Hurricane Katia (2011)

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 27, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a large mass of convection associated with a tropical wave just off the western coast of Africa. [1] An area of low pressure formed in association with the disturbance the following day, [2] gaining sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on August 29 approximately 430 miles (690 km) southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands. [3] The depression initially struggled upon designation, with its well-defined center displaced near the northeastern edge of the storm's convection as a result of strong east-northeasterly wind shear. [4] By 00:00 UTC on August 30, however, an increase in the cyclone's convective organization marked its intensification into Tropical Storm Katia. [3] [5]

Katia tracked west-northwestward for several days, steered by an expansive mid-level ridge to the cyclone's north. The strong upper-level winds that were affecting the cyclone gradually slackened, allowing for the expansion of a central dense overcast, the formation of a large curved band in the southern semicircle, and development of a banding eye on microwave imagery. [6] Satellite intensity estimates increased accordingly, prompting the NHC to upgrade Katia to hurricane intensity at 00:00 UTC on September 1, while the storm was situated about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) east of the Leeward Islands. [3] Although conditions were forecast to remain conducive for further intensification, [6] water vapor satellite and microwave imagery indicated that mid-level dry air began eroding eyewall convection immediately after the storm's upgrade, and upper-level winds eventually became less favorable as Katia approached a sharp upper-level trough. As a result, the storm maintained its status as a minimal hurricane for almost three days, with only a partial eyewall or banding-eye feature appearing on satellite. [3]

The remnants of Lee (left) and Hurricane Katia (right) on September 6 Ex-Lee and Katia Sept 6 2011 1545Z.jpg
The remnants of Lee (left) and Hurricane Katia (right) on September 6

Early on September 4, the hurricane moved beneath a large upper-level anticyclone which provided a reprieve from the strong southwesterly wind shear. Although its convective organization had yet to become fully symmetrical, an eye became increasingly apparent on infrared imagery. The center moved very near the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's buoy 41044—which registered a maximum sustained wind of 90 mph (140 km/h) and a maximum wind gust of 108 mph (174 km/h)—around 12:00 UTC, indicating that Katia had intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. [3] [7] Although an eyewall replacement cycle briefly caused the storm's convective pattern to deteriorate, [8] [9] Katia attained major hurricane status—a Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale—by 12:00 UTC on September 5. Twelve hours later, the cyclone further intensified into a Category 4 hurricane and attained peak winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 942 mbar (942 hPa; 27.8 inHg) as its eye warmed, deep convection became much more symmetric about the center, and upper-level outflow expanded. [3] [10]

Almost immediately after attaining peak intensity, Katia began to rapidly weaken as a second eyewall replacement cycle began; it was quickly stunted as dry air wrapped into the western portion of the circulation and northwesterly wind shear increased. [11] The inner core process was completed by early on September 7, allowing Katia to level off in intensity as a Category 1 hurricane for several days. Increasing southwesterly flow resultant from an upper-level trough pushing eastward across the United States caused Katia to slow in forward motion and recurve northeast or east-northeast through September 9. The hurricane re-accelerated late that day, eventually bringing Katia over ocean temperatures near 22 °C (72 °F). [3] Deep convection in association with the storm decreased and its circulation merged with a frontal system, [12] indicating that Katia had completed transition into an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC on September 10 while located about 290 miles (470 km) south-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Increasing baroclinic energy fueled the powerful extratropical low, [12] which skirted the northern coast of Scotland on September 12, before being absorbed by a larger extratropical system over the North Sea on the following day. [3]

Preparations and impact

Lesser Antilles and United States

Rough surf from Katia along the southern coast of Nova Scotia Hurricane Katia Nova Scotia waves (6133258108).jpg
Rough surf from Katia along the southern coast of Nova Scotia

Although Katia passed well northeast of the Lesser Antilles, a yellow alert was hoisted in Guadeloupe for the potential of 3–5 meters (9.8–16.4 ft) swells. [13] Antigua and Barbuda recorded 21.59 millimeters (0.850 in) of rainfall between September 6 and September 7 from an outer band. [14]

On September 4, the NHC noted that large swells likely to cause life-threatening rip current conditions were expected to impact the East Coast of the United States over subsequent days. [15] The increased surf resulted in the death of a swimmer in Ormond Beach, Florida the following day, [16] and a second death off Monhegan, Maine on September 11. [17]

