Pawukon calendar

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The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar that has its origins in the Hindu religion in Bali, Indonesia. The calendar consists of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days. On the first day of the year it is the first day of all the ten weeks. Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9 - extra days must be added to the 4, 8, and 9 day weeks.

Contents

The days

Order of the days

The days of the 3, 5, 6, and 7 day weeks are arranged in simple recurring cycles - much like the seven days of the week in the Gregorian calendar. Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9, extra days must be added to the 4-, 8-, and 9-day weeks. For both the 4- and 8-day weeks, the penultimate day of the week is repeated twice in the week that would have otherwise ended on the 72nd day. For the 9-day week, the first day of the week is repeated 3 times in the first week of the 210-day Pawukon. The complexity of the calendar is increased by the calculations required to determine the arrangement of the days of the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks, which are not ordered in simple recurring 1, 2 and 10-day cycles.

Calculation

Each of the days of the five, seven, and ten day weeks has a urip, or ritual value. For the ten-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the tenth day - 5, 2, 8, 6, 4, 7, 10, 3, 9, 1. For the seven-day week, the urip of the days are - from first day to seventh day - 5, 4, 3, 7, 8, 6, and 9. For the five-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the fifth day - 9, 7, 4, 8, 5.

For any particular day of the Pawukon, add the urip of the day of the 5-day week to the day of the seven-day week and then add one - if the sum is more than ten, then ten must be subtracted from it. This calculated value determines which day of the week it is in the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks. If the calculated value is even, then the day is Pepet in the two-day week and Luang in the one-day week. But, if the calculated value is odd then the day is Menga in the two-day week and is not a day of the one-day week. The day in the ten-day week is the one for which the calculated value matches its urip.

For example the first day of the year has a value of 9 in the ten-day-week, 5 in the seven-day-week: 9+5+1-10=5, which is equivalent to the urip value of the first day of the ten-day-week, so the day is a Sri in the ten-day week. The sixth day of the year has 9 urip in the five-day-week and 6 in the seven-day-week: 9+6+1-10=6, which is equivalent to the urip value of the fourth day of the ten-day-week, so the day is Manuh.

Calendar completion

Using the rules given above, the table of the days of Pawukon was constructed below. Since the days of the Pawukon, as given in the table below, do not change from one Pawukon to the next, a durable representation of the Pawukon can be used over and over again. With a few more details, the Pawukon is complete.

The saptawara (seven-day week) is special in that each of its thirty weeks is named. When certain days of the pancawara and saptawara coincide, it is a special day. These days of conjunction are Buda-Keliwon, Saniscara-Keliwon, Buda-Wage, Anggara-Keliwon, and Redite-Keliwon.

Correspondence with the Gregorian Calendar

Pawukon cycles are unnumbered, so the calendar has no epoch, and the choice of date on which to base a correspondence is arbitrary. Dershowitz and Reingold [1] chose the first Pawukon that began on a positive Julian Day Number, which was specifically JDN 146 (May 26, 4713 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar; April 18 of that year in the proleptic Gregorian). The most recent Pawukon as of this writing began on Gregorian date July 5, 2020, making the date of this edit (Tuesday, January 5, 2021) the 185th day of the current cycle. Consulting the table below, we find that it is Menga, Beteng, Jaya, Umanis, Was, Anggara, Kala, Jangur, Dewa. The Saptawara maps to the Gregorian weekday cycle one-to-one, with Redite as Sunday, which provides a simple double-check mechanism: since we have Anggara on Tuesday, we have not made an obvious error in the counting.

