Atlantic hurricane season

For the most recent season, see 2024 Atlantic hurricane season.

Atlantic tropical storm and hurricane frequency, by month

Hurricane tracks from 1980 through 2014. Green tracks did not make landfall in US; yellow tracks made landfall but were not major hurricanes at the time; red tracks made landfall and were major hurricanes.

The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year, from June 1 through November 30, when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the North Atlantic Ocean. These dates, adopted by convention, encompass the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the basin. Even so, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, and often does occur. ^[2]

Worldwide, a season's climatological peak activity takes place in late summer, when the difference between air temperature and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. Peak activity in an Atlantic hurricane season happens from late August through September, with a midpoint on September 10. ^{[3] [4]}

Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a predetermined list. On average, 14 named storms occur each season, with an average of 7 becoming hurricanes and 3 becoming major hurricanes, Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The most active season on record was 2020, during which 30 named tropical cyclones formed. Despite this, the 2005 season had more hurricanes, developing a record of 15 such storms. The least active season was 1914, with only one known tropical cyclone developing during that year. ^[5]

Concept

See also: History of Atlantic hurricane warnings

The timing of the hurricane season was an important factor for maritime trade and naval activities.

The understanding that Atlantic hurricanes are most commonplace during a certain period of the year has been long recognized. Historical delineations of the Atlantic hurricane season varied but generally covered some part of the estival (summer) and autumnal months. ^[6] Some early descriptions of the season's bounds theorized that the timing of the full moon or the moon's phases as a whole could be used to more precisely delineate the hurricane season. ^{[7] [6]} In the second volume of Voyages and Descriptions (published in 1700), English explorer and naturalist William Dampier observed that hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea were expected in July, August, and September. ^[8] Mariners in the 18th century generally regarded the period from July to the end of October as the "hurricane season" based on the frequency of storms striking the Caribbean islands and the trajectories of ships traversing the Atlantic. ^{[9] [7]}

The hurricane season was also an important influence on European naval operations within the West Indies, forcing the movement of materiel to be expedited before its onset or delayed until its end. ^{[10] [11] [12]} English admiral Edward Vernon described the "hurricane months" of August and September within the West Indies as a particularly vulnerable time for maritime logistics; Vernon argued that the most optimal time for a fleet to be dispatched from Great Britain to attack Spanish assets in the Americas was August or September, in part because such ships would more likely avoid hurricanes by the time they reached the West Indies. ^[13] American geographer Jedidiah Morse defined the hurricane season as the months of August, September, and October in his treatise The American Universal Geography. ^[14] American meteorologist William Charles Redfield defined the hurricane season as lasting from July 15 to October 15, citing the timeframe during which some insurance underwriters raised premiums in response to the increased likelihood of hurricanes. ^{[6] [15]} Based on a catalog of 355 storms between 1493–1855 in the North Atlantic compiled by M. André Poëy, W. H. Rosser described the months of July, August, September, and October as comprising the "true hurricane season of the West Indies" in his 1876 book The Law of Storms Considered Practically. ^[16]

Still, the hurricane season will not allow itself to be 'cribbed, cabined and confined' within the limits of three short months, and skips along whenever its blithe fancy takes it, having a way of turning up at the most unexpected seasons...

—  Frederick A. Ober, Their Deadly Work, The Evening Star (July 23, 1898)

In the early 1900s, the hurricane season served as the time in which U.S. Weather Bureau observations in the Caribbean were taken more frequently.

The concept of the hurricane season took on a more practical significance in forecasting operations as the United States Weather Bureau began to extend its weather prediction efforts and data collection into the tropics. In 1882, the bureau briefly considered an effort to adopt special hurricane signals between July and October 20 to emphasize the danger of such storms during that period, but dropped the effort due to a lack of funding. ^[17] When the U.S. Weather Bureau built a network of weather observatories in the Caribbean in 1898, these sites telegraphed weather observations at 8 a.m. daily to the bureau's regional headquarters in Havana, Cuba, during the hurricane season; this season was defined as lasting from the beginning of June through October. ^{[18] [19] [20]} By 1907, these stations in the West Indies operated within a hurricane season defined as beginning on June 15 and ending on November 15. ^[21] The starting date of these regular reports was moved back to June 1 by 1915. ^[22] In 1917, an increase in funding for the U.S. Weather Bureau's observing networks in the Caribbean region led to these stations reporting twice daily during a hurricane season expanded to cover the June 1 to November 30 period. ^{[23] [24]} This delineation was maintained when the bureau (in cooperation with United Fruit Company) began to broadcast special weather bulletins for Caribbean shipping during the hurricane season in 1922, providing information on active hurricanes and warnings twice daily. ^[25]

