Vietnamese era name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | niên hiệu |
---|---|
ChữHán | 年號 |
Vietnamese era names were titles adopted in historical Vietnam for the purpose of year identification and numbering.
Era names originated in 140 BCE in China,during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han. [1] [2] Since the middle of the 6th century CE,independent Vietnamese dynasties started to proclaim their own era names. [2] [3] [4]
During periods of direct Chinese rule,Chinese era names would gain official use in Vietnam,as was the case for other parts of China.
The following is a list of era names adopted by independent Vietnamese monarchs. [5] Era names used in Vietnam during the four periods of direct Chinese rule are not included.
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Lý Bôn 李賁 (r. 544–548 CE) | |||
Thiên Đức 天德 | 544–548 CE | 5 years | Or Đại Đức (大德). |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 丁部領 (r. 968–979 CE) | |||
Thái Bình 太平 | 970–980 CE | 11 years | Usage continued by Đinh Toàn upon his ascension to the throne. |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Lê Hoàn 黎桓 (r. 980–1005 CE) | |||
Thiên Phúc 天福 | 980–988 CE | 9 years | Usage might be from 981 CE to 988 CE, for a total length of 8 years. |
Hưng Thống 興統 | 989–993 CE | 5 years | |
Ứng Thiên 應天 | 994–1007 CE | 14 years | Usage continued by Lê Trung Tông and Lê Ngọa Triều Đế upon their ascension to the throne. |
Lê Ngọa Triều Đế 黎臥朝帝 (r. 1005–1009 CE) | |||
Cảnh Thụy 景瑞 | 1008–1009 CE | 2 years | Usage continued by Lý Thái Tổ upon his ascension to the throne. |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Lý Thái Tổ 李太祖 (r. 1009–1028 CE) | |||
Thuận Thiên 順天 | 1010–1028 CE | 19 years | |
Lý Thái Tông 李太宗 (r. 1028–1054 CE) | |||
Thiên Thành 天成 | 1028–1034 CE | 7 years | |
Thông Thụy 通瑞 | 1034–1039 CE | 6 years | |
Càn Phù Hữu Đạo 乾符有道 | 1039–1042 CE | 4 years | |
Minh Đạo 明道 | 1042–1044 CE | 3 years | |
Thiên Cảm Thánh Vũ 天感聖武 | 1044–1049 CE | 6 years | |
Sùng Hưng Đại Bảo 崇興大寶 | 1049–1054 CE | 6 years | |
Lý Thánh Tông 李聖宗 (r. 1054–1072 CE) | |||
Long Thụy Thái Bình 龍瑞太平 | 1054–1058 CE | 5 years | |
Chương Thánh Gia Khánh 彰聖嘉慶 | 1059–1065 CE | 7 years | |
Long Chương Thiên Tự 龍彰天嗣 | 1066–1068 CE | 3 years | |
Thiên Huống Bảo Tượng 天貺寶象 | 1068–1069 CE | 2 years | |
Thần Vũ 神武 | 1069–1072 CE | 4 years | |
Lý Nhân Tông 李仁宗 (r. 1072–1128 CE) | |||
Thái Ninh 太寧 | 1072–1076 CE | 5 years | |
Anh Vũ Chiêu Thắng 英武昭勝 | 1076–1085 CE | 10 years | |
Quảng Hựu 廣祐 | 1085–1092 CE | 8 years | |
Hội Phong 會豐 | 1092–1100 CE | 9 years | |
Long Phù 龍符 | 1101–1109 CE | 9 years | Or Long Phù Nguyên Hoá (龍符元化). |
Hội Tường Đại Khánh 會祥大慶 | 1110–1119 CE | 10 years | |
Thiên Phù Duệ Vũ 天符睿武 | 1120–1126 CE | 7 years | |
Thiên Phù Khánh Thọ 天符慶壽 | 1127 CE | 1 year | Usage continued by Lý Thần Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lý Thần Tông 李神宗 (r. 1127–1138 CE) | |||
