Hurricane Dennis

Last updated
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The tropical wave that became Dennis was identified by the National Hurricane Center on June 26, 2005, well inland over Africa. [1] [2] [3] It later emerged over the Atlantic Ocean on June 29 and moved quickly to the west. [1] Dry conditions over the Sahara initially inhibited development, [4] [5] though the wave found more favorable conditions and intensified into a tropical depression on July 4 while nearing the Windward Islands. [1] The depression soon crossed the island country of Grenada before entering the Caribbean, where increasingly favorable environmental factors, such as low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures, fueled intensification. [6] [7] [8] Turning west-northwest, the system achieved tropical storm status on July 5 and hurricane status the following day. [1] Formation of a well-defined eye and central dense overcast signaled Dennis's intensification into a major hurricane on July 7. [1] [9] The hurricane subsequently traversed the Jamaica Channel, bringing deadly floods to both Jamaica and Haiti. [1]

The powerful storm soon struck Granma Province, Cuba, as a Category 4 hurricane early on July 8; violent winds battered the province and caused extensive damage. Briefly weakening due to interaction with land, Dennis quickly regained its strength. Paralleling the southwestern coast of Cuba, Dennis reached its peak winds of 150 miles per hour (240 km/h). However, it soon weakened to winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) later that day as a result of an eyewall replacement cycle before making a second landfall in the country, this time in Matanzas Province. [1] Interaction with the mountains of Cuba caused significant weakening; [10] however, once Dennis emerged over the Gulf of Mexico on July 9, it quickly reorganized in favorable conditions. The hurricane reached Category 4 strength for the third time on July 10 as it approached Florida, attaining its lowest barometric pressure of 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46  inHg). [1] This ranked Dennis as the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic basin to form before August; however, this record was broken just six days later by Hurricane Emily, which surpassed Dennis and attained Category 5 status. [11] [12] Weakening ensued as the hurricane approached the Florida Panhandle, the storm ultimately making landfall over Santa Rosa Island on July 10 as a Category 3. Weakening continued as the cyclone moved further inland, and the storm quickly lost tropical cyclone status. Dennis' remnant circulation remained, however, traversing the Mississippi River Valley and Ohio River Valley before finally dissipating over Ontario on July 18. [1]

Preparations

Caribbean

In Haiti, officials evacuated residents along the coastline, but noted that many were not obliging. [13] In Cuba more than 600,000 residents were moved from their homes to government shelters or other locations in anticipation of Dennis. [14] All schools were closed, and most flights in the country were suspended or cancelled. [15]

The Cayman Islands chapter of the Red Cross opened shelters on July 7 and placed 120 volunteers on standby. Schools and government offices closed for the duration of Dennis's passage. [16]

United States

In the United States, the governors of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana all declared states of emergency in their states. At 6 am CDT (2300 UTC) on July 9, 2005, all southbound lanes on Interstate 65 from Mobile to Montgomery, Alabama, were closed. Traffic was redirected, making all four lanes northbound to allow evacuations. [17] In Alabama residents in all parts of Mobile County, and those south of I-10 in Baldwin County, were ordered to evacuate. [18] Similar orders were issued in Mississippi for parts of Jackson, Hancock, and Harrison counties; and for coastal areas in the Florida Panhandle stretching from Escambia County to Bay County. [18] Likewise, military installations such as NAS Pensacola, Whiting Field, Eglin AFB, Hurlburt Field and Tyndall AFB were all evacuated days before the storm. Additionally, Red Cross officials opened 87 shelters across the state which were able to hold about 14,000 evacuees. [17]

In Florida, about 50,000 tourists in the Keys were forced to evacuate by July 8. [19] The MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa evacuated its aircraft to McConnell Air Force Base near Wichita, Kansas. [20] 700,000 people in the Florida panhandle were evacuated in the days prior to Dennis, 100,000 of them in Escambia County alone. [21] As a result of the large evacuations, more than 200 truckloads provided about 1.8 million gallons of gasoline. [22] The Red Cross also moved 60 mobile canteens capable of serving 30,000 hot meals each a day to the staging points of Hattiesburg and Jackson. National guardsmen were mobilized, and four emergency medical teams, each capable of setting up a small field hospital, were on standby. Also, at Eglin Air Force Base, about 20,000 military personnel were evacuated, and at Hurlburt Field, home to Air Force's 16th Special Operations Wing, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for all 15,000 airmen and their families. [23]

