senior emir, Qawsun. Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus, along with many of his brothers, and executed on Qawsun's orders two months later. He was formally succeeded by his younger half-brother, al-Ashraf Kujuk, but Qawsun was left as the strongman of the sultanate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamluk Sultanate</span> State in Egypt, Hejaz and the Levant (1250–1517)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Ashraf Sha'ban</span> Sultan of Mamluk Egypt

Al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Sha'ban ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الأشرف زين الدين شعبان, lit. 'The Most Noble, Grace of the Faith, Father of Excellence, Sha'ban son of Husayn, son of Muhammad, son of Qalawun', better known as al-Ashraf Sha'ban (السلطان شعبان or Sha'ban II, was a Mamluk sultan of the Bahri dynasty in 1363–1377. He was a grandson of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. He had two sons who succeeded him: al-Mansur Ali and as-Salih Hajji.

Al-Nasir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Nasir Ahmad, was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt, ruling from January to June 1342. A son of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, he became embroiled in the volatile succession process following his father's death in 1341. Al-Nasir Ahmad lived much of his life in the desert fortress of al-Karak in Transjordan and was reluctant to assume the sultanate in Cairo, preferring al-Karak, where he was closely allied with the inhabitants of the city and the Bedouin tribes in its vicinity. His Syrian partisans, emirs Tashtamur and Qutlubugha al-Fakhri, successfully maneuvered to bring Syria under al-Nasir Ahmad's official control, while sympathetic emirs in Egypt were able to oust the Mamluk strongman Emir Qawsun and his puppet sultan, the five-year-old half-brother of al-Nasir Ahmad, al-Ashraf Kujuk. Al-Nasir Ahmad eventually assumed the sultanate after frequently delaying his departure to Egypt.

As-Salih Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il, better known as as-Salih Isma'il, was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt between June 1342 and August 1345. He was the fourth son of an-Nasir Muhammad to succeed the latter as sultan. His reign saw a level of political stability return to the sultanate. Under his orders or those close to him, his two predecessors and brothers, al-Ashraf Kujuk and an-Nasir Ahmad, were killed. He was succeeded by another brother, al-Kamil Sha'ban.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Muzaffar Hajji</span> Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt

Al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Muzaffar Hajji, was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt. He was also the sixth son of an-Nasir Muhammad to hold office, ruling from September 1346 and December 1347. He was known for his love of sports and pigeon racing, acts which led to frustration among the senior Mamluk emirs who believed he neglected the duties of office and spent extravagant sums on gambling. His reign ended when he was killed in a confrontation with Mamluk conspirators outside of Cairo.

Al-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Nasir Hasan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, and the seventh son of al-Nasir Muhammad to hold office, reigning twice in 1347–1351 and 1354–1361. During his first reign, which he began at age 12, senior Mamluk emirs formerly belonging to al-Nasir Muhammad, dominated his administration, while al-Nasir Hasan played a ceremonial role. He was toppled in 1351 when he attempted to assert executive authority to the chagrin of the senior emirs. He was reinstated three years later during a coup against his brother Sultan al-Salih Salih by emirs Shaykhu and Sirghitmish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qawsun</span>

Sayf ad-Din Qawsun ibn Abdullah an-Nasiri as-Saqi, commonly known as Qawsun was a prominent Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad, al-Mansur Abu Bakr and al-Ashraf Kujuk.

Qutlubugha al-Fakhri was a Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad, al-Mansur Abu Bakr, al-Ashraf Kujuk and an-Nasir Ahmad. Qutlubugha had been purchased by an-Nasir Muhammad, who promoted him to the highest Mamluk military rank. He was demoted and exiled to Syria under the protection of Emir Tankiz in 1327 after an-Nasir Muhammad held him responsible for an incident which could have potentially caused a mutiny of Qutlubugha's mamluks against the sultan.

Shams al-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar al-Salihi was the Mamluk viceroy of Damascus in 1279–1280, who attempted to rule Syria independently, in a rebellion against the Egypt-based sultan Qalawun. While the rebellion in Damascus was quashed in 1280, Sunqur ensconced himself in the Sahyun Castle in the coastal mountains of northern Syria. He joined Qalawun in the successful defense of Syria against the Ilkhanid Mongols at the Battle of Homs in 1281. He remained in a state of peaceful relations with the sultan, despite ruling his coastal principality independently.

The history of the Mamluk Sultanate, an empire based in Egypt and Syria, spans the period between the mid-13th century, with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt, and 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Mamluk history is generally divided into the Turkic or Bahri period (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji period (1382–1517), called after the predominant ethnicity or corps of the ruling Mamluks during these respective eras.

References

  1. 1 2 Northrup 1998, pp. 69–70.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Griffith, Francis Llewellyn; and several more (1911). "Egypt/3 History"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 09 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–130, see pages 100 to 103. Kalā'ūn....Malik al-Nāṣir....Mongol Wars....Decline of the Bahri power....Timur in Syria....Wars with European Powers....Early relations with Turkey....The Turkish conquest
  3. 1 2 Northrup 1998, p. 69.
  4. ↑ Northrup 1998, p. 70.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers. McFarland & Company. p. 86. ISBN   9780786425624.
  6. 1 2 Hathaway, Jane (2003). Tale of Two Factions, A: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. State University of New York Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN   9780791486108.
  7. 1 2 Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 250.
  8. ↑ Northrup 1998, p. 71.
  9. ↑ Thorau, Peter (1992). The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century. Longman. p. 261. ISBN   9780582068230.
  10. ↑ Holt 2004, p. 99.
  11. ↑ Yosef 2012b, p. 394.
  12. 1 2 3 Northrup, ed. Petry 1998, p. 252.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Yosef 2012b, p. 396.
  14. ↑ Tarikh, Volumes 5-6: Peoples and Kingdoms of West Africa in the Pre-Colonial Period. Longman. 1974. p. 9. ISBN   9780582608733.
  15. 1 2 3 Drory 2006, p. 20.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bauden 2009, p. 63.
  17. ↑ Levanoni 1995, p. 102.
  18. 1 2 3 Drory 2006, p. 24.
  19. ↑ Drory 2006, p. 28.
  20. ↑ Holt, eds. Vermeulen and De Smet, p. 319.
  21. ↑ Al-Harithy, Howayda (2005). "Female Patronage of Mamluk Architecture in Cairo". In Sonbol, Amira El Azhary (ed.). Beyond The Exotic: Women's Histories In Islamic Societies. Syracuse University Press. p. 332. ISBN   9780815630555.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 293.
  23. ↑ Natho, Kadir I. (2010). Circassian History. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1441523884
  24. ↑ Levanoni, eds. Winter and Levanoni 2004, p. 82.
  25. ↑ Ali, Abdul (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Private Limited. p. 64. ISBN   9788175330085.
  26. ↑ Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 295.
  27. ↑ Dobrowolski, Jarosław (2001). The Living Stones of Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. p. 60. ISBN   9789774246326.
  28. ↑ Mayer, L. A. (1933). Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey. Clarendon Press. p.  127.
  29. ↑ Garcin, ed. Petry 1998, p. 297.
  30. 1 2 Petry 1994, p. 20.

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