Day #EkawaraDwiwaraTriwaraCaturwaraPancawaraSadwaraSaptawaraAsatawaraSangawaraDasawaraSaptawara
Week Name
1MengaPasahSriPaingTunglehRediteSriDanguSriSinta
2LuangPepetBetengLabaPonAryangSomaIndraDanguPatiSinta
3LuangPepetKajengJayaWageUrukungAnggaraGuruDanguRajaSinta
4LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironBudaYamaDanguManuhSinta
5LuangPepetBetengSriUmanisWasWraspatiLudraJangurDukaSinta
6LuangPepetKajengLabaPaingMauluSukraBrahmaGigisManuhSinta
7MengaPasahJayaPonTunglehSaniscaraKalaNohanManusaSinta
8LuangPepetBetengMenalaWageAryangRediteUmaOganRaksasaLandep
9MengaKajengSriKeliwonUrukungSomaSriEranganSukaLandep
10MengaPasahLabaUmanisPanironAnggaraIndraUrunganDewaLandep
11MengaBetengJayaPaingWasBudaGuruTulusManusaLandep
12LuangPepetKajengMenalaPonMauluWraspatiYamaDadiManuhLandep
13MengaPasahSriWageTunglehSukraLudraDanguPanditaLandep
14LuangPepetBetengLabaKeliwonAryangSaniscaraBrahmaJangurRajaLandep
15MengaKajengJayaUmanisUrukungRediteKalaGigisPanditaUkir
16LuangPepetPasahMenalaPaingPanironSomaUmaNohanDukaUkir
17MengaBetengSriPonWasAnggaraSriOganPanditaUkir
18LuangPepetKajengLabaWageMauluBudaIndraEranganPatiUkir
19MengaPasahJayaKeliwonTunglehWraspatiGuruUrunganManusaUkir
20LuangPepetBetengMenalaUmanisAryangSukraYamaTulusPatiUkir
21MengaKajengSriPaingUrukungSaniscaraLudraDadiDewaUkir
22MengaPasahLabaPonPanironRediteBrahmaDanguSukaKulantir
23MengaBetengJayaWageWasSomaKalaJangurDewaKulantir
24LuangPepetKajengMenalaKeliwonMauluAnggaraUmaGigisPatiKulantir
25MengaPasahSriUmanisTunglehBudaSriNohanSukaKulantir
26LuangPepetBetengLabaPaingAryangWraspatiIndraOganRajaKulantir
27LuangPepetKajengJayaPonUrukungSukraGuruEranganDukaKulantir
28LuangPepetPasahMenalaWagePanironSaniscaraYamaUrunganDukaKulantir
29LuangPepetBetengSriKeliwonWasRediteLudraTulusDukaTaulu
30LuangPepetKajengLabaUmanisMauluSomaBrahmaDadiRaksasaTaulu
31MengaPasahJayaPaingTunglehAnggaraKalaDanguSukaTaulu
32MengaBetengMenalaPonAryangBudaUmaJangurSriTaulu
33MengaKajengSriWageUrukungWraspatiSriGigisSukaTaulu
34MengaPasahLabaKeliwonPanironSukraIndraNohanSriTaulu
35MengaBetengJayaUmanisWasSaniscaraGuruOganSriTaulu
36MengaKajengMenalaPaingMauluRediteYamaEranganSriGumbreg
37LuangPepetPasahSriPonTunglehSomaLudraUrunganPatiGumbreg
38LuangPepetBetengLabaWageAryangAnggaraBrahmaTulusRajaGumbreg
39LuangPepetKajengJayaKeliwonUrukungBudaKalaDadiManuhGumbreg
40LuangPepetPasahMenalaUmanisPanironWraspatiUmaDanguDukaGumbreg
41LuangPepetBetengSriPaingWasSukraSriJangurManuhGumbreg
42MengaKajengLabaPonMauluSaniscaraIndraGigisManusaGumbreg
43LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehRediteGuruNohanRaksasaWariga
44MengaBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangSomaYamaOganSukaWariga
45MengaKajengSriUmanisUrukungAnggaraLudraEranganDewaWariga
46MengaPasahLabaPaingPanironBudaBrahmaUrunganManusaWariga
47LuangPepetBetengJayaPonWasWraspatiKalaTulusManuhWariga
48MengaKajengMenalaWageMauluSukraUmaDadiPanditaWariga
49LuangPepetPasahSriKeliwonTunglehSaniscaraSriDanguRajaWariga
50MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangRediteIndraJangurPanditaWarigadian
51LuangPepetKajengJayaPaingUrukungSomaGuruGigisDukaWarigadian
52MengaPasahMenalaPonPanironAnggaraYamaNohanPanditaWarigadian