Impact

Hurricane Dennis
Dennis 2005-07-10 0410Z.jpg
Dennis prior to peak intensity approaching the Florida Panhandle on July 10
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Effects of Hurricane Dennis by country
CountryDeathsDamage (USD)Ref.
Haiti56 [24] [25]
Jamaica1> [1] [26] [27] [28]
Cuba16 [1]
United States15 [29]
Total88
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

Caribbean

Heavy rain from the outer bands of Dennis produced widespread flooding and landslides in Haiti. The resulting torrents killed at least 56 people, injured 36 others, and left 24 more missing. [24] At least nine of the fatalities occurred when a bridge collapsed in Grand-Goâve. [30] [31] Extensive property damage was incurred with 929 homes destroyed and another 3,058 damaged, leaving 1,500 families homeless. [24] Damage totaled US$50 million. [25]

Dennis brought torrential rain to Jamaica, with accumulations peaking at 24.54 in (623 mm) in Mavis Bank—a 1-in-50 year event. Widespread flash flooding ensued, damaging or destroying numerous homes and businesses. The overflow of multiple rivers prompted evacuations in several towns and left many stranded. Saint Thomas and Portland Parishes were hardest-hit. Overall, one person died there and damage exceeded J$2.128 billion (US$34.5 million). [1] [26] [27]

From there the storm moved to Cuba, leaving 16 people dead and $1.4 billion in damages as it roared through the island, flattening houses and downing trees and power lines. Heavy rainfall fell across the country, with amounts reaching up to 1,092 millimetres (43.0 in), making Dennis the wettest storm for the island since Hurricane Flora of 1963. [32] According to reports from the Cuban government, 120,000 homes were damaged, 15,000 of which were destroyed. The citrus and vegetable industries were also devastated as Cuba's primary agricultural regions were the hardest hit. Nonetheless, Fidel Castro publicly refused US aid after the storm in protest of the ongoing US trade embargo against Cuba, stating that, "If they offered $1 billion we would say no." [33] Relayed reports from Cuban meteorologists stated that a gust up to 149 miles per hour (240 km/h) was detected at Cienfuegos, 85% of the power lines were down, and extensive damage to the communications infrastructure had occurred. Dennis was more destructive than the previous year's Hurricane Charley and was widely regarded as the worst hurricane to strike Cuba since Hurricane Flora in the 1963 season.

United States

A beachfront home in Navarre Beach, Florida largely destroyed by Hurricane Dennis. Beach front home damaged by hurricane dennis 2005.jpg
A beachfront home in Navarre Beach, Florida largely destroyed by Hurricane Dennis.

In the United States, damage was not as high as originally expected, mainly because Dennis was more compact and moved more quickly than initially forecast. Dennis made landfall approximately 30 miles (48 km) to the east of where Hurricane Ivan had made landfall 10 months before, but did not cause as much damage as Ivan, due to its compact size, quicker path, and because the area was not fully rebuilt from the prior year. Dennis moved about 7 miles per hour (11 km/h) faster than Ivan at landfall, and had hurricane-force winds that only extended 40 miles (64 km) from its center, compared to Ivan's 105-mile radius (170 km). [14] [34] During the height of the storm, Dennis produced storm surges as high as 9 feet (2.7 m) in the Apalachee Bay region, and as high as 7 feet (2.1 m) on the Florida Panhandle, [35] and left 680,000 customers without electricity in four southern states.

In southern Florida, damage was mostly limited to moderate wind gusts; in Miami-Dade County, gusty winds knocked out several traffic lights along U.S. 1, the only route to and from the Florida Keys. [36] A man died in Fort Lauderdale when he stepped on a downed electrical wire and was electrocuted. [37] Damage was mostly minor and limited to outer rainbands and tornadoes in Central Florida. In the Tampa Bay area, several tornadoes were reported to have touched down causing minor damage such as downed trees and power lines. [38] The most severe damage occurred on the Florida Panhandle. At Navarre Beach, sustained winds of 98 miles per hour (158 km/h) were reported with a peak gust of 121 miles per hour (195 km/h), while a tower at the Pensacola Airport reported sustained winds of 82 miles per hour (132 km/h) and a peak gust of 96 miles per hour (154 km/h). [1] Milton received 7.08 inches (180 mm) of rain, the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. [39] No significant damage was reported to most structures; however, insurers initially estimated that Dennis caused $3–$5 billion in insured damage, [40] or approximately $6–$10 billion total (insured damage estimates are generally held to be approximately one-half of total damages). However, the NHC reported total damage in the United States as only $2.5 billion with $1.115 billion of insured damage. [1] [29]

