1414

November 16: The Council of Constance is opened by King Sigismund of Germany to settle the Western Schism.

1414 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1414 MCDXIV
Ab urbe condita	2167
Armenian calendar	863 ԹՎ ՊԿԳ
Assyrian calendar	6164
Balinese saka calendar	1335–1336
Bengali calendar	820–821
Berber calendar	2364
English Regnal year	1  Hen. 5  – 2  Hen. 5
Buddhist calendar	1958
Burmese calendar	776
Byzantine calendar	6922–6923
Chinese calendar	癸巳年 (Water  Snake) 4111 or 3904     — to — 甲午年 (Wood  Horse) 4112 or 3905
Coptic calendar	1130–1131
Discordian calendar	2580
Ethiopian calendar	1406–1407
Hebrew calendar	5174–5175
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1470–1471
- Shaka Samvat	1335–1336
- Kali Yuga	4514–4515
Holocene calendar	11414
Igbo calendar	414–415
Iranian calendar	792–793
Islamic calendar	816–817
Japanese calendar	Ōei 21 (応永２１年)
Javanese calendar	1328–1329
Julian calendar	1414 MCDXIV
Korean calendar	3747
Minguo calendar	498 before ROC 民前498年
Nanakshahi calendar	−54
Thai solar calendar	1956–1957
Tibetan calendar	阴水蛇年 (female Water-Snake) 1540 or 1159 or 387     — to — 阳木马年 (male Wood-Horse) 1541 or 1160 or 388

Year 1414 ( MCDXIV ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, succeeding Heinrich von Plauen. ^[1]
• January 9 – The Oldcastle Revolt, led by John Oldcastle as an uprising by the Lollards in England against King Henry V, begins at St. Giles' Fields. King Henry's troops, stationed at Clerkenwell Priory in London, halt the rebellion the next day and capture 80 rebels who are later convicted of and executed for treason. ^[2]
• February 11 – The coronation of Ferdinand I as King of Aragon takes place at Zaragoza.
• February 26 – The speech given by French theologian Jean Petit of the "Council of Faith", including nine propositions drawn from the speech, is publicly burned by order of the inquisitor, Gerard de Montaigu, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Paris.
• March 9 – Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in, previously forced to abdicate as Sultan of Egypt and replaced by Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh on November 6, 1412, is forced out from his office as Caliph of Cairo. The Sultan Shaykh then designates his own brother, Sulaymān al-Mustakfī, as the new Caliph of Cairo. ^[3]
• March 30 – The rebellion by Vietnamese Emperor Tran Quy Khoang against the Ming dynasty Chinese occupying armies comes to an end when Tran is captured and imprisoned by General Zhang Fu, marking a turning point in the Ming–Việt War. ^[4]

April–June

• April 6 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu departs from Beijing to lead a military campaign against the Oirat Mongols. ^[5]
• April 30 – The second English Parliament of King Henry V opens at Westminster and Walter Hungerford is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.
• May 28 – Khizr Khan, Timur's governor of Multan in India, conquers the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty. ^[6]
• May 29 – The English Parliament closes its session after 29 days, and King Henry V gives royal assent to numerous laws.
• June 23 – Yeshaq I, succeeds his brother Tewodros I as Emperor of Ethiopia ^[7]

July–September

• July 21 – Iskandar Mirza, who had ruled the Timurid Empire since 1409, is captured as the city of Isfahan surrenders to Shah Rukh. ^[8]
• August 6 – Joanna II becomes the reigning Queen of Naples upon the death of her brother, King Ladislaus. ^[9]
• August 29 – The brotherhood of the "Sancta dels Folls Dona Nostra i Desamparats Innocents" (Our Lady of the Insane and the Forsaken Innocents) is founded in Valencia to help the mentally ill, but soon extends its mission to take care of homeless and abandoned children. ^[10]
• September 20 – A giraffe is presented to China's Emperor Cheng Zu as a gift from the Sultan of Bengal, Saifuddin Hamza Shah. ^[11]