Thiên Thuận 天順 | 1128–1132 CE | 5 years | Or Đại Thuận (大順). |
Thiên Chương Bảo Tự 天彰寶嗣 | 1133–1138 CE | 6 years | |
Lý Anh Tông 李英宗 (r. 1138–1175 CE) | |||
Thiệu Minh 紹明 | 1138–1140 CE | 3 years | |
Đại Định 大定 | 1140–1162 CE | 23 years | |
Chính Long Bảo Ứng 政隆寶應 | 1163–1174 CE | 12 years | |
Thiên Cảm Chí Bảo 天感至寶 | 1174–1175 CE | 2 years | Usage continued by Lý Cao Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lý Cao Tông 李高宗 (r. 1175–1210 CE) | |||
Trinh Phù 貞符 | 1176–1186 CE | 11 years | |
Thiên Tư Gia Thụy 天資嘉瑞 | 1186–1202 CE | 17 years | |
Thiên Gia Bảo Hựu 天嘉寶祐 | 1202–1205 CE | 4 years | Or Thiên Tư Bảo Hựu (天資寶祐). |
Trị Bình Long Ứng 治平龍應 | 1205–1210 CE | 6 years | Usage continued by Lý Huệ Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lý Huệ Tông 李惠宗 (r. 1210–1224 CE) | |||
Kiến Gia 建嘉 | 1211–1224 CE | 14 years | |
Lý Nguyên Hoàng 李元皇 (r. 1214–1216 CE) | |||
Càn Ninh 乾寧 | 1214–1216 CE | 3 years | |
Lý Chiêu Hoàng 李昭皇 (r. 1224–1225 CE) | |||
Thiên Chương Hữu Đạo 天彰有道 | 1224–1225 CE | 2 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Trần Thái Tông 陳太宗 (r. 1225–1258 CE) | |||
Kiến Trung 建中 | 1225–1232 CE | 8 years | |
Thiên Ứng Chính Bình 天應政平 | 1232–1251 CE | 20 years | |
Nguyên Phong 元豐 | 1251–1258 CE | 8 years | |
Trần Thánh Tông 陳聖宗 (r. 1258–1278 CE) | |||
Thiệu Long 紹隆 | 1258–1272 CE | 15 years | |
Bảo Phù 寶符 | 1273–1278 CE | 6 years | Usage continued by Trần Nhân Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Trần Nhân Tông 陳仁宗 (r. 1278–1293 CE) | |||
Thiệu Bảo 紹寶 | 1279–1285 CE | 7 years | |
Trùng Hưng 重興 | 1285–1293 CE | 9 years | |
Trần Anh Tông 陳英宗 (r. 1293–1314 CE) | |||
Hưng Long 興隆 | 1293–1314 CE | 22 years | |
Trần Minh Tông 陳明宗 (r. 1314–1329 CE) | |||
Đại Khánh 大慶 | 1314–1323 CE | 10 years | |
Khai Thái 開泰 | 1324–1329 CE | 6 years | |
Trần Hiến Tông 陳憲宗 (r. 1329–1341 CE) | |||
Khai Hựu 開祐 | 1329–1341 CE | 13 years | |
Trần Dụ Tông 陳裕宗 (r. 1341–1369 CE) | |||
Thiệu Phong 紹豐 | 1341–1357 CE | 17 years | |
Đại Trị 大治 | 1358–1369 CE | 12 years | |
Dương Nhật Lễ 楊日禮 (r. 1369–1370 CE) | |||
Đại Định 大定 | 1369–1370 CE | 2 years | |
Trần Nghệ Tông 陳藝宗 (r. 1370–1372 CE) | |||
Thiệu Khánh 紹慶 | 1370–1372 CE | 3 years | Usage continued by Trần Duệ Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Trần Duệ Tông 陳睿宗 (r. 1372–1377 CE) | |||
Long Khánh 隆慶 | 1373–1377 CE | 5 years | |
Trần Hiện 陳晛 (r. 1377–1388 CE) | |||
Xương Phù 昌符 | 1377–1388 CE | 12 years | |
Trần Thuận Tông 陳順宗 (r. 1388–1398 CE) | |||
Quang Thái 光泰 | 1388–1398 CE | 11 years | |
Trần An 陳𭴣 (r. 1398–1400 CE) | |||
Kiến Tân 建新 | 1398–1400 CE | 3 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Nguyễn Bổ 阮補 (r. 1379 CE) | |||
Hy Nguyên 熙元 | 1379 CE | 1 year |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Hồ Quý Ly 胡季犛 (r. 1400 CE) | |||
Thánh Nguyên 聖元 | 1400 CE | 1 year | Or Nguyên Thánh (元聖). Usage continued by Hồ Hán Thương upon his ascension to the throne. |
Hồ Hán Thương 胡漢蒼 (r. 1400–1407 CE) | |||
