Hurricane Dennis

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The tropical wave that became Dennis was identified by the National Hurricane Center on June 26, 2005, well inland over Africa. [1] [2] [3] It later emerged over the Atlantic Ocean on June 29 and moved quickly to the west. [1] Dry conditions over the Sahara initially inhibited development, [4] [5] though the wave found more favorable conditions and intensified into a tropical depression on July 4 while nearing the Windward Islands. [1] The depression soon crossed the island country of Grenada before entering the Caribbean, where increasingly favorable environmental factors, such as low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures, fueled intensification. [6] [7] [8] Turning west-northwest, the system achieved tropical storm status on July 5 and hurricane status the following day. [1] The formation of a well-defined eye and central dense overcast signaled Dennis's intensification into a major hurricane on July 7. [1] [9] The hurricane subsequently traversed the Jamaica Channel, bringing deadly floods to both Jamaica and Haiti. [1]

The powerful storm soon struck Granma Province, Cuba, as a Category 4 hurricane early on July 8; violent winds battered the province and caused extensive damage. Briefly weakening due to interaction with land, Dennis quickly regained its strength. Paralleling the southwestern coast of Cuba, Dennis reached its peak winds of 150 miles per hour (240 km/h). However, it soon weakened to winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) later that day as a result of an eyewall replacement cycle before making a second landfall in the country, this time in Matanzas Province. [1] Interaction with the mountains of Cuba caused significant weakening; [10] however, once Dennis emerged over the Gulf of Mexico on July 9, it quickly reorganized in favorable conditions. The hurricane reached Category 4 strength for the third time on July 10 as it approached Florida, attaining its lowest barometric pressure of 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46  inHg). [1] This ranked Dennis as the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic basin to form before August; however, this record was broken just six days later by Hurricane Emily, which surpassed Dennis and attained Category 5 status. [11] [12] Weakening ensued as the hurricane approached the Florida Panhandle, the storm ultimately making landfall over Santa Rosa Island on July 10 as a Category 3. Weakening continued as the cyclone moved further inland, and the storm quickly lost tropical cyclone status. Dennis' remnant circulation remained, however, traversing the Mississippi River Valley and Ohio River Valley before finally dissipating over Ontario on July 18. [1]

Preparations

Caribbean

Within hours of Dennis becoming a tropical storm on July 5, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for areas between Port-au-Prince and the Haiti–Dominican Republic border. This was soon replaced by a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning spanning the entirety of the nation's Tiburon Peninsula. Owing to the cyclone's proximity, this was further increased to a hurricane warning on July 6. [1] That day, Haiti's National Meteorological Center (centre national de météorologie; CNM) advised residents in elevated, exposed locations to evacuate due to the threat of winds over 62 mph (100 km/h). [13] At least 300 people were relocated from Jérémie. [14] They also forecast rainfall accumulations between 3.0 and 4.9 in (75 and 125 mm), leading to the threat of flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, the small seagoing craft was urged to remain at port. Local media noted that the nation was particularly vulnerable to disasters with numerous homeless people inhabiting slums around Port-au-Prince in the wake of catastrophic flooding from Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004. [13] At the time of Dennis's arrival, approximately 550,000 people were receiving assistance from the World Food Programme. [15] The Haitian National Red Cross Society mobilized 300 personnel and identified ten potential shelters in the threatened region. [16] At least 700 people utilized these shelters in Les Cayes, Port-Salut, and the Grand'Anse. [17] The Pan American Disaster Response Unit branch of the International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was equipped with supplies for 10,000 people and prepared to deploy. [16]

Late on July 5, the Government of Jamaica issued a hurricane watch for the nation as Dennis intensified over the eastern Caribbean. This was upgraded to a hurricane warning early on July 6. [1] Following the issuance of the hurricane warning, Jamaica's National Emergency Operations Center and Parish Emergency Operations Center were activated. [18] At the behest of Jamaica's Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management, the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency allocated resources to assist the nation following the passage of Dennis. [19] The Jamaican Red Cross also notified its branches of the storm, [20] placing personnel and volunteers on standby on July 7. [21] The Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard assisted with the evacuations of Pedro Bank and Morant Cays. Shelters prepped for opening by the evening of July 6 and Norman Manley International Airport ceased operations at 04:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. local time) and Sangster International Airport followed soon thereafter. [18] [22] By July 7, 30 shelters opened across five parishes, [23] with at least 793 people using their services. [24] Some officials complained that residents refused to evacuate. [25] However, as the storm impacted the island this number dramatically increased to 6,000 people with shelters open in all parishes. [26] Approximately J$25 million (US$405,000) was made available for relief operations through the nation's Disaster Mitigation Programme. An additional J$20 million (US$324,000) was allocated for clearing drains in preparation for heavy rain. [27]

In preparation for the storm, over 1,500,000 Cubans were forced to leave their homes, 130,000 being students and 17,000 being foreign tourists. [28] Around 1,000 food preparation centers were stocked and 1,800 evacuation centers were activated. 140,000 people worked in life prevention and evacuation activities while 1,600 civil defense units were activated. [29] The United Nations sent officials to Cuba to be on standby before the storm arrived. [30]

United States

Hurricane Dennis offshore, affecting the Florida Keys with outer rainbands. Dennis 2005-07-09 1845Z.jpg
Hurricane Dennis offshore, affecting the Florida Keys with outer rainbands.