The basic concept of an official hurricane season began during 1935, ^[26] when dedicated wire circuits known as hurricane circuits began to be set up along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, ^[27] a process completed by 1955. ^[28] It was originally the time frame when the tropics were monitored routinely for tropical cyclone activity, and was originally defined as from June 15 through October 31. ^[29] Over the years, the beginning date was shifted back to June 1, while the end date was shifted to November 15, ^[27] before settling at November 30 by 1965. ^{[30] [31]} This was when hurricane reconnaissance planes were sent out to fly across the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico on a routine basis to look for potential tropical cyclones, in the years before the continuous weather satellite era. ^[29] Since regular satellite surveillance began, hurricane hunter aircraft fly only into storm areas which are first spotted by satellite imagery. ^[32] The six-month official hurricane season established in 1965 by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) remains the current delineation of the Atlantic hurricane season. ^[33] These bounds contain over 97 percent of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. While this definition was chosen in part to make it easier for the public to remember the timing of hurricanes, storms have often formed outside the official seasonal bounds. ^{[34] [35]} Following several consecutive years of Atlantic tropical cyclones developing before the official June 1 start date, the World Meteorological Organization recommended in 2021 that the NHC assess moving the start date to May 15. ^[36] In response, the NHC formed a team to develop quantiative criteria to evaluate extending the seasonal bounds. ^{[37] [38]} The agency's routine tropical weather outlooks, historically issued during the hurricane season beginning on June 1, were instead started on May 15 beginning in 2021. ^[39]

Operations

See also: National Hurricane Center and Weather Prediction Center

During the hurricane season, the National Hurricane Center routinely issues their Tropical Weather Outlook product, which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones. If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season, special Tropical Weather Outlooks will be issued. ^[40] Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics, and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future. ^[41] Possible tropical cyclones are depicted with a closed isobar, while systems with less certainty to develop are depicted as "spot lows" with no isobar surrounding them.

HURDAT

Main article: HURDAT

The North Atlantic hurricane database, or HURDAT, is the database for all tropical storms and hurricanes for the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, including those that have made landfall in the United States. The original database of six-hourly positions and intensities was put together in the 1960s in support of the Apollo space program to help provide statistical track forecast guidance. In the intervening years, this database –which is now freely and easily accessible on the Internet from the National Hurricane Center's (NHC) webpage –has been utilized for a wide variety of uses: climatic change studies, seasonal forecasting, risk assessment for county emergency managers, analysis of potential losses for insurance and business interests, intensity forecasting techniques and verification of official and various model predictions of track and intensity.

HURDAT was not designed with all of these uses in mind when it was first put together and not all of them may be appropriate given its original motivation. HURDAT contains numerous systematic as well as some random errors in the database. Additionally, analysis techniques have changed over the years at NHC as their understanding of tropical cyclones has developed, leading to biases in the historical database. Another difficulty in applying the hurricane database to studies concerned with landfalling events is the lack of exact location, time and intensity at hurricane landfall.

Re-analysis project

Main article: Atlantic hurricane reanalysis

HURDAT is regularly updated annually to reflect the previous season's activity. The older portion of the database has been regularly revised since 2001. The first time in 2001 led to the addition of tropical cyclone tracks for the years 1851 to 1885. The second time was in October 2002 when Hurricane Andrew (August 1992) was upgraded to a Category 5. Recent efforts into uncovering undocumented historical hurricanes in the late 19th and 20th centuries by various researchers have greatly increased our knowledge of these past events. Tropical storms from 1851 to 1970 have already been reanalyzed with most recently, re-analysis of tropical storms from 1961 to 1965 being completed and integrated into HURDAT database in November 2019, and re-analysis of tropical storms from 1966 to 1970 being completed and integrated into HURDAT database in January 2022. ^[42] Possible changes for the years 1971 onward are not yet incorporated into the HURDAT database. Due to these issues, a re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database is being attempted that will be completed in three years.

In addition to the groundbreaking work by Partagas Cigars, additional analyses, digitization and quality control of the data was carried out by researchers at the NOAA Hurricane Research Division funded by the NOAA Office of Global Programs. ^[43]

The National Hurricane Center's Best Track Change Committee has approved changes for a few recent cyclones, such as Hurricane Andrew. Official changes to the Atlantic hurricane database are approved by the National Hurricane Center Best Track Change Committee.

