June

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The Roman goddess Juno, for whom the month is named Statue de Junon, Louvre, Ma 485, trois quarts.JPG
The Roman goddess Juno, for whom the month is named

June—abbreviated Jun [a] —is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Its length is 30 days. June succeeds May and precedes July. This month marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, which is the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year.

In places north of the Arctic Circle, the June solstice is when the midnight sun occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight. The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. Several monsoons and subsequent wet seasons also commence in the Northern Hemisphere during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year; they last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June.

Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, is celebrated in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. In the United States, June is dedicated to Pride Month, a month-long observance of LGBT individuals. Father's Day, which honours fathers and fatherhood, occurs on the third Sunday in June in most countries.

Overview

June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. [2] [3] Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months that have 30 days—alongside April, September and November—and is the second 30-day month of the year, following April, the fourth month of the year, and preceding September—the ninth month of the year. [2] June is in the second quarter (Q2) of a calendar year, alongside April and May, and the sixth and final month in the first half of the year (January–June). [4] [5] Under the ISO week date system, June incidentally begins in either the 22nd or 23rd week of the year. [6]

This month is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop). [1] Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius , named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: Iūnō). The present English spelling was influenced by the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. It displaced the Old English name for June, ærra liþa . [7] [8]

As of 15 November 2024, June last occurred 138 days ago (UTC); it will be June again on 1 June 2025. [9] [10] [b]

History

Illustration for the month of June, based on the Calendar of Filocalus (AD 354) Chronography of 354 Mensis Iunius.png
Illustration for the month of June, based on the Calendar of Filocalus (AD 354)

June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iuniuslit. 'month of June') [14] in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure. [c] Iunius was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongside Aprilis ("April"), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus "August"), September , November and December . [18] It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius ("January") and Februarius ("February"), originally the 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC. [19]

In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis , the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June. [20] The Greek philosopher and writer Plutarch, however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May. [21]

In 46 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the Julian calendar after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a leap year every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the average year of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual solar year of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies). [22] In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar—the Gregorian calendar—that reduced the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year. [23] [24]

Climate, daylight and astronomy

The celebration of Midsummer (the June solstice) in Norway with a bonfire Mittsommerfest in Norwegen, Insel Tysnes IMG 4420WI.jpg
The celebration of Midsummer (the June solstice) in Norway with a bonfire

In the Northern Hemisphere, June marks the commencement of summer, while in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the start of winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June, while meteorological summer commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June. [25]

The June solstice—known as the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere. [26] [27] In places north of the Arctic Circle, this is when the midnight sun occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight. [25] Conversely, it is polar night in places within the Antarctic Circle, during which the Sun remains below the horizon for more than 24 hours. [28]

In astronomy, certain meteor showers occur annually during this month. The Arietids—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; the Beta Taurids take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and the June Bootids commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June. [29] [30] The full moon that occurs in June [d] is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with the strawberry-picking season; other names for it include the rose moon, honey moon and the poetic midsummer moon. [32] [33] [34]

Climate

Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during monsoon season, 3 June 2023 A classic summer thunderstorm in Silang, Cavite.jpg
Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during monsoon season, 3 June 2023
Rice being harvested in Igunga, Tabora Region, Tanzania on 10 June 2016 Farmers harvesting rice.jpg
Rice being harvested in Igunga, Tabora Region, Tanzania on 10 June 2016

The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. [36] In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, around the Indian subcontinent, year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June. [37] In contrast, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the Mediterranean having stable air. [38]

The East Asian, [39] North American, [40] South Asian (Indian) [41] and West African monsoons [42] generally begin in June, while the European monsoon season intensifies that month. [43] The East Asian monsoon commences the East Asian rainy season. [39] The highest volume of rainfall ever recorded in a one-hour period occurred on 22 June 1947 in the small city of Holt, Missouri in the United States, measuring 305 mm (12 inches) of rainfall. The greatest rainfall within a 48-hour period occurred between 15–16 June 1995 in the town of Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, India, with 2.493 metres (98.15 inches) of rainfall recorded. [44]