On July 7, the NHC first started issuing watches and warnings for the southeastern United States, including a hurricane warning for the Florida Keys west of the Seven Mile Bridge. Over the next few days, the agency issued various watches and warnings for Florida and the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, with a hurricane warning between the Louisiana/Mississippi border to Steinhatchee, Florida. A tropical storm warning extended east of the area to Anclote Key, and westward to Grand Isle, Louisiana, including New Orleans. The NHC dropped all watches and warnings after Dennis moved inland. [1] Due to the threat of the hurricane, about 1.8 million people evacuated in the southeastern United States. [31] In the Gulf of Mexico, oil companies evacuated 81 platforms and 35 rigs, which cut daily production by 220,000 barrels. The governors of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana declared a state of emergency due to Dennis. [32]

In Florida, officials issued evacuation orders for about 50,000 people in the Florida Keys, a highly exposed chain of islands connected to the mainland by a single road and a series of bridges. [32] People who stayed behind were advised to remain indoors. [33] Key West Mayor Jimmy Weekley ordered bars in the city to close during the storm. [32] After the succession of hurricanes affecting the state in 2004, state officials were better prepared for Dennis, positioning fuel and generators. Officials removed traffic signal heads and secured to prevent damage on roads near Pensacola. [34] As a result of the large evacuations, more than 200 truckloads provided about 1.8 million US gallons (6,800 m3) of gasoline. [35] In Miami, high schools served as evacuation centers. [36] [37] The Red Cross put dozens of volunteers on standby to go into regions affected by the storm, and open shelters. [38] The Red Cross also moved 60 mobile canteens, each capable of serving 30,000 hot meals a day, to the staging points of Hattiesburg and Jackson. [39] National guardsmen were mobilized, and four emergency medical teams, each capable of setting up a small field hospital, were on standby. [40] At Cape Canaveral, the space shuttle Discovery was considered to be safe on its launching pad after concerns of unfavorable weather, and NASA rescheduled a liftoff the following week; however, shuttle managers eventually decided to begin moving Discovery from the launching pad to ride out the storm. [41] MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa evacuated its aircraft to McConnell Air Force Base near Wichita. [36] Also, at Eglin Air Force Base, about 20,000 military personnel were evacuated, and at Hurlburt Field, home to Air Force's 16th Special Operations Wing, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for all 15,000 airmen and their families. [42]

On July 9, 2005, all southbound lanes on Interstate 65 from Mobile to Montgomery, Alabama were closed so traffic could be redirected, making all four lanes northbound to allow evacuations. Military installations such as NAS Pensacola, Whiting Field, Eglin AFB, Hurlburt Field, and Tyndall AFB were all evacuated days before the storm. [43] Red Cross officials opened 87 shelters across the state which were able to hold about 14,000 evacuees. [43] In anticipation of Hurricane Dennis, 190,000 people were ordered to evacuate in Mississippi, though many opted not to. [44] Jackson County issued a mandatory evacuation for its residents, while Hancock County called for a voluntary evacuation. Governor Haley Barbour issued a state of emergency, and 600 National Guard soldiers were on standby. Harrison County issued a mandatory evacuation for residents living in low-lying areas and ordered the closing of its casinos. Also, the Red Cross provided 60 mobile canteens capable of serving 30,000 hot meals to staging areas in Hattiesburg and Jackson. 32 law officials were sent to Hattiesburg to assist with traffic control near the intersection with I-59 and U.S. Route 49. Additionally, a horse park in Starkville was caring for over 50 horses belonging to residents who were forced to evacuate and had no other location for them. [45]

In anticipation of the storm, the National Weather Service placed much of central, north, and western Georgia under a flood watch. A wind advisory was also in effect for Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, and Fulton Counties. As the hurricane's outer rainbands approached the state, a tornado watch was put into effect for central portions of the state. [46] The Red Cross provided 80 shelters in the state, in addition to hundreds of volunteers. [46] Due to large evacuations in the state, construction projects on Interstates 75, 85, and 185, were postponed. [47]

Impact

Hurricane Dennis
Dennis 2005-07-10 0410Z.jpg
Dennis shortly before peak intensity while approaching the Florida panhandle on July 10
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Effects of Hurricane Dennis by country
CountryDeathsDamage (USD)Ref.
Haiti56 [48] [49]
Jamaica1> [1] [50] [51] [52]
Cuba16 [1]
United States15 [1] [53]
Total88
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

Caribbean

Haiti

The outer bands of Hurricane Dennis began impacting Haiti on July 6, flooding multiple roadways. [16] Although no official observations were relayed to the NHC, [1] sustained tropical storm-force winds are believed to have affected much of the Tiburon Peninsula on July 7. [54] Local media relayed reports of winds exceeding 50 mph (80 km/h) in Jacmel, Jérémie, and Les Cayes on that day. Widespread damage was incurred across Sud department. [55] In Les Cayes, rivers over-topped their banks, high winds felled trees, [55] 34 homes were damaged or destroyed, and the local hospital sustained significant damage. [17] One person was killed and two others were injured when a tree destroyed a home. [14] Flooding across the Ouest department submerged multiple districts, particularly around Petit-Goâve. Several search and rescue missions took place in the commune. In nearby Grand-Goâve, a bridge collapsed after numerous people gathered atop it to view flood waters. [14] At least nine people died as a result with six others reported missing. [56] At least 25 homes were destroyed in the commune. [57] Damage was reported on Gonâve Island, [55] with multiple homes collapsing. [14] Throughout Grand'Anse, roughly 1,500 families were rendered homeless, 675 of which required urgent aid. [48] During the storm, commune of Beaumont was isolated by landslides. [57] Approximately 15,000 people were directly affected by the hurricane. Widespread agricultural losses took place, with hundreds of livestock killed. [58] World Concern director Kelly Miller reported the agricultural effects as "staggering". [59] The storm wrecked 929 homes and damaged 3,058 others. All told, 56 people were killed, 36 sustained injury, and a further 24 were listed missing; damage across the nation reached $50 million. [48] [60]