Thiệu Thành 紹成 | 1401–1402 CE | 2 years | |
Khai Đại 開大 | 1403–1407 CE | 5 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Giản Định Đế 簡定帝 (r. 1407–1409 CE) | |||
Hưng Khánh 興慶 | 1407–1409 CE | 3 years | |
Trùng Quang Đế 重光帝 (r. 1409–1413 CE) | |||
Trùng Quang 重光 | 1409–1413 CE | 5 years | |
Trần Cảo 陳暠 (r. 1426–1428 CE) | |||
Thiên Khánh 天慶 | 1426–1428 CE | 3 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Phạm Ngọc 范玉 (r. 1417–1420 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Ninh 永寧 | 1417–1420 CE | 4 years | |
Lê Ngạ 黎餓 (r. 1420 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Thiên 永天 | 1420 CE | 1 month |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Lê Thái Tổ 黎太祖 (r. 1428–1433 CE) | |||
Thuận Thiên 順天 | 1428–1433 CE | 6 years | Usage continued by Lê Thái Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Thái Tông 黎太宗 (r. 1433–1442 CE) | |||
Thiệu Bình 紹平 | 1434–1439 CE | 6 years | |
Đại Bảo 大寶 | 1440–1442 CE | 3 years | Or Thái Bảo (太寶). Usage continued by Lê Nhân Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Nhân Tông 黎仁宗 (r. 1442–1459 CE) | |||
Đại Hòa 大和 | 1443–1453 CE | 11 years | Or Thái Hòa (太和). |
Diên Ninh 延寧 | 1454–1459 CE | 6 years | |
Lê Nghi Dân 黎宜民 (r. 1459–1460 CE) | |||
Thiên Hưng 天興 | 1459–1460 CE | 2 years | |
Lê Thánh Tông 黎聖宗 (r. 1460–1497 CE) | |||
Quang Thuận 光順 | 1460–1469 CE | 10 years | |
Hồng Đức 洪德 | 1470–1497 CE | 28 years | Usage continued by Lê Hiến Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Hiến Tông 黎憲宗 (r. 1497–1504 CE) | |||
Cảnh Thống 景統 | 1498–1504 CE | 7 years | |
Lê Túc Tông 黎肅宗 (r. 1504 CE) | |||
Thái Trinh 太貞 | 1504 CE | 1 year | Usage continued by Lê Uy Mục Đế upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Uy Mục Đế 黎威穆帝 (r. 1504–1509 CE) | |||
Đoan Khánh 端慶 | 1505–1509 CE | 5 years | |
Lê Tương Dực Đế 黎襄翼帝 (r. 1509–1516 CE) | |||
Hồng Thuận 洪順 | 1509–1516 CE | 8 years | |
Lê Chiêu Tông 黎昭宗 (r. 1516–1522 CE) | |||
Quang Thiệu 光紹 | 1516–1522 CE | 7 years | |
Lê Cung Hoàng 黎恭皇 (r. 1522–1527 CE) | |||
Thống Nguyên 統元 | 1522–1527 CE | 6 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Trần Cao 陳暠 (r. 1516 CE) | |||
Thiên Ứng 天應 | 1516 CE | 8 months | Or Ứng Thiên (應天). |
Trần Cung 陳㫒 (r. 1516–1521 CE) | |||
Tuyên Hòa 宣和 | 1516–1521 CE | 6 years | |
Lê Bảng 黎榜 (r. 1518–1519 CE) | |||
Đại Đức 大德 | 1518–1519 CE | 2 years | Or Thiên Đức (天德). |
Lê Do 黎槱 (r. 1519 CE) | |||
Thiên Hiến 天憲 | 1519 CE | 1 year |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Mạc Thái Tổ 莫太祖 (r. 1527–1529 CE) | |||
Minh Đức 明德 | 1527–1529 CE | 3 years | |
Mạc Thái Tông 莫太宗 (r. 1529–1540 CE) | |||
Đại Chính 大正 | 1530–1540 CE | 11 years | Usage continued by Mạc Hiến Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Mạc Hiến Tông 莫憲宗 (r. 1540–1546 CE) | |||
Quảng Hòa 廣和 | 1541–1546 CE | 6 years | |
Mạc Tuyên Tông 莫宣宗 (r. 1546–1561 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Định 永定 | 1547–1548 CE | 2 years | Usage might be in 1547 CE, for a total length of 1 year. |
