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The Roman goddess Juno, for whom the month is named Statue de Junon, Louvre, Ma 485, trois quarts.JPG
The Roman goddess Juno, for whom the month is named

June—abbreviated Jun [a] —is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Its length is 30 days. June succeeds May and precedes July. This month marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, which is the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year.

In places north of the Arctic Circle, the June solstice is when the midnight sun occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight. The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. Several monsoons and subsequent wet seasons also commence in the Northern Hemisphere during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year; they last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June.

Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, is celebrated in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. In the United States, June is dedicated to Pride Month, a month-long observance of LGBT individuals. Father's Day, which honours fathers and fatherhood, occurs on the third Sunday in June in most countries.

Overview

June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. [1] [2] Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months that have 30 days—alongside April, September and November—and is the second 30-day month of the year, following April, the fourth month of the year, and preceding September—the ninth month of the year. [1] June is in the second quarter (Q2) of a calendar year, alongside April and May, and the sixth and final month in the first half of the year (January–June). [3] [4] Under the ISO week date system, June incidentally begins in either the 22nd or 23rd week of the year. [5]

As of 28 February 2025, June last occurred 121 days ago (UTC). [6] [7] [b] During each calendar year, no other month starts on the same day of the week as June. [8] The Julian calendar—which also has June and is still used as a ceremonial religious calendar by some of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy—is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Thus, in this calendar, 1 June begins on 13 June. It will be 14 days behind in 2100. [9] [10] June is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop). [11]

Etymology

June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius , named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: Iūnō). The present English spelling was influenced by the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. It displaced the Old English name for June, ærra liþa . [12] [13]

History

Illustration for the month of June, based on the Calendar of Filocalus (AD 354) Chronography of 354 Mensis Iunius.png
Illustration for the month of June, based on the Calendar of Filocalus (AD 354)

June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iuniuslit. 'month of June') [14] in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure. [c] Iunius was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongside Aprilis ("April"), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus "August"), September , November and December . [15] It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius ("January") and Februarius ("February"), originally the 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC. [16]

In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis , the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June. [17] The Greek philosopher and writer Plutarch, however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May. [18]

In 46 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the Julian calendar after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a leap year every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the average year of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual solar year of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies). [19]

In AD 65, June was renamed as Germanicus in honour of the Roman emperor Nero. As recalled by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Annals , the Roman senator Cornelius Orfitus, who made the proposal, claimed that the name Junius had become inauspicious due to the executions of Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus and Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus in AD 49 and AD 64, respectively. [20] [21] [22] The names did not survive and were likely erased when Nero was subjected to damnatio memoriae . [23] In AD 184, Roman Emperor Commodus briefly renamed all of the months after a name in his full title; June became Aelius. [24] However, this decision was repealed after his death in AD 192. [25]

In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar—the Gregorian calendar—that reduced the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year. [26] [27]

Climate, daylight and astronomy

The celebration of Midsummer (the June solstice) in Norway with a bonfire Mittsommerfest in Norwegen, Insel Tysnes IMG 4420WI.jpg
The celebration of Midsummer (the June solstice) in Norway with a bonfire

In the Northern Hemisphere, June marks the commencement of summer, while in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the start of winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June, while meteorological summer commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June. [28]

The June solstice—known as the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere. [29] [30] In places north of the Arctic Circle, this is when the midnight sun occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight. [28] Conversely, it is polar night in places within the Antarctic Circle, during which the Sun remains below the horizon for more than 24 hours. [31]

In astronomy, certain meteor showers occur annually during this month. The Arietids—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; the Beta Taurids take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and the June Bootids commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June. [32] [33] The full moon that occurs in June [d] is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with the strawberry-picking season; other names for it include the rose moon, honey moon and the poetic midsummer moon. [34] [35] [36]

Climate

Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during monsoon season, 3 June 2023 A classic summer thunderstorm in Silang, Cavite.jpg
Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during monsoon season, 3 June 2023
Rice being harvested in Igunga, Tabora Region, Tanzania on 10 June 2016 Farmers harvesting rice.jpg
Rice being harvested in Igunga, Tabora Region, Tanzania on 10 June 2016

June is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest; [28] [37] in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse. [38] For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town of Sarmiento in the Chubut Province of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F). [39] June 2024 was the hottest June in recorded history at 1.22°C (2.20°F) above the 20th-century global average, beating the previous record held by June 2023. [40] [41]

The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. [42] In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, around the Indian subcontinent, year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June. [43] In contrast, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the Mediterranean having stable air. [44]