In Alabama, sustained winds reached minimal hurricane force in the interior of the state. [41] In total, 280,000 people in Alabama experienced power outages during the storm. [42] No deaths occurred, although Dennis caused three injuries [43] and total damage amounted to $127 million (2005 USD), [43] mostly due to structural damage. There was also severe damage to cotton crops. [44] In Mississippi, damage was not as severe as previously anticipated. [45] As Dennis impacted the state, a storm tide of 2–4 ft (0.61–1.22 m) above normal was reported. [1] Rainfall from the hurricane averaged between 1–5 inches (2.5–12.7 cm), [46] [47] and minimum barometric pressure of 994.2 mb was reported near Pascagoula. [1] Wind gusts peaked at 59 mph (95 km/h) causing several hundred trees to uproot or snap, damaging a total of 21 homes and businesses. [47]

Flooding caused by Dennis on Sweetwater Creek in Lithia Springs, Georgia SweetwaterCreekFlood2005.jpg
Flooding caused by Dennis on Sweetwater Creek in Lithia Springs, Georgia

Dennis caused at least 10 tornadoes in the U.S., although only one of them reached F1 status on the Fujita scale. [1] The storm dropped over 10 inches (25 cm) of rain in some areas of Alabama and Georgia (see the rainfall graphic). Parts of Georgia, which had received heavy rain just days earlier from Hurricane Cindy, suffered heavy flooding, and flash-floods were reported on the outskirts of the Atlanta metropolitan area.[ failed verification ] [48]

In the United States, 15 storm-related deaths (14 in Florida) were reported, including one in Walton County, [49] three in Broward County, [1] [50] three in Charlotte County, one each in Nassau and Escambia Counties [50] and one in Decatur, Georgia. [51] In the Gulf of Mexico, the storm caused Thunder Horse PDQ , a BP oil rig about 240 miles (390 km) southeast of New Orleans, Louisiana, to severely list. [52]

Retirement

Because of the significant damage and death toll caused by the hurricane in the Caribbean and United States, the name Dennis was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2006, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Don for the 2011 hurricane season. [53] [54]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season was a very deadly, destructive, and active Atlantic hurricane season, with over 3,200 deaths and more than $61 billion in damage. More than half of the 16 tropical cyclones brushed or struck the United States. Due to the development of a Modoki El Niño – a rare type of El Niño in which unfavorable conditions are produced over the eastern Pacific instead of the Atlantic basin due to warmer sea surface temperatures farther west along the equatorial Pacific – activity was above average. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, though the season's last storm, Otto, dissipated on December 3, extending the season beyond its traditional boundaries. The first storm, Alex, developed offshore of the Southeastern United States on July 31, one of the latest dates on record to see the formation of the first system in an Atlantic hurricane season. It brushed the Carolinas and the Mid-Atlantic, causing one death and $7.5 million (2004 USD) in damage. Several storms caused only minor damage, including tropical storms Bonnie, Earl, Hermine, and Matthew. In addition, hurricanes Danielle, Karl, and Lisa, Tropical Depression Ten, Subtropical Storm Nicole and Tropical Storm Otto had no effect on land while tropical cyclones. The season was the first to exceed 200 units in accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) since 1995, mostly from Hurricane Ivan, the storm produced the highest ACE. Ivan generated the second-highest ACE in the Atlantic, only behind 1899 San Ciriaco Hurricane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active season, mostly due to a persistent La Niña that developed in the latter half of 1998. It had five Category 4 hurricanes – the highest number recorded in a single season in the Atlantic basin, previously tied in 1933 and 1961, and later tied in 2005 and 2020. The season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm, Arlene, formed on June 11 to the southeast of Bermuda. It meandered slowly for a week and caused no impact on land. Other tropical cyclones that did not affect land were Hurricane Cindy, Tropical Storm Emily, and Tropical Depression Twelve. Localized or otherwise minor damage occurred from Hurricanes Bret, Gert, and Jose, and tropical storms Harvey and Katrina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1969 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season since the 1933 season, and was the final year of the most recent positive ("high-quality") Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) era. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. Altogether, 12 tropical cyclones reached hurricane strength, the highest number on record at the time; a mark not surpassed until 2005. The season was above-average despite an El Niño, which typically suppresses activity in the Atlantic Ocean, while increasing tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean. Activity began with a tropical depression that caused extensive flooding in Cuba and Jamaica in early June. On July 25, Tropical Storm Anna developed, the first named storm of the season. Later in the season, Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine caused severe local flooding in the Florida Panhandle and southwestern Georgia in September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ivan</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2004