Cảnh Lịch 景曆 | 1548–1555 CE | 8 years | Usage might be from 1548 CE to 1553 CE, for a total length of 6 years; or from 1548 CE to 1554 CE, for a total length of 7 years. |
Quang Bảo 光寶 | 1555–1564 CE | 10 years | Usage might be from 1554 CE to 1561 CE, for a total length of 8 years; or from 1554 CE to 1564 CE, for a total length of 11 years. Usage continued by Mạc Mậu Hợp upon his ascension to the throne. |
Mạc Mậu Hợp 莫茂洽 (r. 1562–1592 CE) | |||
Thuần Phúc 淳福 | 1565–1568 CE | 4 years | Usage might be from 1562 CE to 1566 CE, for a total length of 5 years; or from 1565 CE to 1566 CE, for a total length of 2 years. |
Sùng Khang 崇康 | 1568–1578 CE | 11 years | Usage might be from 1566 CE to 1578 CE, for a total length of 13 years. |
Diên Thành 延成 | 1578–1585 CE | 8 years | |
Đoan Thái 端泰 | 1585–1588 CE | 4 years | Usage might be from 1586 CE to 1587 CE, for a total length of 2 years. |
Hưng Trị 興治 | 1588–1591 CE | 4 years | Usage might be from 1588 CE to 1590 CE, for a total length of 3 years. |
Hồng Ninh 洪寧 | 1591–1592 CE | 2 years | |
Mạc Toàn 莫全 (r. 1592–1593 CE; as regent) | |||
Vũ An 武安 | 1592 CE | 1 year | |
Mạc Kính Chỉ 莫敬止 (r. 1592–1593 CE) | |||
Bảo Định 寶定 | 1592 CE | 1 year | |
Khang Hựu 康祐 | 1593 CE | 1 year | |
Mạc Kính Cung 莫敬恭 (r. 1593–1625 CE) | |||
Càn Thống 乾統 | 1593–1625 CE | 33 years | |
Mạc Kính Khoan 莫敬寬 (r. 1618–1638 CE) | |||
Long Thái 隆泰 | 1618–1625 CE | 8 years | |
Mạc Kính Vũ 莫敬宇 (r. 1661–1679 CE) | |||
Thuận Đức 順德 | 1638–1677 CE | 40 years | Usage might be from 1638 CE to 1661 CE, for a total length of 24 years. |
Mạc Nguyên Thanh 莫元清 (r. 1638–1677 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Xương 永昌 | 1661–1679 CE | 19 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Lê Trang Tông 黎莊宗 (r. 1533–1548 CE) | |||
Nguyên Hòa 元和 | 1533–1548 CE | 16 years | Usage continued by Lê Trung Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Trung Tông 黎中宗 (r. 1548–1556 CE) | |||
Thuận Bình 順平 | 1549–1556 CE | 8 years | Usage continued by Lê Anh Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Anh Tông 黎英宗 (r. 1556–1573 CE) | |||
Thiên Hựu 天祐 | 1557 CE | 1 year | |
Chính Trị 正治 | 1558–1571 CE | 14 years | |
Hồng Phúc 洪福 | 1572 CE | 1 year | |
Lê Thế Tông 黎世宗 (r. 1573–1599 CE) | |||
Gia Thái 嘉泰 | 1573–1577 CE | 5 years | |
Quang Hưng 光興 | 1578–1599 CE | 22 years | Usage continued by Lê Kính Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Kính Tông 黎敬宗 (r. 1599–1619 CE) | |||
Thận Đức 慎德 | 1600 CE | 1 year | |
Hoằng Định 弘定 | 1600–1619 CE | 20 years | |
Lê Thần Tông 黎神宗 (r. 1619–1643 CE; first reign) | |||
Vĩnh Tộ 永祚 | 1619–1629 CE | 11 years | |
Đức Long 德隆 | 1629–1635 CE | 7 years | |
Dương Hòa 陽和 | 1635–1643 CE | 9 years | |
Lê Chân Tông 黎真宗 (r. 1643–1649 CE) | |||
Phúc Thái 福泰 | 1643–1649 CE | 7 years | |
Lê Thần Tông 黎神宗 (r. 1649–1662 CE; second reign) | |||
Khánh Đức 慶德 | 1649–1653 CE | 5 years | |