Europe

After transitioning into a post-tropical cyclone, Katia moved quickly across the North Atlantic and toward Europe, prompting the Met Office to begin warnings citizens for potential impacts over subsequent days on September 9. Three days later, the organization raised a yellow severe weather alert for all of Ireland and most of the United Kingdom, with a more severe amber alert hoisted across Northern Ireland, northern England, and southern Scotland; both alerts warned of the potential for gale-force winds. [18] Concurrently, Met Éireann outlined an extreme weather warning across Ireland, alerting residents to the potential for 130 km/h (81 mph) winds, downed trees, damaged buildings, and flooding. [19] Irish ferries cancelled a number of its sails between Dublin and Holyhead. [20] The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute warned of gale-force winds along the coastline of Sweden, although a brunt of the rainfall was expected in neighboring Norway. [21]

A maximum wind gust of 158 km/h (98 mph) was recorded on Cairn Gorm, Scotland as Katia impacted the region, with a peak gust of 130 km/h (81 mph) observed at a non-mountain station in Capel Curig, Wales; [18] these observations marked the strongest impact from a tropical cyclone since Hurricane Lili in 1996. [22] Waves up to 15 meters (49 feet) battered the western coastline of Ireland, and fallen power lines temporarily disrupted DART services. Approximately 4,000 households were left without power across the country. [23] A catering marquee was blown into the air on a set for the television series Game of Thrones , causing one injury. [24] In County Durham, United Kingdom, a man was killed after a tree fell on the minivan he was driving; the passenger sustained non-life-threatening injuries. A second driver was indirectly killed on the M54 motorway after hazardous weather caused a multi-car accident. [3] Farther south in Bradford, an 11-year-old boy was injured after he was hit by a portion of a roof blown off a garage. Downed power poles set several fields on fire. [25] The second stage of the Tour of Britain was forcefully canceled after strong winds littered the cycle route with debris. [26] The remnants of Katia produced damage as far east as Russia. In St. Petersburg, wind gusts up to 45 mph (72 km/h) damaged buildings and left roughly 1,500 residents without power. [27] [28] In Estonia, the storm cut off power to approximately 940 households, particularly affecting the island of Hiiumaa and Harju County, with strong winds in coastal areas gusting up to 90 km/h (56 mph). [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1967 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1967 Atlantic hurricane season was the first Atlantic hurricane season to be part of the modern-day satellite era. With 13 named storms, it was an above average season in terms of named storms, slightly above average in terms of hurricanes (6), and below average in terms of major hurricanes, with only one; Beulah. The season began on June 1, 1967, and ended on November 30, 1967, which delimits the time boundaries when tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean typically form. The first depression originated on June 10, and the final storm – Heidi – lost tropical characteristics on October 31.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gordon (2006)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Gordon was the first tropical cyclone since 1992 to affect the Azores while retaining tropical characteristics. The eighth tropical storm, third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, Gordon formed on September 10 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It gradually matured into a hurricane as it tracked northward, reaching its peak intensity with winds of 195 km/h (121 mph) early on September 14 while located about 925 km (575 mi) southeast of Bermuda. After becoming nearly stationary, Gordon weakened to minimal hurricane status, although it re-intensified after accelerating to the east. It weakened again after moving over cooler waters, and passed through the Azores on September 20. Shortly thereafter, it became an extratropical cyclone and subsequently affected Spain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Helene (2006)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2006

Hurricane Helene was the ninth tropical storm, fourth hurricane, and strongest hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, tied with Hurricane Gordon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan</span>

The meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan, the longest tracked tropical cyclone of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, lasted from late August through late September. The hurricane developed from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 31. Tracking westward due to a ridge, favorable conditions allowed it to develop into Tropical Depression Nine on September 2 in the deep tropical Atlantic Ocean. The cyclone gradually intensified until September 5, when it underwent rapid deepening and reached Category 4 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; at the time Ivan was the southernmost major North Atlantic hurricane on record.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Bertha (2008)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2008

Hurricane Bertha was the longest-lived Atlantic tropical cyclone on record during July, as well as the furthest east system to attain tropical storm intensity during the month. The second named storm, first hurricane, and first major hurricane of the active 2008 season, Bertha developed into a tropical depression on July 3 from a tropical wave that departed western Africa two days prior. On a west-northwest to northwest track, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bertha six hours formation and ultimately attained hurricane intensity on July 7. A period of rapid deepening brought the cyclone to its peak as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) late that afternoon. Changes in wind shear and the storm's internal structure allowed Bertha to fluctuate in intensity over the next week as it passed very near Bermuda, but a track over cooler waters eventually caused the system to become an extratropical cyclone by July 20. It continued northeast and was absorbed by another low near Iceland the following day. Rough surf propelled by Bertha killed three people along the East Coast of the United States; hundreds of other swimmers were injured and/or required rescuing. In Bermuda, some streets were flooded and strong gusts cut power to approximately 7,500 homes; only minor damage was observed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Luis</span>

