The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a 5-year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with 12 lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. It is the most important piece of evidence enabling the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar.
The calendar was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a life-size bronze statue of a nude male holding a spear, likely meant to portray Mars, the Roman god of war.[1] Approximately 40% of the original calendar remains in the form of fragments. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally 134.8cm wide by 78.0cm high. With the rim attached the plate measured 52 by 32 unciae Drusianae (2.75cm to the uncia). It is written in the Gaulish language with the Latin alphabet, using Roman square capitals and Roman numerals. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque likely dates to the end of the second century CE, although copying errors indicate that the calendar itself is much older.[2] It is now held at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvière.
Bronze statue, possibly of Roman Mars, found with the Coligny calendar, reconstituted by A. André.
Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double-shrine of Villards-d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar[3] that the Coligny calendar does, but otherwise has the same notations. It is now held in the Musée d'Archéologie du Jura at Lons-le-Saunier.
List of months
Detail of Samonios (year 1).
The names of the twelve lunar year months are reconstructed as Samonios, Dumannios, Rivros, Anagantios, Ogronios, Cutios, Giamonios, Simivisonnios, Equos, Elembivios, Edrinios, and Cantlos. The names occur in the genitive form SAMONI, DUMANNI, RIVRI, etc. in the internal notations of the calendar. The name of the first intercalary month may be listed at the end of the month as QUIMON, possibly for Quimonios, the second is reconstructed as ...antaran, starting with either B, R or S.
Samonios refers to summer (Gaulish samo-,< *sṃHo-3)[4]:267 while Giamonios refers to winter (Gaulish giamo-). These two months divide the calendar into summer and winter seasons of six months, each season led off by a festival of several days marked with IVOS. This indicates an early version of the same traditional seasons as seen in later Celtic contexts: "For two divisions were formerly on the year, viz., summer from Beltaine (the first of May), and winter from Samuin to Beltaine".[5]
Allowing for variations between lunar and solar years and aligning the month names to the solar year's seasons, Samonios may have begun on the first quarter moon around May–June[citation needed]; if aligned to the modern Gaelic festivals Beltane, Lughnasadh, Samhain and Imbolc, Samonios might have begun around on the first quarter moon around April—May.
The Coligny calendar as reconstructed consisted of 16 columns and 4 rows, with two intercalary months given half a column each, resulting in a table of the 62 months of the 5-year cycle. Whether the 5 years of the calendar plaque is part of a Metonic cycle of 19 year or 30-year cycle, the full length of the calendar is still debated.
IC1 01
RIV 04
GIA 08
AED 12
RIV 16
GIA 20
AED 24
RIV 28
IC2 32
EQV 35
SAM 39
OGR 43
EQV 47
SAM 51
OGR 55
EQU 59
ANA 05
SIM 09
CAN 13
ANA 17
SIM 21
CAN 25
ANA 29
ELE 36
DVM 40
CVT 44
ELE 48
DVM 52
CVT 56
ELE 60
SAM 02
OGR 06
EQV 10
SAM 14
OGR 18
EQV 22
SAM 26
OGR 30
GIA 33
AED 37
RIV 41
GIA 45
AED 49
RIV 53
GIA 57
AED 61
DVM 03
CVT 07
ELE 11
DVM 15
CVT 19
ELE 23
DVM 27
CVT 31
SIM 34
CAN 38
ANA 42
SIM 46
CAN 50
ANA 54
SIM 58
CAN 62
Each lunar year has 12 lunar months, six 30 day months, five 29 days months and a 29/30 day variable month. As a synodic month has 29.53 days, the calendar may overcome any slight slippage or temporary imbalance by removing a day from a 30 day Equos month.[b] The length of Equos may have been decided by the sighting of the first quarter moon, which start months in the calendar.
The first intercalary month appears in year 1 at the start of the year, and the second appears in year 3 in the middle of the year, between Cutios and Giamonios. The second month has 30 days, the first is contested on whether it has 29 or 30 days. Intercalary months have a set pattern for copying days from months throughout the 5-year cycle for their notation.