1494–1850 (pre-HURDAT era)

Period	Seasons	Individual years
Pre-19th century	Pre-17th century (pre 1600), 17th century (1600s), 18th century (1700s)	1780
1800–1850	1800–1809, 1810–1819, 1820–1829, 1830–1839, 1840–1849	1842, 1850.

1851–1899 (within HURDAT data)

1850s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1851	6	3	1	36.24	24	3  "San Agapito"	3  "San Agapito"	First Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the HURDAT.
1852	5	5	1	73.28	100+	3  "Great Mobile"	3  "Great Mobile"	One of three seasons in which all known cyclones became hurricanes.
1853	8	4	2	76.49	40	4  Three		Earliest known Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
1854	5	3	1	31.00	30+	3  "South Carolina"	3  "South Carolina"
1855	5	4	1	18.12	Unknown	3  "Middle Gulf Shore"	3  "Middle Gulf Shore"
1856	6	4	2	48.94	200+	4  "Last Island"	3  "Southeastern States"  4  "Last Island"
1857	4	3	0	46.84	424	2  SS Central America Disaster  2  Four	2  SS Central America Disaster
1858	6	6	0	44.79	None	2  Three  2  Six	2  Hurricane Three	One of three seasons in which all known cyclones became hurricanes.
1859	8	7	1	55.73	Numerous	3  Six	1  Hurricane Five  3  Hurricane Six  1  Hurricane Eight

1860s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1860	7	6	1	62.06	60+	3  One	3  Hurricane One
1861	8	6	0	49.71	22+	2  One  2  Three	1  "Key West"  1  "Expedition"
1862	6	3	0	46.03	3	2  Two  2  Three
1863	9	5	0	50.35	90	2  "Amanda"	2  "Amanda"
1864	5	3	0	26.55	None	1  One  1  Three  1  Five
1865	7	3	0	49.13	326	2  Four  2  Seven	2  Hurricane Four
1866	7	6	1	83.65	383	4  "Nassau"	4  "Nassau"
1867	9	7	1	59.97	811	3  "San Narciso"	3  "San Narciso"
1868	4	3	0	34.65	2	2  One  2  Two  2  Four
1869	10	7	1	51.02	38	3  New England Gale	3  New England Gale  2  Saxby Gale

1870s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1870	11	10	2	87.80	2,052	3  Four	3  "First Key West"  2  "Second Key West"
1871	8	6	2	88.39	30	3  Three  3  "Santa Juana"	3  Hurricane Three  3  "Santa Juana"
1872	5	4	0	65.38	Unknown	2  Two
1873	5	3	2	69.47	626	3  "Central Florida"	3  "Central Florida"
1874	7	4	0	47.05	Unknown	2  Seven
1875	6	5	1	72.48	800	3  "Indianola"	3  "Indianola"
1876	5	4	2	56.05	19	3  "San Felipe"	3  "San Felipe"  3  "Cuba-South Florida"
1877	8	3	1	73.36	34	3  "Florida Panhandle"	3  "Florida Panhandle"
1878	12	10	2	180.85	108	4  Seven	2  Gale of 1878	First known above-average season (in modern-day terms)
1879	8	6	2	63.63	47	3  "Louisiana"	3  "Great Beaufort"  3  "Louisiana"

1880s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1880	11	9	2	131.08	133	4  Eight	4  Hurricane Two
1881	7	4	0	59.25	700	2  "Georgia"	2  "Georgia"
1882	6	4	2	59.47	6	4  "Cuba"	3  "Pensacola"  4  "Cuba"
1883	4	3	2	66.70	236	3  Two	3  "Bahamas-North Carolina"
1884	4	4	1	72.06	8	3  Two
1885	8	6	0	58.30	25	2  Two
1886	12	10	4	166.17	200+	4  "Indianola"	4  "Indianola"  3  "Cuba"  3  "Texas-Louisiana"	Seven hurricanes struck the United States, the most during a single year. [44]
1887	19	11	2	181.26	2	3  Seven		Record five off-season storms.
1888	9	6	2	84.95	924	3  "San Gil"	3  "Louisiana"  3  "San Gil"
1889	9	6	0	104.04	40	2  Six