The meteorological history of Hurricane Luis spanned sixteen days between August 27 to September 11, 1995. The storm originated from an area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave on August 26. The following day, the low became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression, while tracking general westward. By August 29, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was given the name Luis by the National Hurricane Center. Luis attained hurricane status the following day as an eye began to develop. On September 1 the cyclone intensified into a major hurricane—a storm with winds of 111 mph (179 km/h) or higher—and further strengthened to a Category 4 hurricane later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season was the second in a group of three very active Atlantic hurricane seasons, each with 19 named storms. The above-average activity was mostly due to a La Niña that persisted during the previous year. Of the season's 19 tropical storms, only seven strengthened into hurricanes, and only four of those became major hurricanes: Irene, Katia, Ophelia, and Rina. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during each year in which most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean. However, the first tropical storm of the season, Arlene, did not develop until nearly a month later. The final system, Tropical Storm Sean, dissipated over the open Atlantic on November 11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual hurricane season in the north Atlantic Ocean. It was well above average, with 19 tropical storms forming. Even so, it was the first season on record in which the first eight storms failed to attain hurricane strength. The season officially began on June 1, 2011, and ended on November 30, 2011, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The season's first storm, Tropical Storm Arlene did not form until June 28. The final storm to develop, Tropical Storm Sean, dissipated on November 11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season since 2008, and the first above-average hurricane season since 2012, producing 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes. The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, though the first storm, Hurricane Alex which formed in the Northeastern Atlantic, developed on January 12, being the first hurricane to develop in January since 1938. The final storm, Otto, crossed into the Eastern Pacific on November 25, a few days before the official end. Following Alex, Tropical Storm Bonnie brought flooding to South Carolina and portions of North Carolina. Tropical Storm Colin in early June brought minor flooding and wind damage to parts of the Southeastern United States, especially Florida. Hurricane Earl left 94 fatalities in the Dominican Republic and Mexico, 81 of which occurred in the latter. In early September, Hurricane Hermine, the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Hurricane Wilma in 2005, brought extensive coastal flooding damage especially to the Forgotten and Nature coasts of Florida. Hermine was responsible for five fatalities and about $550 million (2016 USD) in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season was a devastating, extremely active Atlantic hurricane season and the costliest on record, with a damage total of at least $294.92 billion (USD). The season featured 17 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 6 major hurricanes. Most of the season's damage was due to hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Another notable hurricane, Nate, was the worst natural disaster in Costa Rican history. These four storm names were retired following the season due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season was the third in a consecutive series of above-average and damaging Atlantic hurricane seasons, featuring 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, which caused a total of over $50 billion in damages and at least 172 deaths. More than 98% of the total damage was caused by two hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 2018, and ended on November 30, 2018. These dates historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Alberto on May 25, making this the fourth consecutive year in which a storm developed before the official start of the season. The season concluded with Oscar transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 31, almost a month before the official end.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 2019 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth consecutive above-average and damaging season dating back to 2016. However, many were weak and short-lived, especially towards the end of the season. Six of those named storms achieved hurricane status, while three intensified into major hurricanes. Two storms became Category 5 hurricanes, marking the fourth consecutive season with at least one Category 5 hurricane, the third consecutive season to feature at least one storm making landfall at Category 5 intensity, and the seventh on record to have multiple tropical cyclones reaching Category 5 strength. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Subtropical Storm Andrea on May 20, making this the fifth consecutive year in which a tropical or subtropical cyclone developed outside of the official season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Matthew</span>

Hurricane Matthew was the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Felix in 2007 and the southernmost Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record. The system originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 22, and ultimately dissipated as an extratropical cyclone near Atlantic Canada on October 10. Late on September 29, it began a period of explosive intensification that brought it to Category 5 strength early on October 1. It weakened slightly and remained a Category 4 until its landfalls in Haiti and Cuba, afterwards it traversed through the Bahamas and paralleled the coast of Florida until making landfall in South Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane. Matthew later transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone on October 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Ophelia (2017)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2017