McKay proposes the first intercalary month had 29 days,[10] as the "30th" day of a 29 day month Cantlos, in year 1 would copy DIVERTOMU, a non-existant day. Olmsted notes it may be 30 days stating it is marked as a MATV month, and the remaining portion of the broken-off second digit of the Roman numeral for the last day potentially has a slant for XV instead of XIIII.
The start of the lunar month
The calendar month is broken into two halves with the term ATENOVX[c] between them. The first half-month has 15 days (called a cóicthiges 'fifteen-days' in Old Irish, coicís in modern Irish).[12] The second half-month has either 15 days, or 14 days with the term DIVERTOMV placed over the space for the 15th day. The notation patterns act as though this 'virtual' 15th day is present.
Pliny reported that the Celtic month began on the '6th day of the new moon'.[13]
The mistletoe, however, is but rarely found upon the oak; and when found, is gathered with rites replete with religious awe. This is done more particularly on the sixth day of the moon, the day which is the beginning of their months and years, as also of their ages, which, with them, are but thirty years. This day they select because the moon, though not yet in the middle of her course, has already considerable power and influence; and they call her by a name which signifies, in their language, the all-healing.
Classical writers counted from the day of the first visible moon, so the 6th day would be the first quarter moon, Day 1, the start of the calendar's month. The quarter moon with its D-shape is the only moment in the lunar phase that is easily identifiable by eye. The internal notations of the calendar confirm Pliny's statement, with a focus on the middle triplet of days in each half-month, days 7-8-9 (the full moon) and days 7a-8a-9a (the dark invisible moon).
Full reconstruction
A full reconstruction of the calendar by McKay (2020)[14] includes the latest information about the intercalary notations and the triple marks. Olmsted (2001)[9] offers a previous reconstruction, which usefully aligns the notations with photographic images. RIG III (1986)[15] presented an earlier in-depth description of terms with a reconstruction.
As a cycle of 19 years
If based on a Metonic cycle, this can be created with four 5-year cycles with the first year dropped and 30-day Equos months on Cycle years 1 and 5. All days and notations are lunisolar, moving within a 36 day range of a solar date.
Metonic Reconstruction
Month
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
Y1 __
Y2 01
Y3 02
Y4 03
Y5 04
Y1 05
Y2 06
Y3 07
Y4 08
Y5 09
Y1 10
Y2 11
Y3 12
Y4 13
Y5 14
Y1 15
Y2 16
Y3 17
Y4 18
Y5 19
I-1
__
__
__
__
__
29
__
__
__
__
29
__
__
__
__
29
__
__
__
__
SAM
__
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
DUM
__
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
RIV
__
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
ANA
__
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
OGR
__
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
CUT
__
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
I-2
__
__
30
__
__
__
__
30
__
__
__
__
30
__
__
__
__
30
__
__
GIA
__
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
SIM
__
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
EQU
__
29
29
29
30
30
29
29
29
30
30
29
29
29
30
30
29
29
29
30
ELE
__
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
AED
__
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
CAN
__
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
The Metonic cycle, being 6940 whole days long, overruns the sun by 0.398396 days and the moon by 0.311620 days. As dates track phases of the moon, this would require a 30 day Equos month to be reduced to 29 days around every 61 years. As the moon would finish 0.0868 days ahead of the sun, the calendar after 219 years becomes a day ahead, requiring a 30-day month skipped after 6,569 years, or a 29-day month skipped after 6,350 years.
As a cycle of 30 years
Garrett Olmsted's Reconstructed Coligny Calendar
The calendar can perform as a 30-year cycle, using six 5-year cycles with a 30-day intercalary month dropped once every 30 years.[16] If part of a 30-year calendar, it overruns the lunar phase by 0.1515 days, requiring a day to be removed from a 30-day Equos roughly once every 198 years.
However, the internal months show a larger variation in accuracy for the lunar phase of nearly 48 hours (1.44 to −0.65), making the ability to track the lunar phase of 30-years notably less accurate. The lunar/solar difference is larger at 1.4172 days, requiring a 30-day month to be skipped every 198 years.
