1451

February 18: Mehmed II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of his father, Murad II, and makes plans to take Constantinople from Christian rule.

1451 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1451 MCDLI
Ab urbe condita	2204
Armenian calendar	900 ԹՎ Ջ
Assyrian calendar	6201
Balinese saka calendar	1372–1373
Bengali calendar	857–858
Berber calendar	2401
English Regnal year	29  Hen. 6  – 30  Hen. 6
Buddhist calendar	1995
Burmese calendar	813
Byzantine calendar	6959–6960
Chinese calendar	庚午年 (Metal  Horse) 4148 or 3941     — to — 辛未年 (Metal  Goat) 4149 or 3942
Coptic calendar	1167–1168
Discordian calendar	2617
Ethiopian calendar	1443–1444
Hebrew calendar	5211–5212
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1507–1508
- Shaka Samvat	1372–1373
- Kali Yuga	4551–4552
Holocene calendar	11451
Igbo calendar	451–452
Iranian calendar	829–830
Islamic calendar	854–855
Japanese calendar	Hōtoku 3 (宝徳３年)
Javanese calendar	1366–1367
Julian calendar	1451 MCDLI
Korean calendar	3784
Minguo calendar	461 before ROC 民前461年
Nanakshahi calendar	−17
Thai solar calendar	1993–1994
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Iron-Horse) 1577 or 1196 or 424     — to — ལྕགས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Iron-Sheep) 1578 or 1197 or 425

Year 1451 ( MCDLI ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 7 – Pope Nicholas V issues a Papal Bull ^[1] to establish The University of Glasgow; classes are initially held in Glasgow Cathedral.
• January 27 – The Saxon Brother War between Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and William III, Landgrave of Thuringia is ended as two brothers sign a peace treaty at Naumburg. ^[2]
• February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded (on February 18) by his son, Mehmed II.
• February 14 – Louis XI marries Charlotte of Savoy.
• March 26 – The Treaty of Gaeta is signed at the Italian city of Gaeta between the Kingdom of Albania (represented by Nikollë de Berguçi and Stefan, Bishop of Krujë on behalf of Skanderbeg, and the Kingdom of Naples (by King Alfonso. In return for protection of Albania from the Ottoman Empire, Albania agrees to be a vassal of Naples. ^[3]

April–June

• April 11 – Celje acquires market town status and town rights, by orders from Count Frederic II of Celje.
• April 19 – In the Delhi Sultanate, the Afghan Lodi Dynasty succeeds the Turkish Sayyid Dynasty as the Sayyid ruler Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah flees Delhi and Bahlul Khan Lodi takes the throne. ^[4]
• May 30 – (New moon (15th waning) of Nayon 813 ME) At Pegu (now in Myanmar, Binnya Waru, ruler of the Hanthawaddy kingdom, is assassinated by his cousin, Binnya Kyan. ^[5]
• May 31 – King Henry VI of England gives royal assent to the Attainder of John Cade Act 1450, confiscating the lands of Jack Cade, who had led a rebellion against the King in 1450. Cade is posthumously convicted of treason so that his estate will go directly to the King.
• June 30 – French troops under Jean de Dunois invade Guyenne, and capture Bordeaux.

July–September

• July 31 – Jacques Coeur, accused of poisoning Agnes Sorel, mistress of King Charles VII of France, is arrested on the orders of the king and his large fortune is confiscated. ^[6]
• August 14 – A three-year truce is signed between Scotland and England at the Church of St Nicholas at Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
• August 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne.
• September 10 – The Ottoman Empire renews its treaty with Republic of Venice and, on September 20, a truce with the Kingdom of Hungary. ^[7]

October–December

• October 17 – After assassinating Bogdan II of Moldavia, Petru Aron takes up the throne. ^[8]
• October 22 – Janos Hunyadi, Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary during the minority of the 11-year-old king, Ladislaus V, signs a peace treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor, Friedrich III. ^[9]
• October 28 – Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
• November 20 – Janos Hunyadi, Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary during the minority of the 11-year-old king, Ladislaus V, signs a 3-year truce with the Ottoman Empire.
• November 28 – At the Korean capital, Hanseong, Hwangbo In becomes the Chief State Councillor (Yeonguijeong) of the Kingdom of Korea as leader of the governing State Council, second in status only to King Munjong, replacing Ha Yeon. ^[10]
• December 22 – (28 Zilhicce 855 AH) In Mamluk ruled Egypt, the Amir Asanbay al-Jamali al-Zahiri returns from a trip to the Ottoman Empire with a group of Ottoman diplomats, and the Mamluk Sultan Mehmed II hosts them at a banquet, granting them a private audience the next day. The Ottomans depart on January 17. ^[11]