53LuangPepetBetengSriWageWasBudaLudraOganPatiWarigadian
54MengaKajengLabaKeliwonMauluWraspatiBrahmaEranganManusaWarigadian
55LuangPepetPasahJayaUmanisTunglehSukraKalaUrunganPatiWarigadian
56MengaBetengMenalaPaingAryangSaniscaraUmaTulusDewaWarigadian
57MengaKajengSriPonUrukungRediteSriDadiSukaJulungwangi
58MengaPasahLabaWagePanironSomaIndraDanguDewaJulungwangi
59LuangPepetBetengJayaKeliwonWasAnggaraGuruJangurPatiJulungwangi
60MengaKajengMenalaUmanisMauluBudaYamaGigisSukaJulungwangi
61LuangPepetPasahSriPaingTunglehWraspatiLudraNohanRajaJulungwangi
62LuangPepetBetengLabaPonAryangSukraBrahmaOganDukaJulungwangi
63LuangPepetKajengJayaWageUrukungSaniscaraKalaEranganDukaJulungwangi
64LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironRediteUmaUrunganDukaSungsang
65LuangPepetBetengSriUmanisWasSomaSriTulusRaksasaSungsang
66MengaKajengLabaPaingMauluAnggaraIndraDadiSukaSungsang
67MengaPasahJayaPonTunglehBudaGuruDanguSriSungsang
68MengaBetengMenalaWageAryangWraspatiYamaJangurSukaSungsang
69MengaKajengSriKeliwonUrukungSukraLudraGigisSriSungsang
70MengaPasahLabaUmanisPanironSaniscaraBrahmaNohanSriSungsang
71MengaBetengJayaPaingWasRediteKalaOganSriDunggulan
72LuangPepetKajengJayaPonMauluSomaKalaEranganPatiDunggulan
73LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehAnggaraKalaUrunganRajaDunggulan
74LuangPepetBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangBudaUmaTulusManuhDunggulan
75LuangPepetKajengSriUmanisUrukungWraspatiSriDadiDukaDunggulan
76LuangPepetPasahLabaPaingPanironSukraIndraDanguManuhDunggulan
77MengaBetengJayaPonWasSaniscaraGuruJangurManusaDunggulan
78LuangPepetKajengMenalaWageMauluRediteYamaGigisRaksasaKuningan
79MengaPasahSriKeliwonTunglehSomaLudraNohanSukaKuningan
80MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangAnggaraBrahmaOganDewaKuningan
81MengaKajengJayaPaingUrukungBudaKalaEranganManusaKuningan
82LuangPepetPasahMenalaPonPanironWraspatiUmaUrunganManuhKuningan
83MengaBetengSriWageWasSukraSriTulusPanditaKuningan
84LuangPepetKajengLabaKeliwonMauluSaniscaraIndraDadiRajaKuningan
85MengaPasahJayaUmanisTunglehRediteGuruDanguPanditaLangkir
86LuangPepetBetengMenalaPaingAryangSomaYamaJangurDukaLangkir
87MengaKajengSriPonUrukungAnggaraLudraGigisPanditaLangkir
88LuangPepetPasahLabaWagePanironBudaBrahmaNohanPatiLangkir
89MengaBetengJayaKeliwonWasWraspatiKalaOganManusaLangkir
90LuangPepetKajengMenalaUmanisMauluSukraUmaEranganPatiLangkir
91MengaPasahSriPaingTunglehSaniscaraSriUrunganDewaLangkir
92MengaBetengLabaPonAryangRediteIndraTulusSukaMedangsia
93MengaKajengJayaWageUrukungSomaGuruDadiDewaMedangsia
94LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironAnggaraYamaDanguPatiMedangsia
95MengaBetengSriUmanisWasBudaLudraJangurSukaMedangsia
96LuangPepetKajengLabaPaingMauluWraspatiBrahmaGigisRajaMedangsia
97LuangPepetPasahJayaPonTunglehSukraKalaNohanDukaMedangsia
98LuangPepetBetengMenalaWageAryangSaniscaraUmaOganDukaMedangsia
99LuangPepetKajengSriKeliwonUrukungRediteSriEranganDukaPujut
100LuangPepetPasahLabaUmanisPanironSomaIndraUrunganRaksasaPujut
101MengaBetengJayaPaingWasAnggaraGuruTulusSukaPujut
102MengaKajengMenalaPonMauluBudaYamaDadiSriPujut
103MengaPasahSriWageTunglehWraspatiLudraDanguSukaPujut
104MengaBetengLabaKeliwonAryangSukraBrahmaJangurSriPujut