This relatively fast slippage against the solar year would also add to the already large lunisolar swing, for a total of 75 days before a possible adjustment, further aggravating the solar discrepancy, and displacing seasonal festivals by up to two and a half months.
Sample month
The month of SAMONIOS in year 2 is the only month without any missing fragments, thus preserving all of its notations.[17]:182 Most patterns of notations are known and can be reasonably reconstructed[d], though their purpose or significance is not fully understood.
The title starts with M declaring it is a month, followed by its name and type, thus M SAMON MAT reads as "M(onth) Samon(ios) Lucky/Good". The days are sorted in rows, with ATENOVX "Renewal" dividing the month in two parts after the 15th day. Each day has four columns for the peg-hole and the day's numeral, the triple-mark, the day's type and for any additional notations.
The count for the days are in Roman numerals with additive notation, after ATENOVX, the count is reset. The triple marks have either no value, ƚıı, ıƚı or ııƚ; some have M after the triple mark or in its place, which is part of the following day's type. Day types are vertically aligned with D "day" or N "night". Day notations that provide further information on whether days were swapped, additional notations for day type or festivals. The PRIN LOVDIN notation spans across type and notation.
Drawing of month 14 (Samonios of year 2) by de Ricci.
M SAMON MAT
I
N
DVMAN IVOS
II
ıƚı M
D
IVOS
III
ƚıı
D
DVM IVO
IIII
M
D
V
D
AMB
VI
M
D
VII
PRIN LOVDIN
VIII
D
DVM
VIIII
ııƚ M
D
X
M
D
XI
D
AMB
XII
M
D
XIII
ƚıı M
D
XIIII
ıƚı M
D
XV
ııƚ M
D
ATENOVX
I
D
DVMAN
II
ııƚ
D
TRINVXSAMO
III
D
AMB
IIII
ƚıı M
D
V
ıƚı
D
AMB
VI
ııƚ M
D
VII
D
AMB
VIII
N
INIS R
VIIII
N
INIS R
X
ƚıı M
D
XI
ıƚı
D
AMB IVOS
XII
ııƚ M
D
IVOS
XIII
D
AMB IVOS
XIIII
M
D
IVOS
XV
D
AMB IVOS
Calendar notations
Several different notations, each with their own pattern, are placed sequentially on the 12 lunar months of the calendar, interacting according to certain rules with the notations before them, often replacing them. After the basic notations are set, many days' notations are then moved to other days, creating visual chaos. Finally, the days of the intercalary months are filled with notations copied from certain days in the 12 yearly months.
The notations, their patterns and interactions have gradually over the last century been identified by several key researchers, and what follows is a general, but not comprehensive, overview of each notation.
Numbering the days
Each month has two halves. The first half has days numbered from I to XV (1 to 15). The second half has either I–XV (1–15), or I–XIIII (1–14) with the 15th day marked with DIVERTOMU.[e] The term ATENOVX is placed between the two half-months. The patterns of the notations act as though the 30th day is always present. This means that in practice some months only have 29 days, but conceptually, all months have 30 days.
MAT and ANM months and their days
MAT and ANMAT months
Summer
1
2
3
4
5
6
MAT
ANM
MAT
ANM
MAT
MAT
SAM
DVM
RIV
ANA
OGR
CVT
Winter
7
8
9
10
11
12
ANM
MAT
ANM
ANM
MAT
ANM
GIA
SIM
EQV
ELE
AED
CAN
Six months are marked in their header as MAT "good, auspicious", and six as ANM[AT] "not good", based on comparisons with Middle Welsh mad[19] and anfad[20] and Old Irish mad and ni-mad.[21].
The summer season has 4 MAT and 2 ANMAT months, the winter season has 2 and 4 respectively. MAT months have 30 days and ANMAT months have 29 days with the exception of Equos that can have 30 days in years 1 and 5.