Hurricane Ophelia was regarded as the worst storm to affect Ireland in 50 years, and was also the easternmost Atlantic major hurricane on record. The tenth and final consecutive hurricane and the sixth major hurricane of the very active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Ophelia had non-tropical origins from a decaying cold front on 6 October. Located within a favorable environment, the storm steadily strengthened over the next two days, drifting north and then southeastwards before becoming a hurricane on 11 October. After becoming a Category 2 hurricane and fluctuating in intensity for a day, Ophelia intensified into a major hurricane on 14 October south of the Azores, brushing the archipelago with high winds and heavy rainfall. Shortly after achieving peak intensity, Ophelia began weakening as it accelerated over progressively colder waters to its northeast towards Ireland and Great Britain. Completing an extratropical transition early on 16 October, Ophelia became the second storm of the 2017–18 European windstorm season. Early on 17 October, the cyclone crossed the North Sea and struck western Norway, with wind gusts up to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) in Rogaland county, before weakening during the evening of 17 October. The system then moved across Scandinavia, before dissipating over Norway on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Katia (2017)</span> Category 2 hurricane in North Atlantic in 2017

Hurricane Katia was a strong Atlantic hurricane which became the most intense storm to hit the Bay of Campeche since Karl in 2010. The eleventh named storm and sixth hurricane of the exceptionally active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Katia originated on September 5, out of a broad low-pressure area that formed in the Bay of Campeche. Located in an area of weak steering currents, Katia meandered around in the region, eventually intensifying into a hurricane on September 6. The nascent storm eventually peaked as a 105 mph (165 km/h) Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale while it began to move southwestward. However, land interaction began to weaken the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Early on September 9, Katia made landfall near Tecolutla at minimal hurricane intensity. The storm quickly dissipated several hours later, although its mid-level circulation remained intact and later spawned what would become Hurricane Otis in the Eastern Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria</span>

Hurricane Maria was the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record and caused catastrophic damage in Puerto Rico in late September 2017. Originating from a tropical wave, it developed into a tropical depression on September 16 while situated to the east of the Lesser Antilles. Gradual intensification occurred over the next day or two and it strengthened into a tropical storm, which was named Maria. By late on September 17, Maria had intensified into a hurricane. As it approached the island arc, it underwent explosive intensification on September 18, with the hurricane reaching Category 5 intensity as it made landfall on the island of Dominica early on September 19. Land interaction weakened the storm somewhat, although it was able to quickly recover and later peaked that night with sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of 908 mbar (26.8 inHg). Early the next morning it weakened to a high-end Category 4 hurricane before making landfall in Puerto Rico. Maria weakened significantly due to crossing the island, but was able to strengthen somewhat as it passed close to Hispaniola and The Bahamas on September 21–23. Structural changes in the hurricane as it moved further north and close to the Outer Banks in the United States ultimately caused Maria to weaken quickly. Turning away from the United States as a weakened tropical storm, it became extratropical on September 30, dissipating 3 days later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2021 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active Pacific hurricane season, with above-average activity in terms of number of named storms, but below-average activity in terms of major hurricanes, with 17 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes forming in all. It also had a near-normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE). The season officially began on May 15, 2021 in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, and on June 1, 2021, in the Central Pacific in the Northern Hemisphere. The season ended in both regions on November 30, 2021. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific and are adopted by convention. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Andres on May 9, which was the earliest forming tropical storm on record in the Eastern Pacific. Conversely, 2021 was the second consecutive season in which no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteorological history of Hurricane Dorian</span>

Hurricane Dorian was the strongest hurricane to affect The Bahamas on record, causing catastrophic damage on the islands of Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama, in early September 2019. The cyclone's intensity, as well as its slow forward motion near The Bahamas, broke numerous records. The fifth tropical cyclone, fourth named storm, second hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season, Dorian originated from a westward-traveling tropical wave, that departed from the western coast of Africa on August 19. The system organized into a tropical depression and later a tropical storm, both on August 24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Pablo</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2019

Hurricane Pablo was a late-season Category 1 hurricane that became the farthest east-forming hurricane in the North Atlantic tropical cyclone basin on record, beating the previous record set by Hurricane Vince in 2005. The seventeenth tropical/subtropical cyclone and sixteenth named storm of the active 2019 Atlantic hurricane season, Pablo originated from a baroclinic cyclone a few hundred miles west of the Azores Islands. The precursor cyclone formed on October 22, traveling eastward towards the island chain. The system initially had multiple centers of circulation, but they consolidated into one small low-pressure system embedded within the larger extratropical storm. On October 25, the embedded cyclone developed into a subtropical cyclone, receiving the name Pablo. The cyclone continued eastwards, transitioning into a fully-tropical storm later that day. Pablo quickly intensified between October 26 and 27, forming an eye and spiral rainbands. At 12:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on October 27, Pablo intensified into a Category 1 hurricane. The storm continued to strengthen, reaching its peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg) at 18:00 UTC on the same day. The storm quickly weakened the next day, becoming extratropical again, and dissipated on October 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Sam</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2021