The East Asian, [45] North American, [46] South Asian (Indian) [47] and West African monsoons [48] generally begin in June, while the European monsoon season intensifies that month. [49] The East Asian monsoon commences the East Asian rainy season. [45] The highest volume of rainfall ever recorded in a one-hour period occurred on 22 June 1947 in the small city of Holt, Missouri in the United States, measuring 305 mm (12 inches) of rainfall. The greatest rainfall within a 48-hour period occurred between 15–16 June 1995 in the town of Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, India, with 2.493 metres (98.15 inches) of rainfall recorded. [39]

Agriculture

The crops which are harvested this month include several varieties of corn; wheat, barley, maize, rapeseed, rice, rye and sorghum in most of the Northern Hemisphere, and maize, cotton, pearl millet, sorghum and soybeans in most of the Southern Hemisphere. [50] In much of the Northern Hemisphere, apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, mangoes, raspberries, strawberries and watermelons are fruits which are considered to be in season or at their peak in June. [51] [52] Vegetables that are in season in this hemisphere during June include asparagus, beetroot, cucumbers, lettuce, peas, radishes, spinach, tomatoes and zucchini (courgettes). [53] [54] [55] In much of the Southern Hemisphere, the fruits which are in season are avocados, bananas, citrus (such as grapefruit, lemons, mandarins and oranges), kiwifruit and pears. [56] [57] [58]

Observances

In the United States, June is Pride Month (2018 annual San Francisco Gay Pride Parade pictured) 2018 San Francisco Pride.jpg
In the United States, June is Pride Month (2018 annual San Francisco Gay Pride Parade pictured)
Festa Juninas (June Festivals) celebration in Pernambuco, Brazil Marcelo Calero conhece o Sao Joao de Caruaru (27252841923).jpg
Festa Juninas (June Festivals) celebration in Pernambuco, Brazil
People celebrating World Environment Day in India Indian Navy - World Environment Day - 2016 (1).jpg
People celebrating World Environment Day in India

In Catholicism, June is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. This observance is called the Month of the Sacred Heart. [59] In Canada, June is ALS Awareness Month, a campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for a cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Filipino Heritage Month. [60] [61] In the United States, June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBTQ individuals. [62] [63] Caribbean-American Heritage Month also occurs annually in June. [64] In Brazil, the Festa Juninas (June Festivals) occur throughout the entire month to celebrate the harvest. [65]

It is also National Safety Month in the United States, a month-long observance aimed at increasing awareness of, and ultimately decreasing, the number of unintentional injuries and deaths in the country. [66] National Smile Month, the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by the Oral Health Foundation, commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June. [67] [68] [69] In Barbados, June is part of the Season of Emancipation which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent. [70] [71]

Global single-day observances

The first day of June commences with World Milk Day and International Children's Day in several countries. [f] [72] [73] International Whores' Day, an observance to honour sex workers (prostitutes) and recognise their often exploited and poor working conditions, occurs on 2 June. [74] Several memorials and other commemorations are held around the world on 4 June to honour the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre that occurred in China. [75] [76] Similar annual memorials are held for the Normandy landings (D-Day), the largest seaborne invasion in history, which occurred on 6 June 1944 as part of the Second World War. [77] Global Wind Day is on 15 June, and on 16 June is the International Day of the African Child, which raises awareness for the need of improved education provided to children in Africa. [78] [79] Autistic Pride Day occurs on 18 June. [80]

19 June is World Sauntering Day, which encourages people to slow down ("saunter") and enjoy life. [81] Go Skateboarding Day and World Hydrography Day both occur on 21 June. [82] [83] Midsummer, the various celebrations of the commencement of summer, happens on 21 June; it is also associated with the Fête de la Musique (World Music Day). [84] [85] 25 June is the observation of World Vitiligo Day, which aims to decrease negative sentiments regarding vitiligo—a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or colour. [86] 26 June is World Refrigeration Day. [87]

Global Running Day occurs on the first Wednesday in June. [88] Father's Day, which honours fathers and fatherhood, most often occurs on the third Sunday in June. [89] [g] The King's Official Birthday, which celebrates the birthday of the monarch of the Commonwealth realms (presently Charles III), occurs in either May or June. It includes the British Trooping the Colour commemoration. [90] [91] The Dragon Boat Festival, observed in China and by the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, may commence for one-day between late May and mid-June as the date is decided by the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. [92]

United Nations

The following are global holidays which are formally observed by the United Nations: [93]

Religious single-day observances

The Feast of the Sacred Heart occurs in June during the Month of the Sacred Heart Sacred Heart 1770.jpg
The Feast of the Sacred Heart occurs in June during the Month of the Sacred Heart

As Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approximation of the March equinox), Ascension Day, observed 39 days after Easter, can occur in June. [94] [95] Pentecost is the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, while Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost. [96] The Catholic Church also observes the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which happens on the Friday following the second Sunday after Pentecost. [97] The Feast of Corpus Christi, observed by the Latin Church and certain Western Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican churches, takes place on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. [96] The feast of Saints Peter and Paul, a liturgical feast observed by numerous denominations, always occurs on 29 June. [98]

In Buddhism, Vesak (Buddha Day), the most significant Buddhist festival, occurs on 2 June in Singapore and on 3 June in Thailand as of 2024. [99] [100] Shavuot, one of the biblically-ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals observed in Judaism, takes place during the month of Sivan in the Hebrew calendar, which corresponds to being between May and June in the Gregorian calendar. [101] Islamic holidays are determined by the Hijri calendar (colloquially the Islamic calendar), a lunar calendar of 354 or 355 days; thus, Islamic observances do not align with those of the Gregorian calendar. [102] [103] This is the same for Hindu holidays, which are based on the Hindu calendar. [104]

Other events

The quadrennial FIFA World Cup, an international association football tournament and the most-watched sporting event on television, usually commences in June. [105] [106] The annual Wimbledon Championships, the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely regarded as the most prestigious, traditionally occurred on the last Monday in June. [107] [108] [109] Glastonbury Festival, a major music festival in the United Kingdom, also takes place in June, attracting over 100,000 attendees. [110]

People

June is a female given name that can be given to a person born in June. [111] [112] In astrology, the Zodiac signs for people born between 21 May and 21 June is Gemini (♊︎); for those born between 22 June and 22 July, their sign is Cancer (♋︎). [113] The birthstones associated with June in the United States are pearl, moonstone and alexandrite. [114] The birth flowers of June are rose and honeysuckle. [115]

Births

Che Guevara was born on 14 June 1928 Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg
Che Guevara was born on 14 June 1928
Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491 After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg
Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491

Noteworthy people born in June include: [h]

Deaths

Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Dark vignette Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door800x600x300 (cropped).jpg
Muhammad died on 8 June 632

Noteworthy people who died in June include: [h]

James Madison died on 28 June 1836 James Madison 1816.jpg
James Madison died on 28 June 1836