Order of MAT and ANM months
Type
1
2
3
4
5
6
MAT
SAM
RIV
OGR
CVT
SIM
AED
ANM
GIA
EQV
ELE
CAN
DVM
ANA
The order of the MAT and ANMAT months is determined by the seasons; MAT months start in Summer on Samonios and ANMAT months start in Winter on Giamonios. This order is used for determining the triple mark and PRINI LOVD/LAG notations across the days of the month.
MAT month days are initially assigned M D (or MD) "good/auspicious day", and ANMAT month days are initially assigned D "neutral day". The terms M D and D refer to daylight hours in apposition to N "night". Any notation with N overwrites the full daytime notation, including triple marks, M D, D and D AMB.
The notation D AMBRIX RI
the D AMB pattern (orange) for a lunar month
D AMBRIX RI, usually shortened to D AMB, denotes an inauspicious day. It occurs only on Days 5 and 11 in the upper half-month, that being the period when the moon is more than half full, so it's mostly left free of inauspicious days. In the second half-month, D AMB is placed on every odd numbered day except Day 1, but this is explained by the traditional view that the unit 1 is neither odd nor even.[f] The use of odd numbers as inauspicious is also seen with most months of 29 days being ANMAT 'not good'. It is symptomatic of Celtic cultures, as the Romans held the reverse view, that odd numbers were auspicious.[22]
The triple marks
the base pattern of the triple marks
The triple marks are a series of ogham-like marks. They are first lain down each month in triplets over three days, ƚıı, ıƚı, or ııƚ, followed by three days with none. As they only occur with days marked with D (for daytime), and never N (for nighttime), they likely divide the daytime into three divisions.[g]
The triple marks are by far the most complex notations, composed of three main patterns. They do not always repeat across the years. The first pattern assigns possible triplet positions which start on the same offset as the first PRINI term in the month, moving down a day in each of the following MAT or ANM months. The first triplet starts on Days 1-2-3 of SAMONIOS in Year 1, Days 2-3-4 in RIVROS, and so on following the MAT sequence of months. The equivalent sequence starts on Days 1-2-3 of GIAMONIOS in Year 3 and follows the ANM months, so mirroring one intercalary period to the other.
A second pattern, again following the MAT/ANM sequence, determines which triplets of the first pattern will manifest from year to year. This means the triple mark on a day/month of one year may not be found on the same day/month in another year.
A third pattern adds another IIT on Day 21(6a), the last day of the visible moon, adding to another mark if already there, resulting in each Day 21 holding either TIT, ITT, or IIT.
the final triple marks of year 4 (after all exchanges)
The triple marks undergo many changes as other notations are added. Days with N forms of notation overwrite the whole 'day' notation, e.g. IIT MD becomes just N, while ITI D AMB becomes just N. Days are moved and exchanged, often overwritten and lost, intercalary borrowed days are marked with N, and so on. The result turns a complex pattern of triple marks into visual chaos.[h]
The notations PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG
MAT Months
SAM
RIV
OGR
CVT
SIM
AED
SAM
RIV
-
PRINI LOUD Days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-
ANMAT Months
GIA
EQV
ELE
CAN
DVM
ANA
GIA
EQV
ELE
PRINI LAG Days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Like the triple marks, PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG have the same month offsets for MAT and ANM respectively. If it falls on a triple mark, it replaces it, along with any M D, D, or D AMB. The PRINI LOUD of SIM 5 is later overwritten by N INIS R. Exchanges will lead to some PRINI LOUD ending up in ANM months, and vice versa.
The notation N INIS R
the N INIS R pattern
The term N INIS R is scattered across the lunar year. The significance of its distribution is undiagnosed. All but three instances occur in the seven months of the SAMONIOS season plus the month of GIAMONIOS. It avoids the days marked with IVOS 'festival'. As it occurs on seven nights when the moon is absent in the sky (the dark moon of 7a-8a-9a), and avoids the critical moments of the full moon of day 8 and the first visible moon of day 10a, it possibly refers to prognostication associated with stars.