1890s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1890	4	2	1	33.35	14	3  Three
1891	10	7	1	116.11	700+	3  "Martinique"	3  "Martinique"
1892	9	5	0	115.84	16	2  Three  2  Five  2  Seven
1893	12	10	5	231.15	4,028	4  "Cheniere Caminada"	3  "San Roque"  3  "New York"  3  "Sea Islands"  3  "Charleston"  4  "Cheniere Caminada"	Two hurricanes caused more than 2,000 deaths in the United States. Four simultaneous hurricanes on August 22, one of two times on record.
1894	7	5	4	135.42	200+	4  Six	3  "Florida Panhandle"
1895	6	2	0	68.77	56	2  Two
1896	7	6	2	136.08	286	3  "Cedar Keys"	3  "San Ramón"  3  "Cedar Keys"
1897	6	3	0	54.54	262	2  One
1898	11	5	1	113.24	562	4  "Georgia"	4  "Georgia"
1899	10	5	2	151.03	4,167	4  "San Ciríaco"	4  "San Ciríaco"	The San Ciríaco hurricane was the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record

1900s

NOTE: In the following tables, all estimates of damage costs are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars (USD).

1900s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1900	7	3	2	83.35	8,000+	$35.4M	4  "Galveston"	4  "Galveston"	The Galveston hurricane was the deadliest disaster in the United States.
1901	13	6	0	98.98	35-40	$1M	2  Seven	1  "Louisiana"
1902	5	3	0	32.65	5	Unknown	2  Four
1903	10	7	1	102.07	222	$18.5M	3  "Jamaica"	3  "Jamaica"  1  "Florida"  2  "New Jersey"
1904	6	4	0	30.35	112	$2.5M	1  Two	1  One
1905	5	1	1	28.38	8	Unknown	3  Four
1906	11	6	3	162.88	381	$25.4M	4  Four	3  "Mississippi"  3  "Florida Keys"
1907	5	0	0	13.06	None	Unknown	TS  One		One of two seasons with no recorded hurricanes, the other being 1914.
1908	10	6	1	95.11	37	Unknown	3  Six		Includes the only known March tropical cyclone in the basin.
1909	12	6	4	93.34	4,673	$77.3M	3  "Grand Isle"	3  "Velasco"  3  "Monterrey"  3  "Grand Isle"  3  "Florida Keys"  2  "Greater Antilles"

1910s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1910	5	3	1	63.90	100	$1.25M	4  "Cuba"	4  "Cuba"
1911	6	3	0	34.29	27	$3M	2  Three
1912	7	4	1	57.26	116	$1.6M	3  "Jamaica"	3  "Jamaica"
1913	6	4	0	35.60	5	$4M	1  Four
1914	1	0	0	2.53	0	Unknown	TS  One		Least active season on record. One of two seasons with no recorded hurricanes, along with 1907.
1915	6	5	3	130.10	675	$63M	4  "New Orleans"	4  "Galveston"  4  "New Orleans"	Two Category 4 hurricanes made landfall in the United States.
1916	15	10	5	144.01	31	$5.9M	4  "Texas"	3  "Gulf Coast"  3  "Charleston"  4  "Texas"
1917	4	2	2	60.67	76	$170,000	4  "Nueva Gerona"	4  "Nueva Gerona"
1918	6	4	1	39.87	55	$5M	3  "Louisiana"	3  "Louisiana"
1919	5	2	1	55.04	828	$22M	4  "Florida Keys"	4  "Florida Keys"

1920s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1920	5	4	0	29.81	1	$1.5M	2  "Louisiana"	2  "Louisiana"
1921	7	5	2	86.53	6	$36.5M	4  "Tampa Bay"	3  "San Pedro"  4  "Tampa Bay"
1922	5	3	1	54.52	105	$2.3M	3  Two
1923	9	4	1	49.31	15	$1.3M	3  Five
1924	11	5	2	100.19	179	Unknown	5  "Cuba"	5  "Cuba"	First official Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale.
1925	4	1	0	7.25	59+	$19.9M	1  One	TS  "Florida"
1926	11	8	6	229.56	1,448	$247.4M	4  "Miami"	4  "Nassau"  3  "Nova Scotia"  3  "Louisiana"  4  "Miami"  4  "Havana–Bermuda"
1927	8	4	1	56.48	184	Unknown	3  "Nova Scotia"	3  "Nova Scotia"
1928	6	4	1	83.48	4,289	$102M	5  "Okeechobee"	5  "Okeechobee"	Least active season that featured a category 5 hurricane, tied with 1977. One of five seasons to have a category 5 as the sole major hurricane of the season.
1929	5	3	1	48.07	62	$10.0M	4  "Bahamas"	4  "Bahamas"