June is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest; [25] [45] in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse. [46] For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town of Sarmiento in the Chubut Province of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F). [44]

Agriculture

The crops which are harvested this month include several varieties of corn; wheat, barley, maize, rapeseed, rice, rye and sorghum in most of the Northern Hemisphere, and maize, cotton, pearl millet, sorghum and soybeans in most of the Southern Hemisphere. [35] In much of the Northern Hemisphere, apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, mangoes, raspberries, strawberries and watermelons are fruits which are considered to be in season or at their peak in June. [47] [48] Vegetables that are in season in this hemisphere during June include asparagus, beetroot, cucumbers, lettuce, peas, radishes, spinach, tomatoes and zucchini (courgettes). [49] [50] [51] In much of the Southern Hemisphere, the fruits which are in season are avocados, bananas, citrus (such as grapefruit, lemons, mandarins and oranges), kiwifruit and pears. [52] [53] [54]

Observances

In the United States, June is Pride Month (2018 annual San Francisco Gay Pride Parade pictured) 2018 San Francisco Pride.jpg
In the United States, June is Pride Month (2018 annual San Francisco Gay Pride Parade pictured)
Festa Juninas (June Festivals) celebration in Pernambuco, Brazil Marcelo Calero conhece o Sao Joao de Caruaru (27252841923).jpg
Festa Juninas (June Festivals) celebration in Pernambuco, Brazil
People celebrating World Environment Day in India Indian Navy - World Environment Day - 2016 (1).jpg
People celebrating World Environment Day in India

In Catholicism, June is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. This observance is called the Month of the Sacred Heart. [55] In Canada, June is ALS Awareness Month, a campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for a cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Filipino Heritage Month. [56] [57] In the United States, June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals. [58] [59] Caribbean-American Heritage Month also occurs annually in June. [60] In Brazil, the Festa Juninas (June Festivals) occur throughout the entire month to celebrate the harvest. [61]

It is also National Safety Month in the United States, a month-long observance aimed at increasing awareness of, and ultimately decreasing, the number of unintentional injuries and deaths in the country. [62] National Smile Month, the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by the Oral Health Foundation, commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June. [63] [64] [65] In Barbados, June is part of the Season of Emancipation which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent. [66] [67]

Global single-day observances

The first day of June commences with International Children's Day and World Milk Day. [68] [69] International Whores' Day, an observance to honour sex workers (prostitutes) and recognise their often exploited and poor working conditions, occurs on 2 June. [70] Several memorials and other commemorations are held around the world on 4 June to honour the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre that occurred in China. [71] [72] Similar annual memorials are held for the Normandy landings (D-Day), the largest seaborne invasion in history, which occurred on 6 June 1944 as part of the Second World War. [73] Global Wind Day is on 15 June, and on 16 June is the International Day of the African Child, which raises awareness for the need of improved education provided to children in Africa. [74] [75] Autistic Pride Day occurs on 18 June. [76]

19 June is World Sauntering Day, which encourages people to slow down ("saunter") and enjoy life. [77] Go Skateboarding Day and World Hydrography Day both occur on 21 June. [78] [79] Midsummer, the various celebrations of the commencement of summer, happens on 21 June; it is also associated with the Fête de la Musique (World Music Day). [80] [81] 25 June is the observation of World Vitiligo Day, which aims to decrease negative sentiments regarding vitiligo—a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or colour. [82] 26 June is World Refrigeration Day. [83]

Global Running Day occurs on the first Wednesday in June. [84] Father's Day, which honours fathers and fatherhood, most often occurs on the third Sunday in June. [85] [f] The King's Official Birthday, which celebrates the birthday of the monarch of the Commonwealth realms (presently Charles III), occurs in either May or June. It includes the British Trooping the Colour commemoration. [86] [87] The Dragon Boat Festival, observed in China and by the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, may commence between late May and mid-June. [g] [88]

United Nations

The following are global holidays which are formally observed by the United Nations: [89]

