Mu Sheng (Chinese :沐晟;Vietnamese :Mộc Thạnh;1368–1439),courtesy name Jingmao (景茂),was a Chinese military general and politician of the Ming dynasty.
Mu Sheng was the second son of Mu Ying,the first Marquis of Xiping (西平侯). He was a solemn man of few words,and the Hongwu Emperor very liked him. In 1399,his elder brother Mu Chun died without heir,so Mu Sheng succeeded him as Marquis of Xiping. [1]
Mu was dispatched to attack Vietnam together with Zhang Fu in 1406. In the next year,they captured the Vietnamese usurper HồQuýLy,and his son HồHán Thương. Vietnam was once again ruled by China and renamed to Jiaozhi province (Vietnamese :Giao Chỉ). [2] For this accomplishment,he was elevated to the title "Duke of Qian" (黔國公). [1]
In 1408,Trần Ngỗi,a Vietnamese prince,revolted against Ming China. Mu was dispatched to put down the rebellion,but was defeated. In the next year,Zhang Fu was sent to Vietnam again to support him. It proved that Mu was a general did not have military talents. [1] Zhang captured Trần Ngỗi in 1410 successfully and came back to Nanjing, [3] but Mu failed to put down the rebellion of the other prince,Trần QuýKhoáng,until Zhang Fu came to assist him again. They crushed the rebellion in 1414,and Mu was granted the title of Grand Tutor (太傅). [1]
In 1426,he was sent to Vietnam again together with Liu Sheng to put down the rebellion of LêLợi, [1] whom later became the founder of the Later Lêdynasty. Later,Liu was killed by the Vietnamese in Chi Lăng Pass, [4] Mu had to retreat from Vietnam. Finally,the Xuande Emperor decided to abandon Jiaozhi Province,and the Vietnamese gained political independence once again. [5]
Mu Sheng took part in the Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns together with Mu Ang (沐昂) and Fang Zheng (方政). Fang Zheng was defeated and killed in action,Mu Sheng had to retreat. He died in Chuxiong. He was elevated to the title "Prince of Dingyuan" (定遠王) and given the posthumous name Zhongjing (忠敬) posthumously. His eldest son Mu Bin (沐斌) succeeded as Duke of Qian. [1]
The Hồdynasty,officially Đại Ngu,was a short-lived Vietnamese dynasty consisting of the reigns of two monarchs,HồQuýLy and his second son,HồHán Thương. The practice of bequeathing the throne to a designated son was similar to what had happened in the previous Trần dynasty and was meant to avoid sibling rivalry. HồQuýLy's eldest son,HồNguyên Trừng,played his part as the dynasty's military general. In 2011,UNESCO declared the Citadel of the HồDynasty in Thanh Hóa Province a world heritage site. The Hồdynasty was conquered by the Chinese Ming dynasty in 1407.
The Later Trần dynasty,officially Great Việt,was a Vietnamese dynasty. It was the continuous line of the Tran dynasty that led Vietnamese rebellions against the Chinese Ming dynasty from between 1407 and 1413. The regime was characterized by two revolts against the Ming China which had by then established its rule over Vietnam.
The Fourth Era of Northern Domination was a period of Vietnamese history,from 1407 to 1427,during which Ming-dynasty China ruled Vietnam as the province of Jiaozhi. The Ming established their rule in Vietnam following their conquest of the Hồdynasty in 1406-1407. The fourth period of Chinese rule over Vietnam eventually ended with the establishment of the Lêdynasty in 1428.
LêLợi,also known by his temple name as LêThái Tổ (黎太祖) and by his pre-imperial title Bình Định vương,was a Vietnamese rebel leader who founded the Later Lêdynasty and became the first king of the restored kingdom of Đại Việt after the country was conquered by the Ming dynasty. In 1418,LêLợi and his followers rose up against Ming rule. He was known for his effective guerrilla tactics,including constantly moving his camps and using small bands of irregulars to ambush the larger Ming forces. Nine years later,his resistance movement successfully drove the Ming armies out of Vietnam and restored Vietnamese independence. LêLợi is among the most famous figures of Vietnamese history and one of its greatest heroes.
Trần Thiếu Đế,was the twelfth and the last emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned over Vietnam from 1398 to 1400.
Việt Nam sửlược,was the first history text published in the Vietnamese language and the Vietnamese alphabet. It was compiled by Vietnamese historian Trần Trọng Kim. It covered the period from Hồng Bàng dynasty to the time of French Indochina. The book was first published in 1920 and reprinted many times. It was the standard history text in South Vietnam.