105MengaKajengJayaUmanisUrukungSaniscaraKalaGigisSriPujut
106MengaPasahMenalaPaingPanironRediteUmaNohanSriPahang
107LuangPepetBetengSriPonWasSomaSriOganPatiPahang
108LuangPepetKajengLabaWageMauluAnggaraIndraEranganRajaPahang
109LuangPepetPasahJayaKeliwonTunglehBudaGuruUrunganManuhPahang
110LuangPepetBetengMenalaUmanisAryangWraspatiYamaTulusDukaPahang
111LuangPepetKajengSriPaingUrukungSukraLudraDadiManuhPahang
112MengaPasahLabaPonPanironSaniscaraBrahmaDanguManusaPahang
113LuangPepetBetengJayaWageWasRediteKalaJangurRaksasaKrulut
114MengaKajengMenalaKeliwonMauluSomaUmaGigisSukaKrulut
115MengaPasahSriUmanisTunglehAnggaraSriNohanDewaKrulut
116MengaBetengLabaPaingAryangBudaIndraOganManusaKrulut
117LuangPepetKajengJayaPonUrukungWraspatiGuruEranganManuhKrulut
118MengaPasahMenalaWagePanironSukraYamaUrunganPanditaKrulut
119LuangPepetBetengSriKeliwonWasSaniscaraLudraTulusRajaKrulut
120MengaKajengLabaUmanisMauluRediteBrahmaDadiPanditaMerakih
121LuangPepetPasahJayaPaingTunglehSomaKalaDanguDukaMerakih
122MengaBetengMenalaPonAryangAnggaraUmaJangurPanditaMerakih
123LuangPepetKajengSriWageUrukungBudaSriGigisPatiMerakih
124MengaPasahLabaKeliwonPanironWraspatiIndraNohanManusaMerakih
125LuangPepetBetengJayaUmanisWasSukraGuruOganPatiMerakih
126MengaKajengMenalaPaingMauluSaniscaraYamaEranganDewaMerakih
127MengaPasahSriPonTunglehRediteLudraUrunganSukaTambir
128MengaBetengLabaWageAryangSomaBrahmaTulusDewaTambir
129LuangPepetKajengJayaKeliwonUrukungAnggaraKalaDadiPatiTambir
130MengaPasahMenalaUmanisPanironBudaUmaDanguSukaTambir
131LuangPepetBetengSriPaingWasWraspatiSriJangurRajaTambir
132LuangPepetKajengLabaPonMauluSukraIndraGigisDukaTambir
133LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehSaniscaraGuruNohanDukaTambir
134LuangPepetBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangRediteYamaOganDukaMedangkungan
135LuangPepetKajengSriUmanisUrukungSomaLudraEranganRaksasaMedangkungan
136MengaPasahLabaPaingPanironAnggaraBrahmaUrunganSukaMedangkungan
137MengaBetengJayaPonWasBudaKalaTulusSriMedangkungan
138MengaKajengMenalaWageMauluWraspatiUmaDadiSukaMedangkungan
139MengaPasahSriKeliwonTunglehSukraSriDanguSriMedangkungan
140MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangSaniscaraIndraJangurSriMedangkungan
141MengaKajengJayaPaingUrukungRediteGuruGigisSriMatal
142LuangPepetPasahMenalaPonPanironSomaYamaNohanPatiMatal
143LuangPepetBetengSriWageWasAnggaraLudraOganRajaMatal
144LuangPepetKajengLabaKeliwonMauluBudaBrahmaEranganManuhMatal
145LuangPepetPasahJayaUmanisTunglehWraspatiKalaUrunganDukaMatal
146LuangPepetBetengMenalaPaingAryangSukraUmaTulusManuhMatal
147MengaKajengSriPonUrukungSaniscaraSriDadiManusaMatal
148LuangPepetPasahLabaWagePanironRediteIndraDanguRaksasaUye
149MengaBetengJayaKeliwonWasSomaGuruJangurSukaUye
150MengaKajengMenalaUmanisMauluAnggaraYamaGigisDewaUye
151MengaPasahSriPaingTunglehBudaLudraNohanManusaUye
152LuangPepetBetengLabaPonAryangWraspatiBrahmaOganManuhUye
153MengaKajengJayaWageUrukungSukraKalaEranganPanditaUye
154LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironSaniscaraUmaUrunganRajaUye
155MengaBetengSriUmanisWasRediteSriTulusPanditaMenail
156LuangPepetKajengLabaPaingMauluSomaIndraDadiDukaMenail
157MengaPasahJayaPonTunglehAnggaraGuruDanguPanditaMenail