Thịnh Đức 盛德 | 1653–1658 CE | 6 years | |
Vĩnh Thọ 永壽 | 1658–1662 CE | 5 years | |
Vạn Khánh 萬慶 | 1662 CE | 1 year | Usage continued by Lê Huyền Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Huyền Tông 黎玄宗 (r. 1662–1671 CE) | |||
Cảnh Trị 景治 | 1663–1671 CE | 9 years | Usage continued by Lê Gia Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Gia Tông 黎嘉宗 (r. 1671–1675 CE) | |||
Dương Đức 陽德 | 1672–1674 CE | 3 years | |
Đức Nguyên 德元 | 1674–1675 CE | 2 years | Usage continued by Lê Hy Tông upon his ascension to the throne. |
Lê Hy Tông 黎熙宗 (r. 1675–1705 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Trị 永治 | 1676–1680 CE | 5 years | |
Chính Hòa 正和 | 1680–1705 CE | 26 years | |
Lê Dụ Tông 黎裕宗 (r. 1705–1729 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Thịnh 永盛 | 1705–1720 CE | 16 years | |
Bảo Thái 保泰 | 1720–1729 CE | 10 years | |
Lê Duy Phường 黎維祊 (r. 1729–1732 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Khánh 永慶 | 1729–1732 CE | 4 years | |
Lê Thuần Tông 黎純宗 (r. 1732–1735 CE) | |||
Long Đức 龍德 | 1732–1735 CE | 4 years | |
Lê Ý Tông 黎懿宗 (r. 1735–1740 CE) | |||
Vĩnh Hựu 永祐 | 1735–1740 CE | 6 years | |
Lê Hiển Tông 黎顯宗 (r. 1740–1786 CE) | |||
Cảnh Hưng 景興 | 1740–1786 CE | 47 years | Usage continued by Lê Mẫn Đế upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Nguyễn lords. |
Lê Mẫn Đế 黎愍帝 (r. 1786–1789 CE) | |||
Chiêu Thống 昭統 | 1787–1789 CE | 3 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Lê Hiến 黎憲 (r. 1533–1537 CE) | |||
Quang Chiếu 光照 | 1533–1536 CE | 4 years | |
Vũ Đăng 武登 (r. 1594 CE) | |||
La Bình 羅平 | 1594 CE | 1 year | |
Nguyễn Minh Trí 阮明智 (r. 1595–1597 CE) | |||
Đại Đức 大德 | 1595–1597 CE | 3 years | |
Nguyễn Đương Minh 阮當明 (r. 1596–1597 CE) | |||
Phúc Đức 福德 | 1596–1597 CE | 2 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Thái Đức Đế 泰德帝 (r. 1778–1793 CE) | |||
Thái Đức 泰德 | 1778–1793 CE | 16 years | |
Quang Trung Đế 光中帝 (r. 1788–1792 CE) | |||
Quang Trung 光中 | 1788–1792 CE | 5 years | Usage continued by Cảnh Thịnh Đế upon his ascension to the throne. |
Cảnh Thịnh Đế 景盛帝 (r. 1792–1802 CE) | |||
Cảnh Thịnh 景盛 | 1793–1801 CE | 9 years | |
Bảo Hưng 寶興 | 1801–1802 CE | 2 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Gia Long Đế 嘉隆帝 (r. 1802–1820 CE) | |||
Gia Long 嘉隆 | 1802–1819 CE | 18 years | |
Minh Mạng Đế 明命帝 (r. 1820–1841 CE) | |||
Minh Mạng 明命 | 1820–1841 CE | 22 years | |
Thiệu Trị Đế 紹治帝 (r. 1841–1847 CE) | |||
Thiệu Trị 紹治 | 1841–1847 CE | 7 years | Usage continued by Tự Đức Đế upon his ascension to the throne. |
Tự Đức Đế 嗣德帝 (r. 1847–1883 CE) | |||
Tự Đức 嗣德 | 1848–1883 CE | 36 years | Usage continued by Dục Đức Đế, Hiệp Hòa Đế, and Kiến Phúc Đế upon their ascension to the throne. The Gregorian calendar has been used in Vietnam since the region was colonized by France in 1858. |
Hiệp Hòa Đế 協和帝 (r. 1883 CE) | |||