Religious single-day observances

The Feast of the Sacred Heart occurs in June during the Month of the Sacred Heart Sacred Heart 1770.jpg
The Feast of the Sacred Heart occurs in June during the Month of the Sacred Heart

As Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approximation of the March equinox), Ascension Day, observed 39 days after Easter, can occur in June. [90] [91] Pentecost is the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, while Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost. [92] The Catholic Church also observes the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which happens on the Friday following the second Sunday after Pentecost. [93] The Feast of Corpus Christi, observed by the Latin Church and certain Western Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican churches, takes place on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. [92] The feast of Saints Peter and Paul, a liturgical feast observed by numerous denominations, always occurs on 29 June. [94]

In Buddhism, Vesak (Buddha Day), the most significant Buddhist festival, occurs on 2 June in Singapore and on 3 June in Thailand as of 2024. [95] [96] Shavuot, one of the biblically-ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals observed in Judaism, takes place during the month of Sivan in the Hebrew calendar, which corresponds to being between May and June in the Gregorian calendar. [97] Islamic holidays are determined by the Hijri calendar (colloquially the Islamic calendar), a lunar calendar of 354 or 355 days; thus, Islamic observances do not align with those of the Gregorian calendar. [98] [99] This is the same for Hindu holidays, which are based on the Hindu calendar. [100]

Other events

The quadrennial FIFA World Cup, an international association football tournament and the most-watched sporting event on television, usually commences in June. [101] [102] The annual Wimbledon Championships, the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely regarded as the most prestigious, traditionally occurred on the last Monday in June. [103] [104] [105] Glastonbury Festival, a major music festival in the United Kingdom, also takes place in June, attracting over 100,000 attendees. [106]

People

June is a female given name for a person born in June. [107] [108] In astrology, the Zodiac signs for people born between 21 May and 21 June is Gemini (♊︎); for those born between 22 June and 22 July, their sign is Cancer (♋︎). [109] The birthstones associated with June in the United States are pearl, moonstone and alexandrite. [110] The birth flowers of June are rose and honeysuckle. [111]

Births

Che Guevara was born on 14 June 1928 Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg
Che Guevara was born on 14 June 1928
Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491 After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg
Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491

Noteworthy people born in June include:

Deaths

Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Dark vignette Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door800x600x300 (cropped).jpg
Muhammad died on 8 June 632

Noteworthy people who died in June include:

James Madison died on 28 June 1836 James Madison 1816.jpg
James Madison died on 28 June 1836

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calendar</span> System for organizing the days of year

A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar, or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese calendar</span> Lunisolar calendar from China

The traditional Chinese calendar, is a lunisolar calendar dating from the Han dynasty that combines solar, lunar, and other cycles for various social and agricultural purposes. While the Gregorian calendar has been adopted and adapted in various ways, and is generally the basis for China's standard civic purposes, aspects of the traditional lunisolar calendar remain, including the association of the twelve animals of the Chinese Zodiac in relation to months and years.

A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator. On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise "due east" and set "due west". This occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September.

February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the leap day. February is the third and last month of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, February is the third and last month of meteorological summer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar phase</span> Shape of the Moons sunlit portion as viewed from Earth

A lunar phase or Moon phase is the apparent shape of the Moon's directly sunlit portion as viewed from the Earth. In common usage, the four major phases are the new moon, the first quarter, the full moon and the last quarter; the four minor phases are waxing crescent, waxing gibbous, waning gibbous, and waning crescent. A lunar month is the time between successive recurrences of the same phase: due to the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit, this duration is not perfectly constant but averages about 29.5 days.