Hurricane Sam was a powerful and long-lived Cape Verde hurricane that threatened Bermuda, lasting from late September through early October. It was the fifth longest-lasting intense Atlantic hurricane, as measured by accumulated cyclone energy, since reliable records began in 1966. The eighteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and fourth major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Sam originated from a tropical wave that departed from the western coast of Africa on September 19. The system developed into a tropical depression on September 22, as upper-level winds gradually became more favorable. Intensification was initially slow, with the depression strengthening into Tropical Storm Sam a day later. Soon afterward, the structure of the cyclone quickly improved and rapid intensification began. Sam strengthened into a hurricane on September 24, and reached Category 4 status late on September 25. Sam peaked on September 26 as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 927 mbar (27.4 inHg). The storm turned towards the northwest early on September 27, as it began to weaken due to an eyewall replacement cycle. The hurricane weakened to Category 3 intensity later that day, as its structure decayed. Sam regained Category 4 status early on September 28. Another eyewall replacement cycle on September 29 disrupted the storm once more.

References

  1. ↑ Robbie J. Berg (August 27, 2011). "Tropical Weather Outlook" (TXT). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  2. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain; Eric S. Blake (August 28, 2011). "Tropical Weather Outlook" (TXT). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stacy R. Stewart (January 16, 2012). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katia (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  4. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 29, 2011). Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 3 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  5. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 30, 2011). Tropical Storm Katia Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  6. 1 2 Daniel P. Brown (September 1, 2011). Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 12 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  7. ↑ Robbie J. Berg (September 4, 2016). Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 26 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  8. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (September 5, 2011). Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 29 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  9. ↑ Robbie J. Berg (September 5, 2011). Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 30 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  10. ↑ John P. Cangialosi (September 5, 2011). Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 32 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  11. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain; Richard J. Pasch (September 5, 2011). Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 37 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  12. 1 2 Stacy R. Stewart (September 10, 2011). Post-Tropical Cyclone Katia Discussion Number 50 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  13. ↑ "La houle cyclonique de Katia nous met en vigilance jaune" (in French). September 2, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2016. – via France-Antilles (subscription required)
  14. ↑ The Atlantic Hurricane Season Summary – 2011 Special Focus on Antigua and Barbuda (PDF) (Report). Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Services. April 8, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  15. ↑ Robbie J. Berg (September 4, 2011). Hurricane Katia Public Advisory Number 27 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  16. ↑ Saul Saenz (September 4, 2011). "Tampa man killed while swimming at Ormond Beach". Bay News 9. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  17. ↑ Abigail Curtis (September 11, 2011). "Search suspended for man swept to sea off Monhegan Island". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  18. 1 2 Post-tropical storm Katia – September 2011 (Report). Met Office. September 30, 2016. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  19. ↑ Cathal Dervan (September 12, 2011). "Warnings issued as Hurricane Katia batters Ireland en route to Scotland". Irish Central. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Storm force winds expected over Ireland". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. September 12, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Tropical hurricane heading for Sweden". The Local. September 11, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  22. ↑ Brett Israel (September 12, 2011). "How Often Does Britain Get Hit by Hurricanes?". Live Science. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Thousands left without power as Hurricane Katia hits Ireland". TheJournal.ie. September 12, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Northern Ireland still being hit by Hurricane Katia". BBC News. September 13, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Hurricane Katia brings death and chaos to UK". EveningStandard. September 13, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Tour of Britain: Second stage cancelled because of high winds". BBC News. September 12, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  27. ↑ Петербург оправляется от урагана: повалены десятки деревьев, повреждены автомобили (in Russian). Российское информационное агентство. September 15, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  28. ↑ Ослабевший ураган "Катя" добрался до Санкт-Петербурга (in Russian). KM Онлайн. September 15, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  29. ↑ Ingrid Teesalu (September 14, 2011). "Gales Leave 900 Households Blacked Out". err.ee. Retrieved October 15, 2016.

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Hurricane Katia (2011) at Wikimedia Commons

Hurricane Katia
Katia 2011-09-05 1615Z.png
Hurricane Katia near peak intensity well north of the Virgin Islands on September 5
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.