Jamaica

Hurricane Dennis intensifying between Jamaica and Haiti on July 7 Dennis 2005-07-07 1550Z.jpg
Hurricane Dennis intensifying between Jamaica and Haiti on July 7

After months of above-normal rainfall, Dennis brushed Jamaica and dropped torrential rainfall, peaking at 24.54 in (623 mm) in Mavis Bank. This included a peak hourly rainfall total of 2.6 in (65 mm), and a 24 hour peak of 19.59 in (497.6 mm), which was a 1-in-50 year event. The rains caused flooding and landslides across the island. [1] [50] One person drowned after being swept away in the Negro River. [61] Sustained winds in Montego Bay peaked at 69 mph (111 km/h), equivalent to a strong tropical storm, while Kingston reported gusts to 45 mph (72 km/h). These winds downed trees and power lines, leaving roughly 100,000 customers without electricity. Several homes and business lost their roofs. [1] [50] The agricultural industry sustained extensive losses, with 610 ha (1,500 acres) damaged and nearly 160,000 livestock killed, primarily chickens. Associated losses reached J$100 million (US$1.62 million) from Dennis. Effects were compounded by the quick succession of Dennis and Emily a week apart. Approximately 6,000 households—an estimated 22,000 people—reported need for assistance; the combined effects of Dennis and later Hurricane Emily left 49 homes destroyed and 391 damaged. Dennis affected about 209,000 people across 121 communities in Jamaica. [50] The rapid succession of Dennis and Emily makes differentiating damage between them difficult. Collectively, the two storms wrought J$5.976 billion (US$96.87 million) in damage, primarily stemming from infrastructure, [50] of which at least J$2.128 billion (US$34.5 million) can be attributed to Dennis alone. [51] [62] Along the Rio Grande, the entire banana crop was lost. [63]

Infrastructure damage from Dennis included a bridge in Mahoneyvale that was destroyed, while bridges along the Yallahs River and Rio Grande were severely damaged. [64] [65] [66] River flooding forced people to evacuate across the island. Saint Thomas Parish suffered widespread flooding as multiple rivers burst their banks, with about 200 homes inundated, including several illegally built structures which were destroyed. Flood depth reached 10 ft (3.0 m). The community of Eight Miles remained under 4 ft (1.2 m) a day after the hurricane's passage. The severity of flooding was blamed on poor building and maintenance of retaining walls along gullies. [22] [67] Landslides in Portland Parish rendered roads impassable and damaged many homes, leaving 500 people temporarily isolated. [68] [66] In Bull Bay, sand and mud covered 67 homes, prompting a proposal to relocate residents elsewhere to avoid future damage. [69] Overflow from tributaries of the Cane River inundated multiple villages, leaving many isolated. [68] A landslide in Mill Bank destroyed eight homes. [70] In Saint Andrew Parish, the Mamee River swept away two homes, while residents were trapped in their homes in Gordon Town [24] [68] River flooding in Saint Mary Parish forced more than 500 people from their homes in Annotto Bay. [71] Eight people required rescue in Saint Catherine Parish. [26] [72] Eastern areas of Clarendon Parish experienced significant flooding, with several communities cut-off or inundated. A sink hole in Halse Hall engulfed 35 homes. [73] An oil tank overflowed due to heavy rain at a Petrojam Refinery in Kingston Harbour resulting in a minor oil spill. Petrojam crews cleaned the spill within a day. [74] [75] Some streets in downtown Kingston were flooded. [76] Effects in Trelawny Parish were relatively limited, with J$16 million (US$259,000) in agricultural damage. [77]

Cuba

Over 120,000 houses were damaged in some sort of way; 15,000 had collapsed, 25,000 had been partially destroyed, 24,000 had lost their roofs, and 60,000 had some sort of roof damage. Most of the damaged houses were in the southeastern provinces of Cuba, however, many houses that had been damaged did have some sort of a structural deficiency. Several health units in the country were damaged due to high winds and rain. Floods contaminated running water; 70% of water sources in Granma alone were contaminated. To prevent the damage of electric generation stations, most were forced to halt, causing a complete failure of the countries electrical system. More than 1,000 poles were downed across the country and more than 21 counties in Cuba were still without power on July 11. Communications were also cut; in Matanzas and Cienfuegos provinces alone, 14 communication towers were down. Many roads were also blocked by things such as trees, fallen power lines, and mudslides. In Cienfuegos and Granma, almost 27,000 hectares of agriculture land was reportedly destroyed by the storm. [29] Of the deaths, 13 of them occurred in Granma. [78] The storm dumped up to 27.67 inches (70.3 cm) of rain. [79]