A solstice is the time when the Sun reaches its most northerly or southerly excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. Two solstices occur annually, around 20-22 June and 20-22 December. In many countries, the seasons of the year are defined by reference to the solstices and the equinoxes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Summer</span> Hottest of the four temperate seasons

Summer is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheel of the Year</span> Annual cycle of seasonal festivals observed by modern pagans

The Wheel of the Year is an annual cycle of seasonal festivals, observed by a range of modern pagans, marking the year's chief solar events and the midpoints between them. Modern pagan observances are based to varying degrees on folk traditions, regardless of the historical practices of world civilizations. British neopagans popularized the Wheel of the Year in the mid-20th century, combining the four solar events marked by many European peoples, with the four midpoint festivals celebrated by Insular Celtic peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter</span> Coldest of the four temperate seasons

Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coptic calendar</span> Egyptian liturgical calendar

The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the farming populace in Egypt and also used by the Coptic Catholic Church. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875. This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III which consisted of adding an extra day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers and names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Year's Day</span> First day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 1 January

In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day is the first day of the calendar year, 1 January. Most solar calendars begin the year regularly at or near the northern winter solstice, while cultures and religions that observe a lunisolar or lunar calendar celebrate their Lunar New Year at less fixed points relative to the solar year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spring (season)</span> One of the Earths four temperate seasons

Spring, also known as springtime, is one of the four temperate seasons, succeeding winter and preceding summer. There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures and customs. When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. At the spring equinox, days and nights are approximately twelve hours long, with daytime length increasing and nighttime length decreasing as the season progresses until the Summer Solstice in June and December.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earth's orbit</span> Trajectory of Earth around the Sun

Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere. One complete orbit takes 365.256 days, during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km (584 million mi). Ignoring the influence of other Solar System bodies, Earth's orbit, also called Earth's revolution, is an ellipse with the Earth–Sun barycenter as one focus with a current eccentricity of 0.0167. Since this value is close to zero, the center of the orbit is relatively close to the center of the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">September equinox</span> When sun appears directly over equator

The September equinox is the moment when the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator, heading southward. Because of differences between the calendar year and the tropical year, the September equinox may occur from September 21 to 24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">March equinox</span> When sun appears directly over equator

The March equinox or northward equinox is the equinox on the Earth when the subsolar point appears to leave the Southern Hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from Earth. The March equinox is known as the vernal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and as the autumnal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter solstice</span> Astronomical phenomenon

The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere. For that hemisphere, the winter solstice is the day with the shortest period of daylight and longest night of the year, and when the Sun is at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky. Each polar region experiences continuous darkness or twilight around its winter solstice. The opposite event is the summer solstice.

The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull Inter gravissimas issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun.

A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and nature of seasons based on regional variations, and as such there are a number of both modern and historical definitions of the seasons.

<i>Iunius</i> (month) Month in the ancient Roman calendar

Mensis Iunius or Iunius, also Junius (June), was the sixth month of the Roman calendar of the classical period, following Maius (May). In the oldest calendar attributed by the Romans to Romulus, Iunius had been the fourth month in a ten-month year that began with March (Martius, "Mars' month"). The month following June was thus called Quinctilis or Quintilis, the "fifth" month. Iunius had 29 days until a day was added during the Julian reform of the calendar in the mid-40s BC. The month that followed Iunius was renamed Iulius (July) in honour of Julius Caesar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Date of the birth of Jesus</span> Nativity of Jesus of Nazareth