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Gyllenbok 2018, p. 304.
  2. ↑ Bahr, Ann Marie B. (2009). Christianity. Facts On File. pp. 117–118. ISBN   978-1-4381-0639-7.
  3. ↑ White, Charles E. (2008). The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 252–253. ISBN   978-1-55635-801-2.
  4. ↑ de Bourgoing, Jacqueline (2001). Discoveries: The Calendar History, Lore, and Legend. Harry N. Abrams. p. 100. ISBN   978-0-8109-2981-4.
  5. ↑ M. Reingold, Edward; Dershowitz, Nachum (2001). Calendrical Calculation: The Millennium Edition (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN   978-0-521-77752-0.
  6. ↑ "Official U.S. Time". National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). n.d. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  7. ↑ "Current UTC, Time Zone (Coordinated Universal Time)". TimeAndDate.com. n.d. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  8. ↑ Rome, Len (3 June 2021). "Some facts about the month of June". WYTV . Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  9. ↑ Keller, William D. (2000). Accounting Problem Solver. Research & Education Association. pp. 186–187. ISBN   978-0-7386-6822-2.
  10. ↑ "Julian calendar". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 11 December 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
  11. ↑ "Jun., n.". Collins English Dictionary . HarperCollins. n.d. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  12. ↑ "June, n.". Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/4206893514.
  13. ↑ Douglas, Harper (28 September 2017). "June". Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  14. ↑ Hannah, Robert (2013). Greek and Roman Calendars. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 99. ISBN   978-1-84966-751-7.
  15. ↑ Gyllenbok 2018, pp. 377–378.
  16. ↑ Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. Routledge. pp. 14–15. ISBN   978-0-415-52217-5.
  17. ↑ Scullard, Howard Hayes (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. Cornell University Press. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-8014-1402-2.
  18. ↑ Hersch, Karen K. (2010). The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN   978-0-521-12427-0.
  19. ↑ Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars". In Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (eds.). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). University Science Books. pp. 593–595. ISBN   978-1-891389-85-6.
  20. ↑ Rudich, Vasily (2005). Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation. Taylor & Francis. pp. 143–144. ISBN   978-1-134-91451-7.
  21. ↑ Rimell, Victoria (2015). "The Cambridge Companion to Seneca". In Schiesaro, Alessandro; Bartsch, Shadi (eds.). Seneca and Neronian Rome: In the Mirror of Time. p. 128. ISBN   978-1-107-03505-8.
  22. ↑ Tacitus, Annals . 16.12.
  23. ↑ Hopkins, Clark (1931). The Early History of Greece. Yale University Press. p. 231.
  24. ↑ Harmon, Austin Morris; Rowell, Henry Thompson; Fink, Robert Orville, eds. (1931). Yale Classical Studies. Vol. 2. Yale University Department of Classics. p. 238.
  25. ↑ Clarke, John R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.- A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 322. ISBN   978-0-520-08429-2.
  26. ↑ Mezzi, E.; Vizza, F. (2010). Luigi Lilio Medico: Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò[Luigi Lilio: Doctor, Astronomer and Mathematician from Cirò] (in Italian). Laruffa Editore. pp. 14, 52. ISBN   978-88-7221-481-7.
  27. ↑ Ziggelaar, A. (1983). Coyne, G. V.; Hoskin, M. A.; Pedersen, O. (eds.). The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Pontifical Academy of Sciences. p. 210.
  28. 1 2 3 Hund, Andrew (2012). Philander, S. George (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Sage Publishing. pp. 1245–1246. ISBN   978-1-5063-2075-5.
  29. ↑ Timberlake, Todd; Wallace, Paul (2019). Finding Our Place in the Solar System: The Scientific Story of the Copernican Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN   978-1-107-18229-5.
  30. ↑ Rocher, P. (n.d.). "Solstice d'été de 1583 à 2999" [Summer solstice from 1583 to 2999](PDF). Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides (in French). Observatory of Paris . Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  31. ↑ Berge, Jørgen; Johnsen, Geir (2020). "Life and Light at the Dead of Night". In Berge, Jørgen; Johnsen, Geir; Cohen, Jonathan H. (eds.). Polar Night Marine Ecology: Life and Light in the Dead of Night. Vol. 4. Springer Nature. p. 317. ISBN   978-3-030-33208-2.
  32. ↑ Kronk, Gary W. (2013). "June Meteor Showers". Meteor Showers: An Annotated Catalog. Springer International Publishing. pp. 106, 111–112, 134. ISBN   978-1-4614-7897-3.
  33. ↑ Hajdukova, Maria; Rudawska, Regina (16 August 2023). "Established meteor showers". Meteor Data Center. International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  34. ↑ Johnston, Gordon (13 June 2024). "The Next Full Moon is the Strawberry Moon". NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  35. ↑ "Strawberry Moon 2024: Why is it special, and when will it happen?". BBC News. 20 June 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  36. ↑ "midsummer moon, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. September 2024. doi:10.1093/OED/3091675746.
  37. ↑ Ali, Marium (1 July 2024). "Why is July the hottest month of the year?". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  38. ↑ Thenkabail, Prasad S. (2015). Remote Sensing of Water Resources, Disasters, and Urban Studies. Remote Sensing Handbook. Vol. 3. CRC Press. p. 104. ISBN   978-1-4822-1792-6.
  39. 1 2 "World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". World Meteorological Organization . Arizona State University. n.d. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  40. ↑ "Global climate summary for June 2024". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
  41. ↑ "NASA Finds June 2023 Hottest on Record". NASA. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
  42. ↑ Caloiero, Tommaso (2018). Hydrological Hazard: Analysis and Prevention. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. p. 194. ISBN   978-3-03897-374-4.
  43. ↑ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2006). South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. Sailing Directions – Planning Guides (4 ed.). ProStar Publications. pp. 126, 132. ISBN   978-1-57785-752-5.
  44. ↑ Nastos, P. T.; Karavana-Papadimou, K.; Matsangouras, I. T. (September 2015). "Tropical-like Cyclones in the Mediterranean: Impacts and Composite Daily Means and Anomalies of Synoptic Conditions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. University of Athens: 2–3. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  45. 1 2 Ninomiya, Kozo (2001). 豪雨と降水システム[Heavy Rain and Precipitation Systems] (in Japanese). Tokyodo Publishing. pp. 121–122. ISBN   978-4-490-20435-3.