158LuangPepetBetengMenalaWageAryangBudaYamaJangurPatiMenail
159MengaKajengSriKeliwonUrukungWraspatiLudraGigisManusaMenail
160LuangPepetPasahLabaUmanisPanironSukraBrahmaNohanPatiMenail
161MengaBetengJayaPaingWasSaniscaraKalaOganDewaMenail
162MengaKajengMenalaPonMauluRediteUmaEranganSukaParangbakat
163MengaPasahSriWageTunglehSomaSriUrunganDewaParangbakat
164LuangPepetBetengLabaKeliwonAryangAnggaraIndraTulusPatiParangbakat
165MengaKajengJayaUmanisUrukungBudaGuruDadiSukaParangbakat
166LuangPepetPasahMenalaPaingPanironWraspatiYamaDanguRajaParangbakat
167LuangPepetBetengSriPonWasSukraLudraJangurDukaParangbakat
168LuangPepetKajengLabaWageMauluSaniscaraBrahmaGigisDukaParangbakat
169LuangPepetPasahJayaKeliwonTunglehRediteKalaNohanDukaBala
170LuangPepetBetengMenalaUmanisAryangSomaUmaOganRaksasaBala
171MengaKajengSriPaingUrukungAnggaraSriEranganSukaBala
172MengaPasahLabaPonPanironBudaIndraUrunganSriBala
173MengaBetengJayaWageWasWraspatiGuruTulusSukaBala
174MengaKajengMenalaKeliwonMauluSukraYamaDadiSriBala
175MengaPasahSriUmanisTunglehSaniscaraLudraDanguSriBala
176MengaBetengLabaPaingAryangRediteBrahmaJangurSriUgu
177LuangPepetKajengJayaPonUrukungSomaKalaGigisPatiUgu
178LuangPepetPasahMenalaWagePanironAnggaraUmaNohanRajaUgu
179LuangPepetBetengSriKeliwonWasBudaSriOganManuhUgu
180LuangPepetKajengLabaUmanisMauluWraspatiIndraEranganDukaUgu
181LuangPepetPasahJayaPaingTunglehSukraGuruUrunganManuhUgu
182MengaBetengMenalaPonAryangSaniscaraYamaTulusManusaUgu
183LuangPepetKajengSriWageUrukungRediteLudraDadiRaksasaWayang
184MengaPasahLabaKeliwonPanironSomaBrahmaDanguSukaWayang
185MengaBetengJayaUmanisWasAnggaraKalaJangurDewaWayang
186MengaKajengMenalaPaingMauluBudaUmaGigisManusaWayang
187LuangPepetPasahSriPonTunglehWraspatiSriNohanManuhWayang
188MengaBetengLabaWageAryangSukraIndraOganPanditaWayang
189LuangPepetKajengJayaKeliwonUrukungSaniscaraGuruEranganRajaWayang
190MengaPasahMenalaUmanisPanironRediteYamaUrunganPanditaKelawu
191LuangPepetBetengSriPaingWasSomaLudraTulusDukaKelawu
192MengaKajengLabaPonMauluAnggaraBrahmaDadiPanditaKelawu
193LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehBudaKalaDanguPatiKelawu
194MengaBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangWraspatiUmaJangurManusaKelawu
195LuangPepetKajengSriUmanisUrukungSukraSriGigisPatiKelawu
196MengaPasahLabaPaingPanironSaniscaraIndraNohanDewaKelawu
197MengaBetengJayaPonWasRediteGuruOganSukaDukut
198MengaKajengMenalaWageMauluSomaYamaEranganDewaDukut
199LuangPepetPasahSriKeliwonTunglehAnggaraLudraUrunganPatiDukut
200MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangBudaBrahmaTulusSukaDukut
201LuangPepetKajengJayaPaingUrukungWraspatiKalaDadiRajaDukut
202LuangPepetPasahMenalaPonPanironSukraUmaDanguDukaDukut
203LuangPepetBetengSriWageWasSaniscaraSriJangurDukaDukut
204LuangPepetKajengLabaKeliwonMauluRediteIndraGigisDukaWatugunung
205LuangPepetPasahJayaUmanisTunglehSomaGuruNohanRaksasaWatugunung
206MengaBetengMenalaPaingAryangAnggaraYamaOganSukaWatugunung
207MengaKajengSriPonUrukungBudaLudraEranganSriWatugunung
208MengaPasahLabaWagePanironWraspatiBrahmaUrunganSukaWatugunung
209MengaBetengJayaKeliwonWasSukraKalaTulusSriWatugunung
210MengaKajengMenalaUmanisMauluSaniscaraUmaDadiSriWatugunung