October–December

• October 8 – Bohemian church reformer Jan Hus departs his home at the invitation of King Sigismund of Germany in order to attend the Council of Constance. A few weeks after his November 3 arrival, however, he is imprisoned and spends the rest of his life in captivity.
• November 8 – The coronation of Sigismund of Luxembourg as King of the Romans takes place at Aachen, four years after he had been elected. ^[12]
• November 16 – The Council of Constance opens at Konstanz begins in order to end the western schism and resolve the conflict of having three different Popes recognized by Rome (Benedict XIII), Avignon (Gregory XII) and Avignon (John XXIII), after being summoned by King Sigismund.
• November 19 – The Third Parliament of King Henry V of England opens at Westminster and passes numerous laws, including the Suppression of Heresy Act 1414, the Riot Act 1414, and the Safe Conducts Act 1414.
• December 17 – (4 Shawwal 817 AH) In Ahmedabad in the Gujarat Sultanate in India, construction of Ahmed Shah's Mosque is completed and the date is etched into stone. ^[13]
• December 19 – In Poland, Casimir, Duke of Oświęcim takes full power as he reaches the age of 18.

Date unknown

• Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
• Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.^{[ where? ] [14]}
• The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Emperor Cheng Zu of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
• Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.

Births

• January 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (d. 1451) ^{[15] [16] [17]}
• March 25 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455)
• May 11 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1450) ^[18]
• July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484) ^[19]
• November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492)
• November 9 – Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (d. 1486)
• date unknown
  • Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (d. 1464)
• probable– Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (d. 1481)

Deaths

• February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)
• March 28 – Jeanne-Marie de Maille, French Roman Catholic saint (b. 1331)
• June 23 – Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia
• August 6 – King Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)
• September 1 – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (b. 1369)
• date unknown
  • Fairuzabadi, Persian lexicographer (b. 1329)
  • Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian encyclopaedic writer (b. 1339)
  • John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (b. 1350)
• probable– Zyndram of Maszkowice, Polish 14th- and 15th-century knight (b. 1355)

References

1. Friedrich Borchert: "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen", in Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 October 2001
2. Charles Kightly (September 1975). "The early Lollards" (PDF). University of York. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
3. Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical Dictionary of Islam (Scarecrow Press, 2009) Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.136 ISBN   0810861615
4. Chan, Hok-lam (2008), "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsiian-te reigns, 1399 – 1435", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John K. (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 230–231
5. Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 55. ISBN   067401684X.
6. V. D. Mahajan, (2007) [1991], History of Medieval India (New Delhi: S. Chand, 2007), pages 237-239 ISBN   81-219-0364-5
7. Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 1). London: Methuen & Co. p. 301.
8. Glassen, E. (December 15, 1989), "BĀYQARĀ B. ʿOMAR ŠAYḴ", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, retrieved July 25, 2019
9. Emerton, Ephraim (1917). The Beginnings of Modern Europe (1250–1450). Ginn and Company. pp. 428–429.
10. J. J. López-Ibor, "La fundación en Valencia del primer hospital psiquiátrico del mundo" (In Spanish) Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2008;36(1):1-9. Accessed 24 October 2013
11. Church, Sally K. (2004). "The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China". The Medieval History Journal. 7 (1): 20–21. doi:10.1177/097194580400700101. S2CID   161549135.
12. "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor". January 11, 2024.
13. Hope, Theodore C. (1866). "Description of the Buildings at Ahmedabad". Architecture at Ahmadabad: The Capital of Goozerat. John Murray. p. 40.
14. "Priory". All Web Hunt. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
15. Schutte, O. (1979). "Genealogische gegevens". In Tamse, C.A. (ed.). Nassau en Oranje in de Nederlandse geschiedenis (in Dutch). Alphen aan den Rijn: A.W. Sijthoff. p. 41. ISBN   90-218-2447-7.
16. Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek. p. 67.
17. Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff/Utrecht: J.L. Beijers. p. 92.
18. "Francis I | duke of Brittany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
19. "Sixtus IV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 May 2019.