United States

Rainfall map for Hurricane Dennis in the United States Dennis 2005 rainfall.gif
Rainfall map for Hurricane Dennis in the United States

Throughout the southeastern United States, Hurricane Dennis left 15 fatalities, as well as about US$2.5 billion in damage. [1] [53]

Florida

A beachfront home in Navarre Beach, Florida largely destroyed by Hurricane Dennis Beach front home damaged by hurricane dennis 2005.jpg
A beachfront home in Navarre Beach, Florida largely destroyed by Hurricane Dennis

Hurricane Dennis affected much of Florida, from the Florida Keys to the panhandle. Although Dennis made landfall as a major hurricane, the strongest winds were confined to a small area near the eye. A station at Navarre recorded sustained winds of 99 mph (159 km/h), with gusts to 121 mph (195 km/h). [1] Rainfall in the state reached 8.70 in (221 mm) at a station near Bristol. [80] The hurricane spawned nine tornadoes in the state, all but one rated an F0 on the Fujita scale. The other was an F1 tornado that struck Bradenton and destroyed a barn. [1] [81] Dennis also moved ashore with a 6 to 9 ft (1.8 to 2.7 m) storm surge, which inundated coastal areas along the panhandle and eastward to Apalachee Bay. The hurricane caused 14 fatalities in the state. A boat sank in the Florida Keys, killing one of its occupants. In Dania Beach, a swimmer drowned amid high seas. The remaining fatalities were indirectly related to the hurricane. Four people died from automobile accidents – three were in Port Charlotte when their vehicle overturned, and the other occurred in Walton County while evacuating. Two people died from electrocution, and another two people died from carbon monoxide poisoning. There were two deaths related to accidents cleaning up after the storm and another two deaths exacerbated by storm stress. [1] [82] Damage in the state totaled over US$1.5 billion. [83] Across southern Florida from Tampa southward to the Keys, Dennis left about 439,600 people without power, while another 322,275 people along the Florida panhandle lost power. [84] [85]

Dennis first affected the state when it passed about 75 mi (120 km) southwest of Key West, producing a storm surge of 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m). [1] Parts of Duval Street were flooded 1.5 ft (0.46 m) deep. [86] The city recorded wind gusts of 74 mph (119 km/h), and there was an unofficial observation of 109 mph (175 km/h) gusts at Cudjoe Key. Damage in the Florida Keys totaled US$6.8 million, mostly related to roofing, electric, and landscaping. Key West International Airport sustained about US$100,000 in damage. [1] [87] Across southern Florida, gusty winds and rainfall knocked down trees and power lines, with some minor coastal flooding. [88] One beneficial effect of Hurricane Dennis was that it flipped over the former USS Spiegel Grove, which was deliberately sunk in 2002 in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in an attempt to create an artificial reef; for three years the navy ship was upside-down. [89] Along the rest of Florida's west coast, storm tides were 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m) above normal. [1] The high waves destroyed sea turtle's nests, with 61 nests destroyed in Pinellas County. In St. Petersburg, a yacht sank while docking at a marina, and six other boats sustained damage during the hurricane. In Cedar Key, floodwaters closed the airport and several roads, causing damage to 20 businesses. [90]

Aerial image of Pensacola Beach, Florida after Dennis Hurricane Dennis 2005 damage2.jpg
Aerial image of Pensacola Beach, Florida after Dennis

Along the Florida panhandle, Dennis severely damaged about 200 houses, with nearly every structure in Navarre Beach damaged, and the Navarre pier damaged by the high waves. Dennis damaged areas that were still recovering from Hurricane Ivan, which struck southern Alabama ten months earlier. [83] [91] Extensive beach erosion occurred along the panhandle from Pensacola to Destin, undoing the dune restoration efforts after Ivan. [83] [91] A portion of U.S. Route 98 was washed out between Fort Walton Beach and Destin, which took a month to be repaired. [83] [92] In Cinco Bayou, lightning struck a boat and set it ablaze. [31] A portion of I-10 in Pensacola flooded during the storm due to poor drainage. [31] The Eglin Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field sustained more than US$500 million in damage. [31] On Holiday Island in Destin, the waves washed out a home while severely damaging houses and apartment buildings. [93] In McDavid, the storm tore off the roof of a recreation center while 12 people were inside. [84] Most of the cotton crop across the panhandle was damaged. [31]

The most significant coastal flooding occurred along Apalachee Bay, with a storm tide of 8.11 ft (2.47 m) recorded in Apalachicola, about 175 mi (280 km) east of Dennis' landfall. The water levels in the region were about 3.5 ft (1.1 m) higher than anticipated by the Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes computer model; the NHC attributed that the high tides were "likely triggered by an oceanic trapped shelf wave that propagated northward along the Florida west coast." [1] The high tides significantly damaged St. George Island State Park, including 80% of the park's dunes and boardwalks. About 5 mi (8.0 km) of roads were damaged, including a portion of the St. George Island Bridge near the park's entrance. On the island, the hurricane destroyed 23 homes and damaged another 141, with damage estimated at US$9.1 million. [94] Floodwaters swept away seaside cottages in St. Teresa and Alligator Point in Franklin County, while also wrecking dune systems. Along the St. Marks River, eight people in the community of the same name required rescue, after waters reached waist deep. [95] Across neighboring Wakulla County, the floods damaged 487 buildings and destroyed 24 others. [96] The high waters significantly damaged part of the Big Bend Wildlife Management Area, a wildlife refuge in Taylor County. [97]