Date unknown

• Skennenrahawi, the Great Peacemaker, a chief Mohawk people, founds the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy, along with Jigonhsasee and Hiawatha. The Haudenosaunee is initially a political and cultural union of five Iroquoian-speaking Native American tribes (the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca) governing parts of the present-day state of New York, northern Pennsylvania, and the eastern portion of the provinces of Ontario, and Quebec.^{[ citation needed ]}

Births

Christopher Columbus

• January 14 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (d. 1522)
• January 29 – John, Prince of Portugal, Prince of Portugal (d. 1451)
• February 17 – Raffaello Maffei, Italian theologian (d. 1522)
• March 5 – William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English earl (d. 1491)
• March 9 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer (d. 1512) ^[12]
• April 22 – Queen Isabella I of Castile, Castillian queen regnant and first queen of a united Spain (by marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon) (d. 1504) ^[13]
• May 2 – René II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1508)
• May 17 – Engelbert II of Nassau, Count of Nassau-Vianden and Lord of Breda (1475–1504) (d. 1504)
• June 1 – Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney, English soldier, diplomat, courtier and politician (d. 1508)
• July 10 – James III of Scotland (d. 1488) ^[14]
• September 5 – Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence, elder daughter of Richard Neville (d. 1476) ^[15]
• November 29 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg (d. 1524)
• date unknown
  • Christopher Columbus, Italian-born explorer (d. 1506) ^[16]
  • Ignatius Noah of Lebanon, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (d. 1509). ^[17]
  • Guru Jambheshwar, Rajasthani founder of the Bishnoi Panth (d. 1536)

Deaths

Sultan Murad II

• January 7 – Antipope Felix V (b. 1383)
• January 18 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (b. 1414) ^[18]
• February 3 – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1404)
• June – ‘Abdullah, Timurid Empire ruler
• July 11 – Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (b. 1392)
• October – Bogdan II of Moldavia, assassinated by Petru Aron
• date unknown
  • Stefan Lochner, German painter (b. 1400)
  • John Lydgate, English monk and poet (b. 1370)
  • al-Mustakfi II, Abbasid Caliph

References

1. "University of Glasgow :: Story :: The Papal Bull".
2.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frederick II., Elector of Saxony". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60.
3. Tibbetts, Jann (2016). 50 Great Military Leaders of All Time. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 571. ISBN   978-93-85505-66-9.
4. Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521543293.
5. Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 116.
6.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cœur, Jacques". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–646.
7. Michael Angold, The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans: Context and Consequences (Taylor & Francis, 2014) p.4
8. Vlada Stanković. The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453. Lexington Books. p. 130. ISBN   978-1-4985-1326-5.
9. Pal Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2001), p.292 ISBN 1-86064-061-3
10. Hwangbo In at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean)
11. Cihan Yüksel Muslu, The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014) ISBN 9780857735805
12. Chase's Editors; Contemporary Books (September 2002). Chase's Calendar of Events 2003. McGraw-Hill. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-07-139098-9.
13. Peggy K. Liss (2004). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 9. ISBN   978-0-8122-1897-8.
14. "King James III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
15. Amy Licence (15 April 2013). Anne Neville: Richard III's Tragic Queen. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 29–. ISBN   978-1-4456-1177-8.
16. "Christopher Columbus | Biography, Voyages, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
17. Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. pp. 508–509. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
18. Van den Berg, F.M. (1992). "Een Nassau's graf in Italië". In Van der Klooster, L.J.; Tiethoff-Spliethoff, M.E.; Tamse, C.A. & Elzenga, E. (eds.). Militaire entourage rondom Oranje en andere bijdragen over het Huis van Oranje. Oranje-Nassau Museum Jaarboek 1992 (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 89. ISBN   90-6011-812-X.