Hiệp Hòa 協和 | did not use | did not use | The era name Hiệp Hòa was originally planned to supersede Tự Đức, but Hiệp Hòa Đế was deposed before the era name was put into effective use. |
Kiến Phúc Đế 建福帝 (r. 1883–1884 CE) | |||
Kiến Phúc 建福 | 1884 CE | 1 year | Usage continued by Hàm Nghi Đế upon his ascension to the throne. |
Hàm Nghi Đế 咸宜帝 (r. 1884–1885 CE) | |||
Hàm Nghi 咸宜 | 1885 CE | 1 year | Usage continued by Đồng Khánh Đế upon his ascension to the throne. Also used by the Cần Vương movement. |
Đồng Khánh Đế 同慶帝 (r. 1885–1889 CE) | |||
Đồng Khánh 同慶 | 1885–1889 CE | 5 years | |
Thành Thái Đế 成泰帝 (r. 1889–1907 CE) | |||
Thành Thái 成泰 | 1889–1907 CE | 19 years | |
Duy Tân Đế 維新帝 (r. 1907–1916 CE) | |||
Duy Tân 維新 | 1907–1916 CE | 10 years | |
Khải Định Đế 啓定帝 (r. 1916–1925 CE) | |||
Khải Định 啓定 | 1916–1925 CE | 10 years | Usage continued by Bảo Đại Đế upon his ascension to the throne. |
Bảo Đại Đế 保大帝 (r. 1926–1945 CE) | |||
Bảo Đại 保大 | 1926–1945 CE | 20 years |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Phan Xích Long 潘赤龍 (r. 1912–1913 CE) | |||
Hồng Long 紅龍 | 1912 CE–? | Unknown | |
Republic of Annam Phan Bội Châu 潘佩珠 (r. 1912–1925 CE) | |||
Việt Nam Cộng hòa quốc 越南共和國 | Used for the Republic of Annam proposed by the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội . [6] |
Era name | Period of use | Length of use | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Democratic Republic of Vietnam 胡志明 (r. 1945–1969 CE) | |||
Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa 越南民主共和 | 1945-1967 | 22 years | Used in the early days of the Democratic Republic. [7] Used alongside the Công Nguyên 公元 (Common Era) since 1954. |
Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Socialist Republic of Vietnam (r. 1969 CE-present) | |||
Công Nguyên 公元 | 1967-present | Current calendar in use in Vietnam. | "Công Nguyên" means "Common Era" in Vietnamese. |
Lý Nhân Tông, personal name Lý Càn Đức, temple name Nhân Tông was the fourth emperor of the Lý dynasty, ruling the kingdom of Đại Việt from 1072 until his death in 1128. Succeeding his father Lý Thánh Tông at the age of 7, during his early reign Lý Nhân Tông ruled with the assistance of his mother Ỷ Lan and the chancellor Lý Đạo Thành who were both considered competent regents and were able to help the emperor maintain the country's prosperity. Appreciated as a great emperor of the Lý dynasty, Lý Nhân Tông made important contributions to the development of Đại Việt, especially for establishing Confucianism as the official philosophy of the state, creating Confucian-based imperial exams, and creating schools based on the Confucian system of learning. During his 55-year reign, which was the longest reign for any Vietnamese monarch, Lý Nhân Tông also experienced several wars against Đại Việt's neighbours, the Song dynasty and the kingdom of Champa in which the Sino–Vietnamese War (1075–1076) was the fiercest. After his death, the royal family lost their control over the court to the chancellors and the bureaucracies.