The notations IVOS and SINDIV IVOS
the notations IVOS, SINDIV IVOS, and TIOCOBRIXTIO
The term IVOS 'festival'[i] occurs in several runs of days of between three and nine days each, considered to mark each day of a festival. In all but two cases these festivals run from the end of one month into the beginning of the next. Four of these IVOS runs break the year into four-quarters, just as the four main Celtic festivals do in historic times, only here they are centered on Day 1 every three lunar months, rather than Day 1 of every three solar months as today.
There are also three other IVOS festivals on the calendar.
The term SINDIV IVOS 'this day a festival', occurs only three times – DUM 2a, SIM 9, and AED 25. These three special festival days must indicate something of exceptional importance in the year.
The notation TIOCOBRIXTIO
TIOCOBRIXTIO is an exceptional term which only occurs on three days in the year – SIM 7, AED 8, and CAN 15. Whatever its significance, it marks days of exceptional importance. Olmsted explains it could be read as T(R)IOCO(NT)O-BRIXTIO "A day in place day 30", possibly substituting for the missing day 30 of Cantlos.
Movement of notations between days
At this point, most notations have been assigned their base position on the calendar. What happens next is a major feature of the calendar, the movement of one day's notations to a different day. This visually breaks up the patterns of the notations, making the calendar seem quite random. This exchanging of days according to several different patterns, is a major aspect of the calendar, involving a total of 870 days over 5 years.
EXCHANGES: swapping notations between two days
the pairs of swapped days
There are several patterns in which two days swap their notations.[j]
The first pattern only involves Day 1 in four pairs of months.
The second pattern involves days other than Day 1, and uses a different set of four pairs of months to swap between. Days are swapped with the same day of a neighbouring month.
A third pattern is called the anomalous swaps, where days are swapped between a different day of a month. This occurs just three times per year: between SAM 3 and SAM 2a, between RIV 4 and RIV 10a, and between RIV 8a and ANA 4.[k]
examples of the same and different day swaps
As the notations of one day are moved to another, they take the information with them about their original position (presumably so that one day can be used to prognosticate for its swapped partner). As most movements are to the same day of the month, the day information is redundant, so only the month name (in the genitive) is added. But anomalous swaps between different days require both their original day name and the month to be added.[l]
EXCHANGES: Dragging notations between months
Examples in YEAR 1
Dates
Pre-drag
Post-drag
7 GIA
PRINI LAG
MD SIMIVIS TIOCOBREXTIO
8 GIA
D
MD SIMIVIS
9 GIA
N INIS R
MD SIMIVIS SINDIV IVOS
7 SIM
MD TIOCOBREXTIO
D EQVI
8 SIM
MD
PRINI LAG EQVI
9 SIM
MD SINDIV IVOS
D EQVI
7 EQV
D
D ELEMB
8 EQV
PRINI LAG
D ELEMB
9 EQV
D EQVI
D ELEMB
For the 12 lunar months after an intercalary month, the notations of the triplet of days 7-8-9 (the full moon) and 7a-8a-9a (the dark moon) in each month are dragged sequentially upwards to the previous month, like beads on a string. Their original month name is then added to the notations.
Dragging IVOS in Year 1
Dates
28 OGR
29 OGR
30 OGR
01 CVT
02 CVT
03 CVT
28 CVT
29 CVT
30 CVT
01 GIA
02 GIA
03 GIA
Pre- Drag
D AMB
MD
D AMB
MD
MD
MD
D AMB IVOS
MD IVOS
D AMB IVOS
MD SIMI IVOS
MD IVOS
MD IVOS
Post- drag
D AMB IVOS
MD IVOS
D AMB IVOS
MD IVOS
MD IVOS
MD IVOS
D AMB ←
MD ←
D AMB ←
MD SIMI ←
D ←
D ←
The notation IVOS is also sequentially dragged upwards a month in the post-intercalary year. However, it does not take all the other notations with it. This keeps the festival runs marked with IVOS intact. The same also applies to SINDIV IVOS.