Rest of the Gulf Coast

A house destroyed by high winds in Alabama House damaged by Hurricane Dennis.jpg
A house destroyed by high winds in Alabama

When Hurricane Dennis moved into southeastern Alabama, it produced hurricane-force winds in inland areas of the state. The highest wind gust in the state was 77 mph (124 km/h), recorded on the USS Alabama in Mobile Bay. [98] [31] The heaviest rainfall from Dennis in the country was 12.80 in (325 mm), recorded at a station near Camden. [99] The rains caused numerous rivers to overflow, resulting in flash flooding that entered homes and covered roads up to 5 ft (1.5 m) deep. [100] The hurricane left about US$120 million in damage in the state, with the worst effects in Escambia and Monroe counties. [101] High winds knocked down trees, some of which fell onto houses, vehicles, and businesses. [101] [100] The high winds also damaged the state's cotton industry. [101] Across the state, the storm left 291,128 people without power. [85] A power worker died in Flomaton while making electrical repairs following the storm. [102] In Dallas and Montgomery counties, downed trees caused an injury after hitting a vehicle, while a driver was injured in Clay County after hitting a fallen tree. [103] [104] [105] Along the coast, storm tides reached 7.2 ft (2.2 m) at Fort Morgan, causing coastal flooding in southern Alabama. [31] In central Alabama, floodwaters washed away several bridges, and parts of I-20 in Calhoun County were inundated. A mudslide closed a portion of Alabama State Route 5 in Dallas County near Selma. Flooding also closed portions of U.S. routes 78, 80, and 82, as well as county and local roads. Several houses, vehicles, and businesses were damaged by the fallen trees. [100] Downed power lines sparked building fires in Greene, Randolph, and Russell counties. [106] [107] [108]

Farther west of the center, the effects were not as severe, although damaging winds and rainfall occurred in eastern Mississippi. Winds in the state reached 59 miles per hour (95 km/h) in Meridian. The winds and rainfall knocked down hundreds of trees and power lines across the state, damaging 21 homes. Slick roads led to a traffic death in Jasper County. [109] Strong winds damaged a church in Calhoun County. [110] The storm tide reached 3.36 ft (1.02 m) in Biloxi. [1] Throughout the state, about 14,200 people lost power. [85] Damage was estimated at US$2.6 million. [111] Gale-force wind gusts occurred as far west as the lakefront of New Orleans, which recorded gusts of 47 mph (76 km/h). [1]

Other areas

The Thunder Horse oil platform after the passage of Hurricane Dennis, tilted to a 30o list HURRICANE DENNIS DVIDS1077689.jpg
The Thunder Horse oil platform after the passage of Hurricane Dennis, tilted to a 30º list

Offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, the Thunder Horse oil platform tilted to a 30º list after the vessel was evacuated and the structure's ballast tanks were flooded. The tilting was caused by a pipe being incorrectly installed as the Thunder Horse was being prepared for service. Within five days of Dennis's landfall, the structure was refloated and taken to Texas to be repaired, as the connecting pipes on the ocean floor were also repaired. The repair costs were estimated at $250 million. [112] [113] [114]

Across western Georgia, Dennis produced wind gusts as high as 43 mph (68 km/h) in Albany. [1] The winds were strong enough to knock down trees, one of which killed a man in Decatur. [115] About 55,000 people statewide lost power in the Atlanta area. [85] Damage across northern Georgia was estimated at over US$12 million, with hundreds of roads damaged or washed out. A rainband stalled over western Georgia, resulting in torrential rainfall, peaking at 10.88 in (276 mm) near Mableton. [116] [117] The rains caused flash flooding, just days after the region was soaked by the remnants of Hurricane Cindy. [118] In Milledgeville, rains from the storm caused a fitness center to collapse, injuring two people. [119] In Upson County, a motorist was injured while trying to cross a damaged roadway, and was later rescued. [120] In White County, an F0 tornado destroyed two barns and severely damaged the roof of a house, while also knocking down about 200 trees. [121] The Sweetwater Creek swelled to a record crest of 21.8 ft (6.6 m), breaking the previous record set in 1916. Flood damage in both Cobb and Douglas counties were estimated at US$6 million each, after several areas experienced 100-year flooding, reaching 6 ft (1.8 m) deep in some areas. The floods damaged 700 homes between the two counties, as well as 55 roads or bridges. The floodwaters damaged about 120 cars at a Ford dealership. In Austell, several people required rescue from a building. [122] [123] In Atlanta, flooding closed a ramp to I-20, while portions of I-285 were restricted to one lane. In Forsyth County, a tractor trailer carrying fuel overturned, temporarily closing the road. [124] Throughout Fayette County, floodwaters inundated roads and basements, and breached a dam near Fayetteville. [118] In Woodstock in Cherokee County, the Noonday Creek swelled to a record crest of 16.3 ft (5.0 m), surpassing the peak set during Hurricane Ivan. The floodwaters inundated an apartment complex, forcing residents to evacuate by boat, as well as flooding dozens of cars and homes. [125] Floods forced 300 homes in Worth County to evacuate, as well as another 100 homes and businesses in Colquitt County. [126] [127] In Stockbridge, the rains caused a sewage treatment plant to spill 53,000 U.S. gallons (200,000 liters) of wastewater. [128] A pond dam burst in Tift County, flooding nearby roads. [129] In Clayton County, floods damaged 14 mobile homes beyond repair, with 52 residents in the community having to move to a shelter. [130]