  46. ↑ Adams, David K.; Comrie, Andrew C. (October 1997). "The North American Monsoon" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 78 (10). American Meteorological Society: 2200, 2205. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ↑ Jadhav, Rajendra (30 September 2020). "Indian monsoon rains above average for second year in a row". Reuters . Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  48. ↑ Akinsanola, Akintomide Afolayan; Zhou, Wen (22 March 2020). "Understanding the Variability of West African Summer Monsoon Rainfall: Contrasting Tropospheric Features and Monsoon Index". Atmosphere . 11 (3). MDPI: 309. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  49. ↑ Hickman, Leo (9 July 2008). "The Question: What is the European monsoon?". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  50. ↑ "Crop Calendar Charts". Foreign Agricultural Service . United States Department of Agriculture. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  51. ↑ Green, Aliza (2015). Field Guide to Produce: How to Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Fruit and Vegetable at the Market. Quirk Books. pp. 6–7, 15, 24, 96, 100–101. ISBN   978-1-59474-848-6.
  52. ↑ Roehl, Evelyn (1996). Whole Food Facts: The Complete Reference Guide (2 ed.). Healing Arts Press. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-89281-635-4.
  53. ↑ Bailey, M. M. (31 May 2024). "What's in season: June produce guide". Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  54. ↑ Christensen, Jessica Saari (2018). Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book (17 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 70–71. ISBN   978-1-328-49947-9.
  55. ↑ Peters, Allan (2023). "June". RHS Garden Almanac 2024: A Seasonal Guide to Growing, Harvesting and Enjoying Nature. Frances Lincoln Publishers. p. 122. ISBN   978-0-7112-8901-7.
  56. ↑ Dixie, Grahame (1999). "Summer Citrus: The Role and Prospects for Southern Africa". In Jaffee, Steven (ed.). Southern African Agribusiness: Gaining Through Regional Collaboration. World Bank Publications. pp. 88–90. ISBN   978-0-8213-4422-4.
  57. ↑ "Seasonal Products". V One Australia. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  58. ↑ Foreign Agricultural Service (22 June 2021). "Spotlight: Peru's Fruit Sector Races to New Heights". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  59. ↑ Coffey, Kathy; Hynes, Mary Ellen; Laughlin, Corinna (2012). Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints, Seasons, and Holidays of the Year (2 ed.). Liturgy Training Publications. p. 79. ISBN   978-1-56854-260-7.
  60. ↑ Kar, Anita (2 June 2015). "ALS Awareness Month – June". Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital . McGill University Health Centre . Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  61. ↑ Cabana, Ysh (9 November 2018). "Parliament adopts June as Filipino Heritage Month". The Philippine Reporter . Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  62. ↑ Kanigel, Rachele (2019). "Diversity Calendar". The Diversity Style Guide. Wiley. p. 301. ISBN   978-1-119-05515-0.
  63. ↑ Oliver, David; Ali, Rasha (28 June 2019). "Why we owe Pride to black transgender women who threw bricks at cops". USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  64. ↑ Halloran, Vivian (2020). "Circumscribed Citizenship: Caribbean American Visibility". In Birkenmaier, Anke (ed.). Caribbean Migrations: The Legacies of Colonialism. Rutgers University Press. p. 80. ISBN   978-1-9788-1449-3.
  65. ↑ "Festivals in Brazil". Américas. 57–58. Pan-American Union: 26. 2005 – via Google Books. June is the month of Festa Juninas, a harvest festival popular throughout the country, and kicky forró is the music of choice.
  66. ↑ "National Safety Month". National Safety Council . Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  67. ↑ Grayson, Vicky (2009). "Health Promotion in Context". In Moyse, Karen (ed.). Health in Children and Young People: The Role of the Nurse. Wiley. p. 368. ISBN   978-1-4443-2265-1.
  68. ↑ "National Smile Month". James Paget University Hospital. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
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Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Also spelled with a concluding full stop.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000C-QINU`"'
  2. ↑ Because of the division of the world into time zones, time, including the new month, moves progressively around the globe. Nearly all clocks are regulated according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the principal time standard of the world; each time zone is defined by a standard time offset from UTC, ranging from UTC−12:00 (12 hours behind) to UTC+14:00 (14 hours ahead).'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
  3. ↑ The Romans usually described their first calendar, predating the Roman calendar, as one with ten fixed months—four "full months" (pleni menses) with 31 days and six "hollow months" (cavi menses) of 30 days, the latter including Iunius.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000034-QINU`"' Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to Romulus, their legendary first king, around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000035-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"'
  4. ↑ Because it takes the Moon approximately 29.5 days to go through all of its lunar phases, this results in there usually being one full moon for every month of the year. Culturally, each full moon has its own name corresponding to the month in which it appears.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
  5. ↑ In Tanzania, rice is harvested between May and July.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000065-QINU`"'
  6. ↑ Some countries observe Children's Day on different dates, including 20 November.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AD-QINU`"'
  7. ↑ Some countries also observe Father's Day at different dates in June.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000CF-QINU`"'
  8. 1 2 Attributed to various sources:'"`UNIQ--ref-0000010E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000010F-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000110-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000111-QINU`"'

Bibliography

Literary sources cited on multiple occasions:

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