1930s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1930	3	2	2	49.77	8,000	$50M	4  "San Zenón"	4  "San Zenón"	The San Zenón hurricane was the fifth deadliest on record. Second least active season in terms of tropical storms.
1931	13	3	1	47.84	2,502	$7.5M	4  "British Honduras"	4  "British Honduras"
1932	15	6	4	169.66	3,315	$37M	5  "Cuba"	4  "Freeport"  5  "Bahamas"  4  "San Ciprián"  5  "Cuba"	Only season with a Category 5 hurricane in November, which was the longest lasting category 5, at 3.6 days. First season to have multiple (more than one) Category 5 hurricanes.
1933	20	11	6	258.57	651	$86.6M	5  "Tampico"	4  "Chesapeake–Potomac"  5  "Cuba–Brownsville"  4  "Treasure Coast"  4  "Outer Banks"  5  "Tampico"	Fourth most active season on record. Most Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) in an Atlantic season on record.
1934	13	7	1	79.07	2,017	$4.26M	3  Thirteen
1935	8	5	3	106.21	2,604	$12.5M	5  "Labor Day"	5  "Labor Day"  4  "Cuba"	Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricane known to date ("Labor Day").
1936	17	7	1	99.78	5	$1.23M	3  "Mid-Atlantic"
1937	11	4	1	65.85	0	Unknown	3  Six
1938	9	4	2	77.58	~700	$290.3M	5  "New England"	5  "New England"	Earliest-starting season on record (January 3).
1939	6	3	1	43.68	5	Unknown	4  Five

1940s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Major landfalling storms	Notes
1940	9	6	0	67.79	101	$4.7M	2  "New England"	2  "South Carolina"
1941	6	4	3	51.77	63	$10M	4  "Nicaragua"	3  "Texas"  4  "Nicaragua"  3  "Florida"
1942	11	4	1	62.49	17	$30.6M	3  "Matagorda"	3  "Matagorda"
1943	10	5	2	94.01	19	$17.2M	4  Three	2  "Surprise"	First year of hurricane hunters.
1944	14	8	3	104.45	1,153	$202M	5  "Great Atlantic"	5  "Great Atlantic"  4  "Cuba–Florida"	Great Atlantic hurricane was the only Category 5 of the entire decade
1945	11	5	2	63.42	80	$80M	4  "Homestead"	3  "Texas"  4  "Homestead"
1946	7	3	0	19.61	5	$5.2M	2  Four	2  "Florida"
1947	10	5	2	88.49	94	$145.3M	4  "Fort Lauderdale"	4  "Fort Lauderdale" (George)  2  "Cape Sable" (King)	First year of internal Atlantic tropical cyclone naming. [45]
1948	10	6	4	94.98	94	$30.9M	4  "Florida"  4  "Bermuda-Newfoundland"	4  "Florida" (Easy)  3  "Miami" (Fox)
1949	16	7	3	96.45	3	$58.2M	4  "Florida"	4  "Florida"  2  "Texas"

1950s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
1950	16	11	6	211.28	20	$37M	4  Dog	None	First year of external Atlantic tropical cyclone naming Record-breaking 8 tropical storms in October.
1951	12	8	3	126.33	257	$80M	4  Easy	None
1952	11	5	2	69.08	607	$3.75M	4  Fox	None	Includes the only known February tropical cyclone in the basin.
1953	14	7	3	98.51	1	$6M	5  Carol	None	First year of female names for storms. [46] One of only 4 seasons to have both a preseason and postseason storm. Carol was one of six Category 5 hurricanes whose name was not retired (Carol was retired in 1954 as a Category 3)
1954	16	7	3	110.88	1,069	$752M	4  Hazel	3  Carol  3  Edna  4  Hazel	Includes Alice, one of two storms in the basin to span two calendar years. [47]
1955	13	9	4	158.17	1,518	$1.2bn	5  Janet	4  Connie  2  Diane  4  Ione  5  Janet
1956	12	4	1	56.67	76	$67.8M	3  Betsy	None
1957	8	3	2	78.66	513	$152.5M	4  Carrie	3  Audrey	One of only three seasons to feature a major hurricane in June.
1958	12	7	3	109.69	41	$12M	4  Helene	None
1959	14	7	2	77.11	59	$23.3M	4  Gracie	None
Total	128	68	29	1096.38	4,161	$2.54bn	Janet	8 names