The notations of the intercalary months
days copied to the intercalary months
The notations on the days of the intercalary months are created by a complex series of copies and merges of notations from certain days in the normal lunar months. Each day of an intercalary month sequentially copies a lunar month and the same day number, with its source month name added. At first 30 days are copied, and for days 1 to 18, their day number is replaced with a single N at the copied site. Secondly, a sequence of days 1 to 6 is again copied from a different year, and these are merged with the first. Thirdly, the days 7-8-9 and 7a-8a-9a which have been dragged from the following month are again merged with the copied notations. At which point, the calendar's notations are complete.
Footnotes
↑"L'étymologie est transparent puisque le nom du mois et fait sur celui de l'hiver giamo-." — Delamarre (2003)[4]:179: [The etymology is transparent since the name of the month is made on that of the winter "giamo-".]
↑Equos in years 1 and 5 is marked with 30 days; Olmsted notes the header above 2nd Intercalary month has LAT CCCLXXXV "385 days", with Equos in year 3 maybe having 30 days. With years 2 and 4 on lost fragments, early scholars struggled to fit values to Equos for creating a Metonic cycle; MacNeill[7] suggested that Equos in years 2 and 4 may have only 28 days,[7] while Olmsted suggested 28 days in year 2 and 29 days in year 4.[8][9]
↑The notations of days in a month are not always the same as the other years in the calendar and cannot be simply copied across other months.
↑Because the day numbers are repeated in the upper and lower coicise, researchers use either the number with 'a' attached for the lower coicise, or continue on the sequence. For example, Day VI (6) in the lower coicise is given as either Day 6a or Day 21.
↑unus non-est numerus sed ab eo crescunt numeri 'one is not a number, but numbers grow from it'[6]:16
↑ A trace of the pre-Christian division of the day into three may be found here.
For this is how Conchobor spends his time of kingship since he assumed sovereignty: as soon as he arises, settling the cares and business of the province, thereafter dividing the day into three, the first third of the day spent watching the youths playing games and hurling, the second third spent in playing brandub and fidchell and the last third spent in consuming food and drink until sleep comes on them all, while minstrels and musicians are meanwhile lulling him to sleep.[23]
↑For a full explanation of the patterns of the triple marks, see McKay (2018)[24]
↑ Thurneysen (1899)[25]:530 suggested IVOS means "festival", although the etymology is obscure. The word ivos is also the Celtic word for "yew" – Rhys (1910),[26]:52 cf. Ivo, īwaz, and Zavaroni[27]:97 suggested a meaning of "(con)junction", but neither meaning has found wide support.
↑Exchanged days always occur between neighbouring months, but are not always between MAT and ANM months
↑The anomalous swaps were partially identified by MacNeill in 1928,[7]:9 later by Duval & Pinault in 1986,[15]:267–340 Olmsted in 1988,[28] and McKay in 2018.[24]:95
↑The notation TRINVX SAMONI, found at SAM 2a, means that its notations were originally at SAMONIOS day 3 in the upper coicise. SAM 3 is the last day of the IVOS festival at the beginning of SAMONIOS, presumably the equivalent of the Beltaine festival. It is not associated with Samhain, being in the summer month of SAMONIOS. It is not a three-night festival, being explicitly marked as a daytime D 'day' and SINDIV IVOS 'festival this (one) day'.
1234567891011Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (2nded.). Paris, FR: Editions Errance. ISBN2-87772-237-6.
123MacNeill, Eóin (1928). "On the notation and chronology of the calendar of Coligny". Ériu. X: 1–67.
↑Olmsted, Garrett (1992). The Gaulish Calendar: A reconstruction from the bronze fragments from Coligny, with an analysis of its function as a highly accurate lunar-solar predictor, as well as an explanation of its terminology and development. Bonn, DE: R. Habelt. ISBN3-7749-2530-5.
12 Garrett Olmsted, (2001) A Definitive Reconstructed Text of the Coligny CalendarISBN9780941694780
↑Rhys, John (1910). Notes on the Coligny Calendar Together with an Edition of the Reconstructed Calendar. From the Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 4 (Report). Oxford: Oxford U Press.
↑Zavaroni, Adolfo (2007). On the structure and terminology of the Gaulish calendar (Report). British Series. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
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