The date of the birth of Jesus is not stated in the gospels or in any historical sources and the evidence is too incomplete to allow for consistent dating. However, most biblical scholars and ancient historians believe that his birth date is around 4 to 6 BC. Two main approaches have been used to estimate the year of the birth of Jesus: one based on the accounts in the Gospels of his birth with reference to King Herod's reign, and the other by subtracting his stated age of "about 30 years" when he began preaching.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 "Jun., n.". Collins English Dictionary . HarperCollins. n.d. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  2. 1 2 Gyllenbok 2018, p. 304.
  3. ↑ Bahr, Ann Marie B. (2009). Christianity. Facts On File. pp. 117–118. ISBN   978-1-4381-0639-7.
  4. ↑ White, Charles E. (2008). The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 252–253. ISBN   978-1-55635-801-2.
  5. ↑ de Bourgoing, Jacqueline (2001). Discoveries: The Calendar History, Lore, and Legend. Harry N. Abrams. p. 100. ISBN   978-0-8109-2981-4.
  6. ↑ M. Reingold, Edward; Dershowitz, Nachum (2001). Calendrical Calculation: The Millennium Edition (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN   978-0-521-77752-0.
  7. ↑ "June, n.". Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/4206893514.
  8. ↑ Douglas, Harper (28 September 2017). "June". Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  9. ↑ "Official U.S. Time". National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). n.d. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Retrieved 27 October 2024.
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  11. ↑ Ramarakula, Madhu; Sukesh, Goparaju V. R. Sai (2020). "Performance Analysis of GNSS Utility by Multi-constellation Over the Indian Region". In Senjyu, Tomonobu; Mahalle, Parikshit N.; Perumal, Thinagaran; Joshi, Amit (eds.). Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems. Proceedings of ICTIS 2020. Vol. 1. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. p. 510. ISBN   978-981-15-7078-0.
  12. ↑ Thomas, Lisa, ed. (2013). "The time zones". World Atlas (9 ed.). DK. p. 200. ISBN   978-1-4093-4967-9.
  13. ↑ Vermeulen, Andreas François (2018). Practical Data Science: A Guide to Building the Technology Stack for Turning Data Lakes into Business Assets. Apress. p. 454. ISBN   978-1-4842-3053-4.
  14. ↑ Hannah, Robert (2013). Greek and Roman Calendars. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 99. ISBN   978-1-84966-751-7.
  15. ↑ Mommsen, Theodor (1864). Dickson, William Purdie (ed.). The History of Rome: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy. Vol. 1. Richard Bentley. pp. 218–219.
  16. ↑ Rüpke, Jörg (2011). The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti. Translated by Richardson, D.M.B. Wiley. p. 23. ISBN   978-0-4706-5508-5.
  17. ↑ Roman republican calendar. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  18. ↑ Gyllenbok 2018, pp. 377–378.
  19. ↑ Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 14–15. ISBN   978-0-415-52217-5.
  20. ↑ Scullard, Howard Hayes (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. Cornell University Press. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-8014-1402-2.
  21. ↑ Hersch, Karen K. (2010). The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN   978-0-521-12427-0.
  22. ↑ Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars". In Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (eds.). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). University Science Books. pp. 593–595. ISBN   978-1-891389-85-6.
  23. ↑ Mezzi, E.; Vizza, F. (2010). Luigi Lilio Medico: Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò[Luigi Lilio: Doctor, Astronomer and Mathematician from Cirò] (in Italian). Laruffa Editore. pp. 14, 52. ISBN   978-88-7221-481-7.
  24. ↑ Ziggelaar, A. (1983). Coyne, G. V.; Hoskin, M. A.; Pedersen, O. (eds.). The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Pontifical Academy of Sciences. p. 210.
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Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Also spelled with a concluding full stop. [1]
  2. ↑ Because of the division of the world into time zones, time, including the new month, moves progressively around the globe. Nearly all clocks are regulated according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the principal time standard of the world; each time zone is defined by a standard time offset from UTC, ranging from UTC−12:00 (12 hours behind) to UTC+14:00 (14 hours ahead). [11] [12] [13]
  3. ↑ The Romans usually described their first calendar, predating the Roman calendar, as one with ten fixed months—four "full months" (pleni menses) with 31 days and six "hollow months" (cavi menses) of 30 days, the latter including Iunius. [15] Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to Romulus, their legendary first king, around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all. [16] [17]
  4. ↑ Because it takes the Moon approximately 29.5 days to go through all of its lunar phases, this results in there usually being one full moon for every month of the year. Culturally, each full moon has its own name corresponding to the month in which it appears. [31]
  5. ↑ In Tanzania, rice is harvested between May and July. [35]
  6. ↑ Some countries also observe Father's Day at different dates in June. [85]
  7. ↑ The festival takes place on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar, which corresponds to different dates of the Gregorian calendar. [88]

Bibliography

Literary sources cited on multiple occasions:

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