1960s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
1960	8	4	2	72.90	455	$442.34M	4  Donna	4  Donna
1961	12	8	5	188.89	345	$392M	5  Hattie	4  Carla  5  Hattie	Two Category 5 hurricanes. Lowest number of named storms for an extremely active season. Esther was one of six Category 5 hurricanes whose name was not retired
1962	7	4	0	50.45	39	>$4.88M	2  Ella	None
1963	10	7	3	112.09	7,225	$589M	4  Flora	4  Flora	Flora was the sixth-deadliest hurricane on record.
1964	13	7	5	153.04	261	$605M	4  Cleo	4  Cleo  4  Dora  4  Hilda
1965	10	4	1	86.74	76	$1.45bn	4  Betsy	4  Betsy	Betsy became the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to inflict at least $1 billion USD in damages.
1966	15	7	3	138.68	1,094	$410M	5  Inez	5  Inez	One of only three seasons to feature a major hurricane in June.
1967	15	6	1	125.43	64	$217M	5  Beulah	5  Beulah	First hurricane season in the modern satellite era. Features the highest number of tropical depressions in a season at the time. One of five seasons to have a category 5 as the sole major hurricane of the season.
1968	8	5	0	46.60	10	$10M	2  Gladys	None	There was one subtropical storm with Category 1 hurricane strength.
1969	18	12	3	149.25	364	$1.7bn	5  Camille	5  Camille	Tied for the third most hurricanes in a season on record.
Total	116	64	23	1124.09	9,933	$5.82bn	Camille	11 names

1970s

Year	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
1970	14	7	2	66.63	71	$454M	4  Celia	4  Celia	First season of a 24-year period of decreased activity in the Atlantic (-AMO) Current extent of the reanalysis project as of January 2022 [update]
1971	13	6	1	96.53	45	$213M	5  Edith	None	Includes first documented hurricane to cross Central America, Irene. One of five seasons to have a category 5 as the sole major hurricane of the season. Edith was one of six Category 5 hurricanes whose name was not retired
1972	7	3	0	35.61	122	$2.1bn	2  Betty	1  Agnes	Includes three subtropical storms.
1973	8	4	1	47.85	15	$18M	3  Ellen	None
1974	11	4	2	68.13	8,260+	$1.97bn	4  Carmen	4  Carmen  2  Fifi	Includes four subtropical storms. Fifi was the fourth-deadliest hurricane on record.
1975	9	6	3	76.06	80	$100M	4  Gladys	3  Eloise
1976	10	6	2	84.17	72	$100M	3  Belle	None	Includes two subtropical storms.
1977	6	5	1	25.32	10	$10M	5  Anita	5  Anita	Features the strongest Atlantic hurricane to strike Mexico. Least active season to feature a category 5, tied with 1928. One of five seasons to have a category 5 as the sole major hurricane of the season.
1978	12	5	2	63.22	37	$45M	4  Greta	4  Greta	Includes one off-season subtropical storm.
1979	9	6	2	92.92	2,118	$4.3bn	5  David	5  David  4  Frederic	First year for alternating male/female names. Includes one subtropical storm of Category 1 strength.
Total	99	51	16	657	10,830+	$9.31bn	David	9 names

1980s

Year	TC	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
1980	18	11	9	2	148.94	256	$1bn	5  Allen	5  Allen	Includes the storm with the highest sustained winds attained so far in the Atlantic.
1981	22	12	7	3	100.38	10	$45M	4  Harvey	None
1982	9	6	2	1	31.50	141	$100M	4  Debby	None
1983	7	4	3	1	17.40	22	$2.6bn	3  Alicia	3  Alicia	Least active hurricane season in the satellite era, in terms of both named storms and ACE No storms were active in October.
1984	20	13	5	1	84.30	35	$66M	4  Diana	None	Latest forming A-named storm on record.
1985	14	11	7	3	87.98	241	$4.5bn	4  Gloria	3  Elena  4  Gloria	Hurricane Kate struck Florida on November 21, the latest United States hurricane landfall.
1986	10	6	4	0	35.79	70	$57M	2  Earl	None
1987	14	7	3	1	34.36	10	$90M	3  Emily	None
1988	19	12	5	3	102.99	550	$7bn	5  Gilbert	5  Gilbert  4  Joan	Included the strongest hurricane on record until 2005 First hurricane since 1978 to cross Central America. Last until 1996, and 2022 to be a Pacific-Atlantic crossover.
1989	15	11	7	2	135.13	112	$10.7bn	5  Hugo	5  Hugo	Hugo held the record for costliest U.S. hurricane for 3 years until Andrew.
Total	148	93	52	17	778.71	1,447	$26.2bn	Gilbert	7 names