The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư is the official national chronicle of the Đại Việt, that was originally compiled by the royal historian Ngô Sĩ Liên under the order of the Emperor Lê Thánh Tông and was finished in 1479 during the Lê period. The 15-volume book covered the period from Hồng Bàng dynasty to the coronation of Lê Thái Tổ, the first emperor of the Lê dynasty in 1428. In compiling his work, Ngô Sĩ Liên based on two principal historical sources which were Đại Việt sử ký by Lê Văn Hưu and Đại Việt sử ký tục biên by Phan Phu Tiên. After its publication, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư was continually supplemented by other historians of the royal court such as Vũ Quỳnh and Phạm Công Trứ. Today the most popular version of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư is the Nội các quan bản edition which was completed in 1697 with the additional information up to 1656 during the reign of the Emperor Lê Thần Tông and the Lord Trịnh Tráng. Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư is considered the most important and comprehensive historical book. The chronicle, which was modeled after Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian, provides a chronological history beginning with the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty and continuing to the founding of the house of Lê in 1428.
Trần Thái Tông, personal name Trần Cảnh or Trần Nhật Cảnh, temple name Thái Tông, was the first emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigned Đại Việt for 33 years (1226–58), being Retired Emperor for 19 years. He reigned during the first Mongol invasion of Vietnam before eventually abdicating in favor of his son Trần Hoảng in 1258.
Trần Thiếu Đế, was the twelfth and the last emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned over Vietnam from 1398 to 1400.
Marquis Hoài Văn, better known as Trần Quốc Toản, born 1267, was a marquis of the Trần Dynasty who was well known for his active role in the second war of resistance of Đại Việt against the Mongol invasion. Although there were only a few historical records about Trần Quốc Toản, he is still widely known as an example of patriotism in Vietnam while he participated and ultimately sacrificed himself for the country at a very young age. Today, story about Trần Quốc Toản is taught in Vietnamese schoolbooks and many places in Vietnam are named in honour of this young hero.
Prince of Bảo Nghĩa Trần Bình Trọng (1259–1285) was a general of the Trần Dynasty well known for his heroic action in the war of Dai Viet against the second Mongol invasion. After the capture of Trần Bình Trọng by the army of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan's prince Toghan attempted to convince the Đại Việt general to surrender by telling him about the situation of the Trần Dynasty, saying that Trần Bình Trọng would get a minister's post in China. However, the general rejected his proposition, and thus, Toghan had him executed. Today, he is widely known as an example of patriotism in Vietnam. The story about Marquis Bảo Nghĩa is taught in Vietnamese textbooks and many places in Vietnam are named in honour of this national hero.
Trần Quốc Tảng was the third son of Trần Hưng Đạo. He was a general of the Trần Dynasty during the reign of emperors Trần Nhân Tông and Trần Anh Tông who was also his son-in-law. As a member of Yên Sinh's line in Trần clan, Trần Quốc Tảng supported the plot of taking over the throne from Trần Cảnh's line which was opposed by his father Trần Quốc Tuấn and his elder brother Trần Quốc Nghiễn, this difference made Hưng Đạo break off the paternal relation with Trần Quốc Tảng until his death in 1300.
Lê Văn Hưu (1230–1322) was a historian of the Trần dynasty. He is best known for his work the Đại Việt sử ký, the first comprehensive historical record of the history of Vietnam. Although the book was lost during the Fourth Chinese domination in Vietnam, its contents, including Lê Văn Hưu's comments on various events in the history of Vietnam, were used by other Vietnamese historians as a base for their works, notably the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư by Ngô Sĩ Liên.
