 |
The Assyrian calendar (Syriac : ܣܘܼܪܓܵܕ݂ܵܐ ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐsūrgāḏā ʾĀṯōrāyā) is a solar calendar used by modern Assyrian people.
| |
The Assyrian calendar (Syriac : ܣܘܼܪܓܵܕ݂ܵܐ ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐsūrgāḏā ʾĀṯōrāyā) is a solar calendar used by modern Assyrian people.
Historically and also in some sources in the modern day, Assyrians dated their calendar according to the Seleucid era (Syriac : ܕܝܲܘܢܵܝܹ̈ܐd-yawnāyē, literally "of the Greeks"), beginning on the first day of Tešrīn Qḏīm in 312 BC. [1]
The modern Assyrian calendar, however, uses a different reckoning: 4750 BC was set as its first year in the 1950s, [2] based on a series of articles published in the Assyrian nationalist magazine Gilgamesh; the first came in 1952 and written by Nimrod Simono and dealt with the Akitu festival, then an article by Jean Alkhas in 1955 (April, issue 34) fixed the year 4750 BC as the starting point. [3] Alkhas referenced his information to a French archaeologist, whom he did not name, as stating that a cuneiform tablet dating to 4750 BC mentioned the year of the calming of the great flood and beginning of life. [4]
The year begins with the first sight of Spring. In the Julian calendar, the vernal equinox moved gradually away from 21 March. The Gregorian calendar reform restored the vernal equinox to its original date, but since the festival was by now tied to the date, not the astronomical event, Kha b-Nisan remains fixed at 21 March in the Julian reckoning, corresponding to 1 April in the Gregorian calendar. [5] and the calendar adopted by the ancient Assyrians had the month "Nisan" at the beginning of the calendar [6] lending to the term "Kha b-Nisan", or the "first of Nisan".
| Season | Syriac | Transliteration | Arabic Julian/Gregorian equivalent | Hebrew calendar equivalent | Hebrew Julian/Gregorian equivalent | English Julian/Gregorian equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | ܐܵܕܲܪ | ʾĀḏar | آذَار (ʾĀḏār) | אֲדָר (ʾĂḏār) | מֵרְץ (Mērṣ) | March |
| ܢܝܼܣܵܢ | Nīsān | نَيْسَان (Naysān) | נִיסָן (Nīsān) | אַפְּרִיל (ʾAprīl) | April | |
| ܐܝܼܵܪ | ʾĪyār | أَيَّار (ʾAyyār) | אִיָּר (ʾĪyyār) | מַאי (Máy) | May | |
| Summer | ܚܙܝܼܪܵܢ | Ḥzīrān | حَزِيرَان (Ḥazīrān) | סִיוָן (Sīwān) | יוּנִי (Yūnī) | June |
| ܬܲܡܘܼܙ | Tammūz | تَمُّوز (Tammūz) | תַּמּוּז (Tammūz) | יוּלִי (Yūlī) | July | |
| ܐܵܒ\ܛܲܒܵܚ | ʾĀb/Ṭabbāḥ | آب (ʾĀb) | אָב (ʾĀḇ) | אוֹגוּסְט (ʾÔḡūsṭ) | August | |
| Autumn | ܐܝܼܠܘܼܠ | ʾĪlūl | أَيْلُول (ʾAylūl) | אֱלוּל (ʾĔlūl) | סֶפְּטֶמְבֶּר (Sepṭember) | September |
| ܬܸܫܪܝܼܢ ܐ | Tešrīn Qḏīm | تِشْرِين ٱلْأَوَّل (Tišrīn al-ʾAwwal) | תִּשׁרִי (Tišrī) | אוֹקְטוֹבֶּר (ʾÔqṭôber) | October | |
| ܬܸܫܪܝܼܢ ܒ | Tešrīn [ʾ]Ḥrāy | تِشْرِين ٱلثَّانِي (Tišrīn aṯ-Ṯānī) | מַרְחֶשְׁוָן (Marḥešwān) | נוׁבֶמְבֶּר (Nôḇember) | November | |
| Winter | ܟܵܢܘܿܢ ܐ | Kānōn Qḏīm | كَانُون ٱلْأَوَّل (Kānūn al-ʾAwwal) | כִּסְלֵו (Kislēw) | דֵּצֶמְבֶּר (Dēṣember) | December |
| ܟܵܢܘܿܢ ܒ | Kānōn [ʾ]Ḥrāy | كَانُون ٱلثَّانِي (Kānūn aṯ-Ṯānī) | טֵבֵת (Ṭēḇēṯ) | יָנוּאָר (Yānūʾār) | January | |
| ܫܒ݂ܵܛ | Šḇāṭ | شُبَاط (Šubāṭ) | שְׁבָט (Šḇāṭ) | פֶבְּרוּאָר (P̱ebrūʾār) | February | |
A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator. On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise "due east" and set "due west". This occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September.