1990s

Year	TC	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
1990	16	14	8	1	96.80	116	$150M	3  Gustav	2  Diana  1  Klaus	No tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall in the United States.
1991	12	8	4	2	35.54	30	$2.5bn	4  Claudette	3  Bob	Featured the Perfect Storm - a deliberately unnamed hurricane that made landfall in Atlantic Canada.
1992	10	7	4	1	76.22	66	$27bn	5  Andrew	5  Andrew	Hurricane Andrew was the costliest U.S. hurricane until 2005. One of five seasons to have a category 5 as the sole major hurricane of the season.
1993	10	8	4	1	38.67	274	$271M	3  Emily	None	No storms were active in October.
1994	12	7	3	0	32.02	1,184	$1.56bn	2  Florence	None	Last season of a 24-year period of decreased activity in the Atlantic (-AMO).
1995	21	19	11	5	227.10	115	$9.3bn	4  Opal	4  Luis  3  Marilyn  4  Opal  3  Roxanne	Tied for fifth most active season on record (with 1887, 2010, 2011 and 2012). First season of an ongoing period of increased activity in the Atlantic (+AMO).
1996	13	13	9	6	166.18	179	$3.8bn	4  Edouard	1  Cesar  3  Fran  4  Hortense
1997	9	8	3	1	40.93	11	$110M	3  Erika	None	Least active August (0) and September (1) combined, tied with 1914.
1998	14	14	10	3	181.77	12,000+	$12.2bn	5  Mitch	4  Georges  5  Mitch	Four simultaneous hurricanes on September 26, the first time since 1893. Mitch was the deadliest hurricane in over 200 years.
1999	16	12	8	5	176.53	465	$5.9bn	4  Floyd	4  Floyd  4  Lenny	Most Category 4 hurricanes on record, later tied by 2005 and 2020.
Total	133	110	64	25	1071.75	14,440	$62.7bn	Mitch	15 names

2000s

NOTE: In the following tables, all estimates of damage costs are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars (USD).

2000s

Year	TC	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
2000	19	15	8	3	119.145	105	$1.3bn	4  Keith	4  Keith	Features Hurricane Alberto - the longest-traveled hurricane in the Atlantic.
2001	17	15	9	4	110.32	153	$11.4bn	4  Michelle	TS  Allison  4  Iris  4  Michelle	Allison was the first Atlantic tropical storm weaker than a hurricane to have its name retired.
2002	14	12	4	2	67.99	50	$2.5bn	3  Isidore	3  Isidore  4  Lili	Gustav was the first Atlantic storm that was given a name out of the common six-year rotating lists while subtropical.
2003	21	16	7	3	176.84	93	$6.3bn	5  Isabel	4  Fabian  5  Isabel  2  Juan	Ana formed in April - one of two storms that was given a name to do so. Includes 3 off-season storms.
2004	16	15	9	6	226.88	3,260	$61.2bn	5  Ivan	4  Charley  4  Frances  5  Ivan  3  Jeanne	Featured Ivan, the southernmost hurricane in the basin (9.5°N). Features 4 hurricanes to make landfall in Florida; Charley, Frances, Ivan and Jeanne.
2005	31	28	15	7	250.13	3,912	$171.8bn	5  Wilma	4  Dennis  5  Katrina  5  Rita  1  Stan  5  Wilma	Third-costliest hurricane season on record. Holds the records for most hurricanes, major hurricanes, and Category 5 hurricanes. Most retired names. The first year to use the Greek alphabet, later also used in 2020. Includes 1 subtropical storm and 1 subtropical depression. Emily was one of six Category 5 hurricanes whose name was not retired.
2006	10	10	5	2	78.54	14	$504.4M	3  Gordon  3  Helene	None	No storms formed in October.
2007	17	15	6	2	73.89	478	$3.4bn	5  Dean	5  Dean  5  Felix  1  Noel	First season on record with two hurricanes landfalling at Category 5 intensity (Dean and Felix).
2008	17	16	8	5	145.72	1,073	$49.4bn	4  Ike	4  Gustav  4  Ike  4  Paloma	Only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November.
2009	11	9	3	2	52.58	9	$58M	4  Bill	None	Second-lowest number of hurricanes in the satellite era.
Total	173	151	74	36	1302.02	9,146	$307.9bn	Wilma	24 names