The Đại Việt sử ký is the official historical text of the Trần dynasty, that was compiled by the royal historian Lê Văn Hưu and was finished in 1272. Considered the first comprehensive account of the history of Vietnam, the 30-volume book covered the period between 207 BC to 1225 AD in Vietnamese history, from Triệu Đà, the first king of the Triệu dynasty, to Lý Chiêu Hoàng which was the empress regnant and the last ruler of the Lý dynasty. Although it was lost during the Fourth Chinese domination in Vietnam, the contents of the Đại Việt sử ký, including Lê Văn Hưu's comments about various events in the history of Vietnam, were used by other Vietnamese historians as a base for their works, notably the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư by Ngô Sĩ Liên.
Ngô Sĩ Liên (吳士連) was a Vietnamese historian of the Lê dynasty. He was the main compiler of the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, a chronicle of the history of Vietnam and a historical record of a Vietnamese dynasty. Ngô based information for his historical book from collections of myths and legends such as Trần Thế Pháp's Lĩnh Nam chích quái or Việt điện u linh tập.
Bình Ngô đại cáo was an announcement written by Nguyễn Trãi in 1428, at Lê Lợi's behest and on Lê Lợi's behalf, to proclaim the Lam Sơn's victory over the Ming imperialists and affirm the independence of Đại Việt to its people.
The Đại Việt sử lược or Việt sử lược is an historical text that was compiled during the Trần dynasty. The three-volume book was finished around 1377 and covered the history of Vietnam from the reign of Triệu Đà to the collapse of the Lý dynasty. During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam, the book, together with almost all official records of the Trần dynasty, was taken away to China and subsequently collected in the Siku Quanshu. The Đại Việt sử lược is considered the earliest chronicles about the history of Vietnam that remains today.
Kiều Công Tiễn was a general in the court of Dương Đình Nghệ, a Vietnamese Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân who took over the position in 931. In 937, Kiều Công Tiễn assassinated the Jiedushi to seize his position and thus provoked a revolt led by Ngô Quyền who sought revenge his lord and father-in-law Dương Đình Nghệ. In response to the attack, Kiều Công Tiễn appealed to Liu Yan, the emperor of Southern Han, for reinforcements but he was defeated and executed by Ngô Quyền before the army of Southern Han entered the country. Ngô Quyền subsequently won a decisive victory over the Southern Han in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River and would go on to inaugurate the continuous independence of Vietnam for the first time in nearly a thousand years.
Following is the family tree of Vietnamese monarchs from the autonomous period of the Khúc clan (905–923) to the reign of Bảo Đại (1926–1945), the last emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. Emperors, kings and lords of each monarch are denoted by different colours with the period of their reigns.
Khúc Thừa Dụ or Khúc Tiên Chủ (830–907) was a jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân, nominally under the Chinese Tang dynasty, in the early 10th century.
Khúc Hạo was the Vietnamese self-declared jiedushi of northern Vietnam from 907 to 917 succeeding his father Khúc Thừa Dụ.
The An Nam chí lược is a historical text that was compiled by the Vietnamese historian Lê Tắc during his exile in Yuan China in early 14th century. Published for the first time in 1335 in the Yuan dynasty, An Nam chí lược became one of the few historical books about Đại Việt that survive from the 14th and 15th centuries, and it is considered the oldest historical work by a Vietnamese that has been preserved.
The seals of the Nguyễn dynasty can refer to a collection of seals specifically made for the emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty, who reigned over Vietnam between the years 1802 and 1945, or to seals produced during this period in Vietnamese history in general.
The government of the Nguyễn dynasty, officially the Southern dynasty and commonly referred to as the Huế Court, centred around the emperor as the absolute monarch, surrounded by various imperial agencies and ministries which stayed under the emperor's presidency. Following the signing of the Patenôtre Treaty the French took over a lot of control and while the government of the Nguyễn dynasty still nominally ruled the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, in reality the French maintained control over these territories and the Nguyễn government became subsidiary to the administration of French Indochina. During World War II the Japanese launched a coup d'état ousting the French and establishing the Empire of Vietnam which was ruled by the Nguyễn government. During the August Revolution the Nguyễn government was abolished in the aftermath of World War II.
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