The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year. The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh people.
A moveable feast is an observance in a Christian liturgical calendar which occurs on different dates in different years.
The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1. This was also the first day of the year in the original Julian calendar and the Roman calendar.
The zodiac is a belt-shaped region of the sky that extends approximately 8° north and south of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. Also within this zodiac belt appear the Moon and the brightest planets, along their orbital planes. The zodiac is divided along the ecliptic into 12 equal parts ("signs"), each occupying 30° of celestial longitude. These signs roughly correspond to the astronomical constellations with the following modern names: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.
In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured.
A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the Sun relative to the stars. The Gregorian calendar, widely accepted as a standard in the world, is an example of a solar calendar. The main other types of calendar are lunar calendar and lunisolar calendar, whose months correspond to cycles of Moon phases. The months of the Gregorian calendar do not correspond to cycles of the Moon phase.
The Iranian calendar or Iranian chronology are a succession of calendars created and used for over two millennia in Iran, also known as Persia. One of the longest chronological records in human history, the Iranian calendar has been modified many times for administrative purposes. The most influential person in laying the frameworks for the calendar and its precision was the 11th century Persian polymath, Omar Khayyam. The modern Iranian calendar is currently the official civil calendar in Iran.
Adherents of Zoroastrianism use three distinct versions of traditional calendars for liturgical purposes. Those all derive from medieval Iranian calendars and ultimately are based on the Babylonian calendar as used in the Achaemenid empire. Qadimi ("ancient") is a traditional reckoning introduced in 1006. Shahanshahi ("imperial") is a calendar reconstructed from the 10th century text Denkard. Fasli is a term for a 1906 adaptation of the 11th century Jalali calendar following a proposal by Kharshedji Rustomji Cama made in the 1860s.
As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as computus. Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon. Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified.
Spring, also known as springtime, is one of the four temperate seasons, succeeding winter and preceding summer. There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures and customs. When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. At the spring equinox, days and nights are approximately twelve hours long, with daytime length increasing and nighttime length decreasing as the season progresses until the Summer Solstice in June and December.
The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar used in Mesopotamia from around the 2nd millennium BC until the Seleucid Era, and it was specifically used in Babylon from the Old Babylonian Period until the Seleucid Era. The civil lunisolar calendar was used contemporaneously with an administrative calendar of 360 days, with the latter used only in fiscal or astronomical contexts. The lunisolar calendar descends from an older Sumerian calendar used in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC.
A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one epoch of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, it is the year 2024 as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era.
Birkat Hachama refers to a rare Jewish blessing that is recited to the Creator, thanking God for creating the sun. The blessing is recited when the Sun completes its cycle every 28 years on a Tuesday at sundown. Jewish tradition says that when the Sun completes this cycle, it has returned to its position when the world was created. Because the blessing needs to be said when the Sun is visible, the blessing is postponed to the following day, on Wednesday morning.
The March equinox or northward equinox is the equinox on the Earth when the subsolar point appears to leave the Southern Hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from Earth. The March equinox is known as the vernal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and as the autumnal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.
The controversy over the correct date for Easter began in Early Christianity as early as the 2nd century AD. Discussion and disagreement over the best method of computing the date of Easter Sunday has been ongoing ever since and remains unresolved. Different Christian denominations continue to celebrate Easter on different dates, with Eastern and Western Christian churches being a notable example.
The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year.
Kha b-Nisan, Ha b-Nisin, or Ha b-Nison, also known as Resha d-Sheta and as Akitu (ܐܟܝܬܘ), or Assyrian New Year, is the spring festival among the indigenous Assyrians of northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran, celebrated on the first day of April.
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull Inter gravissimas issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun.
Tishri-years, often called the Jewish Civil Calendar, is an ancient calendar system used in Israel/Judea, and the Jewish diaspora. It is based on, and is a variation of, the Nisan-years, which is often called the Jewish Religious Calendar. Tishri-years is similar to, and sometimes equivalent to, the Ancient Macedonian calendar used by the Hellenistic empires. They are all lunisolar years beginning from Autumn, but could differ by a month.
| Systems | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In wide use | |||||||
In more limited use |
| ||||||
| Historical | |||||||
| By specialty |
| ||||||
| Reform proposals | |||||||
Displays and applications | |||||||
Year naming and numbering |
| ||||||
| Fictional | |||||||