2010s

Year	TC	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
2010	21	19	12	5	165.48	393	$7.4bn	4  Igor	4  Igor  2  Tomas	Fifth most active season on record (tied with 1887, 1995, 2011 and 2012).
2011	20	19	7	4	126.30	112	$17.4bn	4  Ophelia	3  Irene	Fifth most active season on record (tied with 1887, 1995, 2010 and 2012).
2012	19	19	10	2	132.63	355	$72.3bn	3  Sandy	3  Sandy	Fifth most active season on record (tied with 1887, 1995, 2010 and 2011).
2013	15	14	2	0	36.12	54	$1.5bn	1  Humberto	1  Ingrid	Featured one unnamed subtropical storm in December. First season since 1986 and 1994 with no major hurricanes.
2014	9	8	6	2	66.73	21	$371.6M	4  Gonzalo	None	Featured the fewest tropical storms since 1997.
2015	12	11	4	2	62.69	89	$813.9M	4  Joaquin	TS  Erika  4  Joaquin	Erika was the second Atlantic tropical storm to have its name retired, following Tropical Storm Allison in 2001.
2016	16	15	7	4	141.25	736	≥$17.5bn	5  Matthew	5  Matthew  3  Otto	Alex became the first satellite-era January hurricane.
2017	18	17	10	6	224.87	3,364	≥$294.7bn	5  Maria	4  Harvey  5  Irma  5  Maria  1  Nate	Arlene formed in April - one of two storms that was given a name to do so. Costliest tropical cyclone season on record.
2018	16	15	8	2	132.58	172	≥$50.5bn	5  Michael	4  Florence  5  Michael	Includes seven storms that were subtropical at one point.
2019	20	18	6	3	132.20	118	$11.6bn	5  Dorian	5  Dorian	Includes two subtropical storms. Lorenzo was one of six Category 5 hurricanes whose name was not retired.
Total	166	155	72	30	1220.86	5,413	$474.1bn	Maria	16 names

2020s

Year	TC	TS	H	MH	ACE	Deaths	Damage	Strongest storm	Retired names	Notes
2020	31	30	14	7	180.37	432	>$54.3bn	4  Iota	4  Laura  4  Eta  4  Iota	Most active season in terms of tropical depressions and named storms. Second and final season after 2005 to use the Greek alphabet.
2021	21	21	7	4	145.55	197	$80.8bn	4  Sam	4  Ida	Third most active season on record.
2022	16	14	8	2	95.1	304	>$117.7bn	4  Fiona	4  Fiona  5  Ian	First season not to have above-average activity since 2015. First season since 1988 and 1996 with more than one Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricane (Bonnie and Julia).
2023	21	20	7	3	145.6	19	>$4.1bn	5  Lee	None	Fourth most active season on record (tied with 1933). Featured one unnamed subtropical storm in January. Lee was one of six Category 5 hurricanes whose name was not retired.
2024	18	18	11	5	161.6	400	>$220.8bn	5  Milton	TBD	Featured Beryl, the earliest forming Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. Featured Milton, the fifth most powerful hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. Featured Oscar, the smallest hurricane recorded in the Atlantic basin. Second costliest Atlantic hurricane season on record.
Total	107	103	47	21	728.22	≥1,352	>$477.7bn	Milton	6 names

Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season

See also: Tropical cyclones and climate change

A 2011 study analyzing one of the main sources of hurricanes –the African easterly wave (AEW) –found that the change in AEWs is closely linked to increased activity of intense hurricanes in the North Atlantic. The synoptic concurrence of AEWs in driving the dynamics of the Sahel greening also appears to increase tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic. ^[48]

Tropical cyclone count adjusted for lack of observation prior to 1965.

The 20-year average of the number of annual Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic region has approximately doubled since the year 2000. ^[49]

The number of $1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold. ^[50] The increases have been attributed to climate change and to greater numbers of people moving to coastal areas. ^[50]

See also

• Accumulated cyclone energy
• List of Atlantic hurricane records
• List of environment topics
• Outline of tropical cyclones
• Pacific hurricane season
• Pacific typhoon season
• North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
• South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
• Australian region tropical cyclone season
• South Pacific tropical cyclone season
• South Atlantic tropical cyclone
• Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

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