Outside of Georgia, Dennis also produced heavy rainfall in western North Carolina, reaching 9.20 in (234 mm) in Rosman. Rainfall in South Carolina peaked at 8.90 in (226 mm) at a station near Lake Jocassee. In nearby Tennessee, rains from the storm reached 6.78 in (172 mm) at Oak Ridge. [117] Across south-central Tennessee, gusty winds caused scattered power outages and tree damage. [131] Heavy rainfall extended into Kentucky, with a total of 9.56 in (243 mm) recorded near Bardwell. Precipitation from Dennis extended as far north as Michigan, with a total of 4.04 in (103 mm) recorded near Richmond. [132]

Aftermath

Because of the significant damage and death toll caused by the hurricane in the Caribbean and United States, the name Dennis was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2006, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Don for the 2011 hurricane season. [133] [134]

With flash floods ensuing across much of southern Haiti on July 7, the Civil Protection Department released 2 million gourdes (US$48,800) in emergency funds. [14] This was later increased in 5 million gourdes (US$120,500). [48] Médecins Sans Frontières, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the World Food Programme, and other international agencies mobilized for relief efforts on this day. [14] The IFRC provided immediate funds of 250,000  Swiss francs (US$192,000). [135] By July 15, the nation's government requested international assistance to handle the aftermath of Hurricane Dennis. Japan was the first nation to comply, providing emergency supplies—such as blankets, generators, and radios—worth ¥11 million (US$97,900). [136] This coincided with a disaster declaration by U.S. chargé d'affaires Douglas Griffiths, which also prompted release of US$50,000 in funds from the United States Agency for International Development. [137] World Concern provided aid to 18,000 people, distributing emergency kits with food and basic supplies. [59] On July 15, the Inter-American Development Bank announced a US$5 million program to establish an early-warning system for floods across Haiti. [138] In conjunction with funds to alleviate strain from a drought preceding Dennis, the European Commission provided Haiti with €400,000 (US$477,000). [139] Hurricane Emily brought further death and damage to the nation on July 17, though the effects were limited in comparison to Dennis. The IFRC's relief operation began on August 5, with a focus on distribution of hygiene and sanitation items. Approximately 4,000 people affected by Dennis and a further 1,000 by Emily were targeted in their program. Inclusive of funds allocated for Jamaica, the operation cost 758,000 Swiss francs (US$587,505). [48]

Distribution of relief supplies in Jamaica began on July 7. [24] Isolated communities across Saint Andrew, Saint Thomas, and Portland Parishes received airlifted aid the following day. [140] Residents in Cascade required evacuation by airlift and Mill Bank was declared a disaster area. [70] [73] A previously defunct railway bridge—the 500 ft (150 m) St. Margaret's Bay bridge—in Portland Parish, not in use since the 1980s, was repaired at a cost of J$26 million (US$421,000) and re-opened on July 30 to enable travel after the Rio Grande bridge was damaged. [141] [142] Residents in the parish were also advised to temporarily boil or bleach water to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases due to contaminated supplies. [143] The Salvation Army assisted with relief efforts. [144] Efforts to repair and restore damaged roadways reached J$405 million (US$6.56 million). [50] The Leader of the Opposition party requested the Jamaican government release J$500 million (US$8.1 million) for immediate relief; however, Prime Minister P. J. Patterson rejected the proposal. [145] Joseph Hibbert further criticized the government for inadequately maintaining roads, citing a lack of maintenance contracts which is how such work is carried out in the nation. [146] Although the Government of Jamaica indicated it would not request international assistance, [50] the Government of Cuba provided 11 tons of supplies and Venezuela offered support. [74] [147] WINDALCO reported a loss of 10,000 tons of aluminum due to flooding. Manufacturing companies reported J$18.3 million (US$296,000) in losses, primarily from suspended operations. [50] In November, the Jamaica Labour Party sought J$3.2 billion (US$51.8 million) in additional funding to repair roads damaged by Hurricanes Ivan, Dennis, Emily, and Wilma. [148] The following month, the Jamaica Agricultural Society received J$5.5 million (US$88,266) from the Japanese embassy to assist 500 farmers in Portland Parish. [149] The long-term effects of Dennis were limited, with nearly every economic sector returning to normal within a few months. The only exceptions were exports of banana and coffee crops, both of which were still recovering from Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Overall implications to the nation's gross domestic product were negligible, merely flat-lining growth rather than causing decline. However, in combination with the effects of a drought early in 2005, inflation values required adjustment upwards from 9% to 14.3%. [50]

In Cuba, many families who lost their homes were forced to stay in schools that had been closed for summer break. Medical teams and cleanup brigades were formed to help the injured and clean up fallen trees and debris. Two and a half million people were left without running water, instead relying on water tankers to bring them water. [29] America sent $100,00 to the World Food Programme (WFP) to feed people in Granma. Japan later extended this to give enough money for 191 tons of rice. [150] The United States offered $50,000 in aid, but Fidel Castro rejected the aid, stating he would never accept aid from the United States until the economic sanctions and embargoes, in place since 1959, were dropped. [78] Shortly afterward, in a July 26 speech, Castro announced the beginning of the Energy Revolution. [151]