The An Nam chílược is a historical text that was compiled by the Vietnamese historian LêTắc during his exile in Yuan China in early 14th century. Published for the first time in 1335 in the Yuan dynasty,An Nam chílược became one of the few historical books about Đại Việt that survive from the 14th and 15th centuries,and it is considered the oldest historical work by a Vietnamese that has been preserved.
The Ming invasion of Viet,known in Vietnam as the Ming–Đại Ngu War was a military campaign against the kingdom of Đại Ngu under the Hồdynasty by the Ming dynasty of China. The campaign began with Ming intervention in support of a rival faction to the Hồdynasty which ruled Đại Ngu,but ended with the incorporation of Đại Ngu into the Ming dynasty as the province of Jiaozhi. The invasion is acknowledged by recent historians as one of the most important wars of the late medieval period,whereas both sides,especially the Ming,used the most advanced weapons in the world at the time.
The Lam Sơn uprising was a Vietnamese rebellion led by LêLợi in the province of Jiaozhi from 7 February 1418 to 10 December 1427 against the rule of Ming China. The success of the rebellion led to the establishment of the Later Lêdynasty by LêLợi in Đại Việt.
The Battle of Tốt Động –Chúc Động or the Battle of Tụy Động in 1426 was the decisive battle in the 14-year Lam Sơn uprising which established Vietnam's independence from Ming China in 1428. The battle took place on November 7,1426 in the Red River Delta between Tốt Động and Chúc Động,two villages of Chương MỹDistrict,near Hanoi. Armed with hand cannons,the Vietnamese force under LêLợi,the Prince of Pacification,was able to stage a successful ambush on the attacking a Ming army,under General Wang Tong. The Ming army was decisively routed. As a result,most of the Chinese weapons,supplies,and horses were captured by the Vietnamese. Wang Tong was forced to retreat back to Dong Kinh,where four days later he and the city were besieged by Le Loi's army.
Emperor Giản Định,real name Trần Ngỗi (陳頠),was the leader of the Vietnamese Trần royalist forces who rebelled against the Ming Chinese rule.
Trùng Quang Emperor,real name Trần QuýKhoáng (陳季擴),was the second and last emperor of Later Trần dynasty. He was a son of prince Trần Ngạc. As the second son of Trần NghệTông,Ngạc was appointed as Prime Minister with the title Trang Định vương,but was later killed by an order of Co-Prime Minister HồQuýLy in 1392.
Zhang Fu,courtesy name Wenbi,was a Chinese military general of the Ming dynasty. He was the eldest son of general Zhang Yu,one of Zhu Di's finest generals. Zhang Yu was killed in the Jingnan campaign,Zhang Fu succeeded his father's title. After Zhu Di crowned the Yongle Emperor,Zhang Fu was granted the title "Count of Xin'an" (信安伯). In 1405,he was elevated to the title "Marquis of Xincheng" (新成侯).
Trần Thiêm Bình was a pretender to the Vietnamese throne during Hồdynasty. He was mentioned as Chen Tian-ping (陳天平) in Chinese records.
Copper columns of Ma Yuan were a pair of copper columns erected by General Ma Yuan of Han China after his suppression of the Trung sisters' rebellion in 43 CE. The columns stood at southern frontier of Tượng Lâm (Xianglin) to mark the boundary of Chinese territory against those the considered the barbarians. Ma prayed to the heaven:"If the copper columns break,Jiaozhi will be destroyed." The location of the columns is unknown,with various explanations given for their disappearance. One popular story is that locals developed a superstitious habit of placing rocks to support the column as they passed and that,over time,this pile grew so large that it completely covered the columns. Another is that people threw rocks at the columns from hatred,destroying them. Later rationalist Chinese and Vietnamese scholars opined that it had probably simply fallen into the sea in the course of an earthquake or change of shoreline.
Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo was a prince of the Nguyễn dynasty,Vietnam.
NgôVăn Sở was a general of the Tây Sơn dynasty.
Chao Fa Krom Khun Inthra Phithak,born Chui (จุ้ย),was a prince of the Thonburi Kingdom.
Đặng Văn Chân (鄧文真, ?–?),or Đặng Văn Trấn (鄧文鎮),was an admiral of the Tây Sơn dynasty,Vietnam.
The Ming-Đại Việt War of 1406–1428 was a conflict between the Ming dynasty of China and Vietnam. The Ming dynasty's objective was to annex Vietnam,and while they initially had some success,the Vietnamese ultimately defended their independence.