Hurricane Ivan was a large, long-lived, Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread damage in the Caribbean and United States. The cyclone was the ninth named storm, the sixth hurricane and the fourth major hurricane of the active 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active year on record until surpassed by 2020. It featured 28 tropical or subtropical storms. The United States National Hurricane Center named 27 storms, exhausting the annual pre-designated list, requiring the use of six Greek letter names, and adding an additional unnamed storm during a post-season re-analysis. A record 15 storms attained hurricane status, with maximum sustained winds of at least 74 miles per hour (119 km/h). Of those, a record seven became major hurricanes, rated Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Four storms of this season became Category 5 hurricanes, the highest ranking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was the most destructive Atlantic hurricane season since 2005, causing over 1,000 deaths and nearly $50 billion in damage. The season ranked as the third costliest ever at the time, but has since fallen to ninth costliest. It was an above-average season, featuring sixteen named storms, eight of which became hurricanes, and five which further became major hurricanes. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur caused the season to start one day early. It was the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic. Bertha became the longest-lived July tropical cyclone on record for the basin, the first of several long-lived systems during 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Kate (1985)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Kate was the final in a series of tropical cyclones to impact the United States during 1985. It was the eleventh named storm, seventh hurricane, and third major hurricane of the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season, Kate originated from the interaction of an upper-level trough and tropical wave northeast of Puerto Rico on November 15. Though the system tracked erratically during the first hours of its existence, the intensification of a region of high pressure to the cyclone's north caused Kate to turn westward. A favorable atmospheric pattern allowed the newly developed system to intensify to hurricane intensity on November 16, and further to Category 2 intensity three days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Arlene (2005)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2005

Tropical Storm Arlene was an unusually large and early-forming tropical storm, being the first of twenty-eight different storms during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which would become the second most active season on record. Tropical Storm Arlene formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved northwards. It crossed western Cuba on June 10 and strengthened to just under hurricane strength before making its final landfall on the Florida Panhandle the next day. The storm weakened as it continued to move north over the United States, becoming extratropical on June 13. Arlene was responsible for two deaths and minor damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1917

The 1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane was the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the Florida Panhandle until Hurricane Opal in 1995. The eighth tropical cyclone and fourth tropical storm of the season, this system was identified as a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles on September 20. After crossing the Lesser Antilles, the system entered the Caribbean Sea and achieved hurricane intensity on September 21. After becoming a Category 2 hurricane, the storm struck the northern coast of Jamaica on September 23. Early on September 25, the cyclone reached Category 4 status and attained maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) soon thereafter. Later that day, the hurricane made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. The system entered the Gulf of Mexico shortly thereafter and weakened slightly. Recurving to the northeast, the hurricane briefly threatened Louisiana before turning toward Florida. Early on September 29, the hurricane made landfall near Fort Walton Beach, Florida, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Once over land, the cyclone rapidly weakened and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before dissipating on September 30.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida</span>

The effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida included 14 deaths and $1.5 billion in damage. The tropical wave that became Hurricane Dennis formed on June 29, 2005, and proceeded westward across the Atlantic Ocean. It became a tropical depression on July 4, a tropical storm on July 5, and a hurricane on July 7. Dennis rapidly intensified to attain Category 4 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, and made landfall in Cuba where it weakened to Category 1 status, before re-emerging in the Gulf of Mexico and re–intensifying. The storm made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Santa Rosa Island on July 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Alabama</span>

The Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Alabama included $127 million (2005 USD) in damage and three injuries. Dennis made landfall on the Florida Panhandle as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale on July 10, 2005, before tracking over Alabama as a minimal hurricane. In preparation for the storm, about 500,000 people were given evacuation orders, and the Red Cross opened 87 shelters. As a result, all southbound lanes of Interstate 65 from Mobile to Montgomery were closed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Mississippi</span>

The Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Mississippi were mostly minor and included one indirect death. On June 29, 2005, a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa. Gradually, the system organized on July 2 and formed a broad low-pressure area. The system continued to develop, and became a tropical depression on July 4. Tracking westward, it became a tropical storm on July 5 and a hurricane on July 7. Dennis rapidly intensified to attain Category 4 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale before making landfall on Cuba. The hurricane weakened to Category 1 status before re-emerging in the Gulf of Mexico and intensifying to Category 4 strength. Dennis made landfall on the Florida Panhandle on July 10 as a Category 3 hurricane, then tracked over southeast Alabama and entered Mississippi as a tropical depression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gustav</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2008

Hurricane Gustav was the second most destructive hurricane of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. The seventh tropical cyclone, third hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Gustav caused serious damage and casualties in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba and the United States. Gustav caused at least $8.31 billion (2008 USD) in damages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida</span>

The effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida were in both the southern portion of the state and in the panhandle. After developing on August 23, Katrina made landfall near the border of Broward and Miami-Dade counties with 80 mph (130 km/h) winds on August 25. While it was crossing the state, the hurricane's convection was asymmetrical, primarily located to the south and east of the center. As a result, high rainfall totals occurred in the Miami area, peaking at 16.43 in (417 mm) in Perrine. The rains caused flooding, and the combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines, leaving 1.45 million people without power. Damage in South Florida was estimated at $523 million (2005 USD), mostly as a result of crop damage. Further south, the hurricane spawned a tornado in the Florida Keys. In the island chain, Katrina caused heavy rainfall and gusty winds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Alice (1953)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 1953

Tropical Storm Alice was the first tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean to receive a female name. It was a rare off-season tropical cyclone that hit Central America, Cuba, and Florida in late May to early June 1953. Alice formed on May 25 in the western Caribbean, and executed a large loop over Central America. It passed over western Cuba, causing heavy rainfall and possibly several casualties from drowning. It then executed another loop in the Gulf of Mexico, reached a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h), and weakened before hitting the Florida panhandle on June 6. Although heavy rainfall occurred in Florida, there was little damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Dennis</span>

The meteorological history of Hurricane Dennis spanned twenty-two days, beginning with its inception as a tropical wave over Africa on June 26, 2005, and terminating with its dissipation on July 18 over the Great Lakes of North America. The incipient wave that became Dennis emerged over the Atlantic Ocean on June 29 and moved briskly to the west. Dry air initially inhibited development, though once this abated the wave was able to consolidate into a tropical depression on July 4. The depression soon crossed Grenada before entering the Caribbean whereupon increasingly favorable environmental factors, such as low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures, fueled intensification. Turning west-northwest, the system achieved tropical storm status on July 5 and hurricane status the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Michael</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2018