Hurricane Dennis near landfall in Florida on August 10 Dennis 2005-07-10 1615Z (alternate).jpg
Hurricane Dennis near landfall in Florida on August 10

Due to storm damage across the southeastern United states, president George W. Bush declared a federal disaster area for 20 counties in Florida, 49 counties in Alabama, and 38 counties in Mississippi. The declaration allocated funds for emergency services and debris removal and to help rebuild essential public facilities. [152] [153] [154]

One day after the storm made landfall, four disaster recovery centers opened in the Florida panhandle, two in Escambia County, and two in Santa Rosa County. [155] Supplies of food, water and ice were supplied from staging areas to distribution centers throughout the Florida Panhandle. The American Red Cross and other voluntary agencies assisted with food and water distribution as well as emergency needs and housing. [156] Subsequently, an additional disaster relief center was opened in Santa Rosa County. [157] Just days after the storm, six additional counties became eligible for federal disaster aid. [158]

Voluntary agencies such as AmeriCorps, the Christian Contractors Association and the United Way provided assistance to residents who have temporary roofing and repair needs. [159] Shortly after, three additional disaster relief centers opened on July 16, with one being in Franklin County, one in Okaloosa County, and another in Wakulla County. [160] Within a week, over 2,100 individuals visited the Disaster Recovery Centers in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. [161] Another disaster recovery center opened in Franklin County on July 7, [162] and by July 18, over $3 million (2005 USD) in individual assistance applications for rental, housing and other needs assistance were approved. [163] On July 23, Dixie and Levy counties became eligible federal funds under its Public Assistance program for damages. [164] By July 28, all disaster recovery centers ceased operations on Sundays, [165] although on August 4, Gadsden County became eligible for Public Assistance funding. [166] Two more disaster recovery centers opened on August 4: one in Dixie County and one in Taylor County. [167] By August 18, over $24 million (2005 USD) in individual assistance funds were collected for victims of Hurricane Dennis. [168] On October 13, the last disaster recovery centers ceased operations, although individual assistance funds were still being collected. [169] In the decade after Dennis, many of the damaged coastal properties along the panhandle were reconstructed to have parking on the ground level instead of apartments to reduce potential damage. [91]

On July 13, two Disaster Recovery Centers opened in Alabama to provide information to those who have suffered damage. [170] The next day, state and federal community relations teams were deployed into Alabama's disaster-declared counties, to assist residents who suffered from Dennis. The Alabama Emergency Management Agency (AEMA) and the Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) had 20 federal community relations specialists and their state counterparts working in the disaster areas. [171] Subsequently, three more Disaster Recovery Centers became scheduled to open on July 16. [172] On July 25, four Disaster Recovery Centers in Alabama were scheduled to close. [173] By August 19, over $4 million (2005 USD) in individual assistance funds were received. [174] In the city of Meridian, over 300 people sought shelter. More than 885 people took shelter in Jackson County, and 1,000 people were in shelters in neighboring Harrison County. [175]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Hurricane Isabel was the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch, and the deadliest, costliest, and most intense hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Isabel was also the strongest hurricane in the open waters of the Atlantic, both by wind speed and central pressure, before being surpassed by hurricanes Irma and Dorian in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Isabel formed near the Cape Verde Islands from a tropical wave on September 6, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters, it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in intensity for four days, during which it displayed annular characteristics, Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) on September 18. Isabel quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania on the next day. On September 20, the extratropical remnants of Isabel were absorbed into another system over Eastern Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Allison</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2001

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Charley</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2004

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ivan</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2004

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Jeanne</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2004

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Emily (2005)</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gordon</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1994

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Claudette (2003)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Claudette was a moderately strong tropical cyclone that struck South Texas in July 2003. A fairly long-lived July Atlantic hurricane, Claudette was the fourth depression, third tropical storm and first hurricane of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Claudette began as a tropical wave in the eastern Caribbean. It moved quickly westward, brushing past the Yucatán Peninsula before moving northwestward through the Gulf of Mexico. Claudette remained a tropical storm until just before making landfall in Port O'Connor, Texas, when it quickly strengthened to a strong Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Forecasting of its path and intensity was uncertain throughout its lifetime, resulting in widespread and often unnecessary preparations along its path.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Fay (2002)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2002

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ernesto (2006)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2006

Hurricane Ernesto was the costliest tropical cyclone of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. The sixth tropical storm and first hurricane of the season, Ernesto developed from a tropical wave on August 24 in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Ernesto first affected the northern Caribbean, reaching minimal hurricane status near Haiti before weakening and moving across eastern Cuba as a tropical storm. Despite initial predictions for it to track through the eastern Gulf of Mexico as a major hurricane, Ernesto moved across eastern Florida as a weak tropical storm. After turning to the northeast, it re-intensified and made landfall on August 31 on the North Carolina coast just below hurricane status. Late the next day, Ernesto became extratropical after entering southern Virginia. The remnants spread moisture across the northeastern United States before dissipating over eastern Canada on September 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida</span>

The effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida were in both the southern portion of the state and in the panhandle. After developing on August 23, Katrina made landfall near the border of Broward and Miami-Dade counties with 80 mph (130 km/h) winds on August 25. While it was crossing the state, the hurricane's convection was asymmetrical, primarily located to the south and east of the center. As a result, high rainfall totals occurred in the Miami area, peaking at 16.43 in (417 mm) in Perrine. The rains caused flooding, and the combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines, leaving 1.45 million people without power. Damage in South Florida was estimated at $523 million (2005 USD), mostly as a result of crop damage. Further south, the hurricane spawned a tornado in the Florida Keys. In the island chain, Katrina caused heavy rainfall and gusty winds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Greater Antilles</span>

From September 8 to 14, 2004, Hurricane Ivan moved through the Caribbean Sea, affecting all of the Greater Antilles. Reaching peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h), Ivan attained Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, the strongest possible category, on three times in the Caribbean. It first lashed the southern coasts of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola with high waves, killing five people in the Dominican Republic and Haiti; in the latter country, two others drowned due to storm flooding. The effects in Jamaica were among the worst from a tropical cyclone in the island's recorded history. The storm caused severe damage which left 18,000 people homeless. An estimated 17 people on the island were killed by Ivan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana</span>

The effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana included $30.1 million in damage and three deaths. Forming from a tropical wave over the Atlantic Ocean, Georges attained a peak intensity of 155 mph (249 km/h) on September 20, 1998. Over the following several days, the storm tracked through the Greater Antilles and later entered the Gulf of Mexico on September 28, the Category 2 storm made landfall in Mississippi before dissipating on October 1. Before landfall, about 500,000 residents in Louisiana evacuated from low-lying areas. The mayor of New Orleans declared a state of emergency to allow federal assistance into the state. After nearly 1.5 million people were urged to evacuate coastal areas, officials described the evacuation as "probably the largest [...] we have ever achieved".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ida (2009)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2009

Hurricane Ida was the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone during the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season, crossing the coastline of Nicaragua with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The remnants of the storm became a powerful nor'easter that caused widespread damage along coastal areas of the Mid-Atlantic States. Ida formed on November 4 in the southwestern Caribbean, and within 24 hours struck the Nicaragua coast with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). It weakened significantly over land, although it restrengthened in the Yucatán Channel to peak winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). Hurricane Ida weakened and became an extratropical cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico, before spreading across the southeastern United States. The remnants of Ida contributed to the formation of a nor'easter that significantly affected the eastern coast of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Floyd in New York</span>

The effects of Hurricane Floyd in New York included two deaths and millions of dollars in damage. Hurricane Floyd, once a large and powerful Category 4 hurricane, made landfall in North Carolina and moved northward along the East Coast, making landfall on Long Island as a tropical storm. The threat of the hurricane prompted schools in New York City to close for the first time since 1996, and 20 shelters were opened. Floyd produced flooding rainfall and gusty winds throughout the state, from the southern Hudson Valley to the Lake Champlain area. The flood waters damaged multiple roads and forced residents to evacuate from certain locations. Strong winds left as many as 100,000 people without power and brought down a high number of trees due to the saturated ground. In the aftermath of the storm, 15 counties in eastern New York were declared eligible for state or federal assistance. Damage throughout the state totaled $31.987 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Matthew</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2016

Hurricane Matthew was an extremely powerful Atlantic hurricane which caused catastrophic damage and a humanitarian crisis in Haiti, as well as widespread devastation in the southeastern United States. The deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Stan in 2005, and the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Felix in 2007, Matthew was the thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It caused extensive damage to landmasses in the Greater Antilles, and severe damage in several islands of the Bahamas which were still recovering from Joaquin, which had pounded the archipelago nearly a year earlier. Matthew also approached the southeastern United States, but stayed just offshore, paralleling the Florida coastline.

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  58. ↑ "Le bilan du passage de l'ouragan Dennis sur Haïti s'alourdit : 11 morts, 3 disparus et 15.000 sinistrés" (in French). ReliefWeb. Radio Kiskeya. July 10, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
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  82. ↑ "Cleanup on as Hurricane Dennis heads north". The New Zealand Herald. July 12, 2005. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
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  88. ↑ "Coastal Date County Florida Hurricane (Typhoon) Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
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  91. 1 2 3 "A Look Back: Dennis is last hurricane to hit area". Northwest Florida Daily News. July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  92. ↑ "Highway damaged by Dennis reopened". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press. August 13, 2005. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  93. ↑ "Southern US mops up after Dennis". BBC News. July 11, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  94. ↑ "Franklin County, Florida Storm Surge/Tide Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  95. ↑ Dara Kam (July 17, 2005). "Dozens of historic homes and businesses on Florida's "Forgotten Coast" were damaged or washed away like leaves in the rain during Hurricane Dennis last week". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  96. ↑ "Wakulla County, Florida Storm Surge/Tide Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
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  111. ↑ The State of Mississippi Standard Mitigation Plan (PDF) (Report). Mississippi Emergency Management Agency. September 2010. p. 126.
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  126. ↑ "Colquitt County, Georgia Flash Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
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  128. ↑ "Gordon County, Georgia Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
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  170. ↑ FEMA (2005). "Alabama Disaster Recovery Centers to Open" . Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  171. ↑ FEMA (2005). "State And Federal Disaster Workers Go Door To Door In Affected Communities" . Retrieved April 1, 2008.
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  173. ↑ FEMA (2005). "Disaster Recovery Centers In Alabama Are Closing" . Retrieved April 1, 2008.
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