See also

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As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as computus. Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March. Determining this date in advance requires a correlation between the lunar months and the solar year, while also accounting for the month, date, and weekday of the Julian or Gregorian calendar. The complexity of the algorithm arises because of the desire to associate the date of Easter with the date of the Jewish feast of Passover which, Christians believe, is when Jesus was crucified.

Dominical letters or Sunday letters are a method used to determine the day of the week for particular dates. When using this method, each year is assigned a letter depending on which day of the week the year starts.

The determination of the day of the week for any date may be performed with a variety of algorithms. In addition, perpetual calendars require no calculation by the user, and are essentially lookup tables. A typical application is to calculate the day of the week on which someone was born or a specific event occurred.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doomsday rule</span> Way of calculating the day of the week of a given date

The Doomsday rule, Doomsday algorithm or Doomsday method is an algorithm of determination of the day of the week for a given date. It provides a perpetual calendar because the Gregorian calendar moves in cycles of 400 years. The algorithm for mental calculation was devised by John Conway in 1973, drawing inspiration from Lewis Carroll's perpetual calendar algorithm. It takes advantage of each year having a certain day of the week upon which certain easy-to-remember dates, called the doomsdays, fall; for example, the last day of February, 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, and 12/12 all occur on the same day of the week in any year. Applying the Doomsday algorithm involves three steps: Determination of the anchor day for the century, calculation of the anchor day for the year from the one for the century, and selection of the closest date out of those that always fall on the doomsday, e.g., 4/4 and 6/6, and count of the number of days between that date and the date in question to arrive at the day of the week. The technique applies to both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar, although their doomsdays are usually different days of the week.

The Symmetry454 calendar (Sym454) is a proposal for calendar reform created by Irv Bromberg of the University of Toronto, Canada. It is a perennial solar calendar that conserves the traditional month pattern and 7-day week, has symmetrical equal quarters in 82% of the years in its 293-year cycle, and starts every month on Monday.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galungan</span> Balinese holiday in the Pawukon calendar

Galungan is a Balinese holiday celebrating the victory of dharma over adharma. It marks the time when the ancestral spirits visit the Earth. The last day of the celebration is Kuningan, when they return. The date is calculated according to the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar.

The Javanese calendar is the calendar of the Javanese people. It is used concurrently with two other calendars, the Gregorian calendar and the Islamic calendar. The Gregorian calendar is the official calendar of the Republic of Indonesia and civil society, while the Islamic calendar is used by Muslims and the Indonesian government for religious worship and deciding relevant Islamic holidays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar</span> Calendar used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures

The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar is a non-repeating, vigesimal (base 20) and octodecimal (base 18) calendar used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, most notably the Maya. For this reason, it is often known as the MayaLong Count calendar. Using a modified vigesimal tally, the Long Count calendar identifies a day by counting the number of days passed since a mythical creation date that corresponds to August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. The Long Count calendar was widely used on monuments.

Rata Die (R.D.) is a system for assigning numbers to calendar days, independent of any calendar, for the purposes of calendrical calculations. It was named by Howard Jacobson.

In computing, an epoch is a date and time from which a computer measures system time. Most computer systems determine time as a number representing the seconds removed from particular arbitrary date and time. For instance, Unix and POSIX measure time as the number of seconds that have passed since Thursday 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, a point in time known as the Unix epoch. Windows NT systems, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, measure time as the number of 100-nanosecond intervals that have passed since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UTC, making that point in time the epoch for those systems.

The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun.

The Balinese saka calendar is one of two calendars used on the Indonesian island of Bali. Unlike the 210-day pawukon calendar, it is based on the phases of the Moon, and is approximately the same length as the tropical year.

Dhanu, Dhanus or Dhanurmas (धनुर्मास) is a month in the Hindu calendar, Malayalam calendar and others. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Sagittarius, and overlaps with approximately the second half of December and about the first half of January in the Gregorian calendar.

References

  1. ↑ Dershowitz, N.; Reingold, E. (April 1, 2018). Calendrical Calculations, The Ultimate Edition. p. 187.
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