Hurricane Michael was a powerful and destructive tropical cyclone that became the first Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States since Andrew in 1992. It was the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States in terms of pressure, behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969. Michael was the first Category 5 hurricane on record to impact the Florida Panhandle, the fourth-strongest landfalling hurricane in the contiguous United States, in terms of wind speed, and the most intense hurricane on record to strike the United States in the month of October.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Jack L. Beven (September 9, 2014). Hurricane Dennis (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  2. ↑ MT (June 28, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  3. ↑ Patricia A. Wallace (June 28, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  4. ↑ MT (July 2, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  5. ↑ Jamie Rhome (July 2, 2005). Tropical Weather Discussion (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  6. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (July 5, 2005). Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 2 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  7. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (July 6, 2005). Tropical Storm Dennis Discussion Number 5 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  8. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (July 7, 2005). Hurricane Dennis Discussion Number 10 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  9. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (July 7, 2005). Hurricane Dennis Discussion Number 13 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  10. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (July 9, 2005). Hurricane Dennis Discussion Number 19 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  11. ↑ Jon Erdman (July 10, 2013). "Eight Years Ago: Major Hurricane Dennis Makes U.S. Landfall". Atlanta, Georgia: The Weather Channel . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  12. ↑ James L. Franklin and Daniel P. Brown (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center . Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Hurricane Dennis kills 10 in Cuba". BBC. July 11, 2005.
  14. 1 2 "Mop-up begins after Dennis sweeps Gulf Coast". NBC News. July 11, 2005.
  15. ↑ Alex Morales and Jessica Brice (July 8, 2005). "Hurricane Dennis Forces Florida and Cuba Evacuations (Update1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  16. ↑ Allison Ali (July 8, 2005). "Jamaica, Haiti and Cayman Islands Red Cross braces for Hurricane Dennis". Caribbean Red Cross Societies. Trinidad: ReliefWeb. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Garry Mitchell (July 11, 2005). "Shelters on the Gulf Coast fill up as Dennis strengthens". USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  18. 1 2 Amy Sieckmann (2005). "Dangerous Dennis". Anniston Star. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  19. ↑ ABBY GOODNOUGH (July 9, 2005). "Residents in Storm Path Face More Tough Choices". New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  20. ↑ "Developments Regarding Hurricane Dennis". NBC6. 2005.
  21. ↑ Alan Gomez (2005). "700,000 Panhandle residents flee this time". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  22. ↑ Ken Kaye and Linda Kleindienst (2005). "Hurricane Dennis grazes South Florida, sets dangerous course for Gulf Coast". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  23. ↑ "Florida Panhandle Military Evacuation". WTVY News. Associated Press. 2005. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  24. 1 2 3 Caribbean: Hurricanes Dennis & Emily Appeal No. 05EA14 Operations Update No. 3 – Focus on Haiti and Jamaica (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. August 9, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  25. 1 2 "Disasters List". International Disaster Database. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  26. 1 2 Assessment of the Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Hurricanes Dennis and Emily on Jamaica (PDF) (Report). Planning Institute of Jamaica. August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  27. 1 2 Hurricane Dennis Damage Assessment (PDF) (Report). Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management. n.d. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Jamaica: Resources to be reallocated to assist farmers". Government of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 27, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  29. 1 2 Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  30. ↑ "Tempête tropicale Dennis : au moins un mort, deux blessés et plusieurs personnes portées disparues en Haïti" (in French). ReliefWeb. Radio Kiskeya. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Hurricane Dennis leaves 25 dead, 16 missing in Haiti". Havana, Cuba: ReliefWeb. Xinhua General News. July 11, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  32. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos (2003). "Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  33. ↑ "Castro: Cuban death toll from Hurricane Dennis raised to 16". USA Today. July 12, 2005.
  34. ↑ "Southern US mops up after Dennis". BBC. July 11, 2005.
  35. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (July 7, 2006). "Monday Marks Hurricane Dennis Anniversary". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
  36. ↑ Michael Wilson (July 10, 2005). "Hurricane Dennis Nears, on a Familiar Path". New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  37. ↑ Roger Roy, Wes Smith and Jason Garcia (2005). "Florida's Gulf Coast finds damage from Hurricane Dennis less than anticipated" . Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  38. ↑ Coralie Carlson. "Hurricane Dennis swipes Florida Keys, threatening Gulf states". SignOnSanSiego. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  39. ↑ USGS (2005). "Hydrological impacts of Hurricane Dennis on Florida Panhandle". Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  40. ↑ Dr. William M. Gray. "Forecast of Atlantic Hurricane Activity for October 2005". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on December 13, 2005. Retrieved December 10, 2005.
  41. ↑ Hurricane Research Division (2008). "Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851–2005". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
  42. ↑ International Herald Tribune (2005). "Hurricane Dennis pounds Alabama-Florida coast" . Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  43. 1 2 National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Search results for Hurricane Dennis event reports". Archived from the original on August 14, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  44. ↑ National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Event report for Hurricane Dennis (2)". Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2008.
  45. ↑ Jermaine Jackson (2005). "Oxford escapes major hurricane damage". Daily Mississippian.
  46. ↑ David Roth (2005). "Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Dennis". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  47. 1 2 National Climatic Data Center (2005). "Event report for Hurricane Dennis". Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  48. ↑ [ failed verification ]National Weather Service, Southern Regional Headquarters. "The Menace of Dennis". NOAA. Archived from the original on August 31, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  49. ↑ "Dennis speeds through Florida Panhandle". Ledger-Enquirer. July 10, 2005.
  50. 1 2 "2 deaths apparently storm-related". Miami Herald. July 11, 2005.
  51. ↑ "Storm Topples Tree, Kills Father". WXIA-TV. July 12, 2005.
  52. ↑ "Big BP oil rig listing badly in U.S. Gulf". MarketWatch. July 11, 2005.
  53. ↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2006. p. 3-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  54. ↑ Gilkey, Eric (June 1, 2011). "Atlantic Tropical Storm Season Names for 2011". Manhattan, New York: ALM. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.