1945 Homestead hurricane

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The hurricane was first observed on September 12 about 235 miles (380 km) east-northeast of Barbuda in the Lesser Antilles. Around that time, the winds were estimated at 75 mph (120 km/h), and later that day, the Hurricane Hunters recorded peripheral winds of 54 mph (87 km/h). The storm quickly earned the moniker Kappler's hurricane, after the Hurricane Hunters' lead aerial forecaster, Lieutenant Bernard J. Kappler, who first noted the storm. [1] Moving quickly to the west-northwest, the hurricane quickly intensified while passing north of Puerto Rico, reaching the equivalent of a modern-day major hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on September 13. The strength was based on another Hurricane Hunters mission reporting flight-level winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). After passing north of Hispaniola, the hurricane turned toward The Bahamas, approaching or passing over Grand Turk Island at 05:30  UTC on September 14. A station on the island observed a brief lull, along with a minimum barometric pressure of 28.83 inHg (976 mb), during the passage, [2] and nearby Clarence Town reported winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). [3] Gusts of 140 to 150 mph (230 to 240 km/h) were estimated to have impacted Grand Turk and Long islands. [4] While moving through the Bahamas, the hurricane turned more to the northwest. Though quite intense, it was a smaller-than-average storm; it continued intensifying en route to southeastern Florida. [5] At 13:00 UTC on September 15 reconnaissance aircraft entered the eye of the storm and registered a minimum central pressure of 28.29 inHg (958 mb). [6]

At 19:30 UTC the hurricane made landfall on Key Largo, and about a half hour later struck the Florida mainland. [7] The eye of the cyclone passed very close to Homestead Air Reserve Base about an hour after landfall, where a central barometric pressure of 28.09 inHg (951 mb) was recorded, along with a nearly hour-long period of calm conditions. [3] The observation suggested a landfall pressure of 949 mbar (28.0 inHg), and based on the storm's small size, sustained winds of about 130 mph (215 km/h), equivalent to a Category 4 on the current Saffir–Simpson scale. This estimate was substantiated by a gust of 138 mph (222 km/h) at Carysfort Reef Light, on the weaker side of the storm. [5] The hurricane weakened over Florida while curving to the north and north-northeast, although the proximity to water and the passage over the Everglades limited substantial weakening. Hurricane-force winds spread across much of Florida until the storm emerged into the western Atlantic near Ponte Vedra Beach early on September 17. At around 06:00 UTC, the hurricane weakened to tropical storm status. About 11 hours later, it made another landfall on Daufuskie Island, near the border between Georgia and South Carolina, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). [5] After continuing through the southeast United States, the storm became extratropical near the border of North Carolina and Virginia midday on September 18. Although it initially maintained tropical storm-force winds, the former hurricane weakened below gale-force on September 19 while it was near Philadelphia. The storm continued rapidly to the northeast, moving through New England and along the coast of Maine before turning more to the east. Late on September 19, the storm moved across Nova Scotia, passing southeast of Newfoundland the next day. It was last observed late on September 20 dissipating to the east of Newfoundland. [5]

Preparations

Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 16 Hurricane Nine analysis 16 Sep 1945.jpg
Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 16

Although hurricane warnings were initially issued for the Leeward Islands, the cyclone passed north of the Lesser Antilles. [5] In advance of the storm, aircraft were evacuated from the Naval Air Station in Miami, Florida, where hundreds of airplanes left vulnerable locations. [8] [9] Residents were advised to heed advisories in Florida, the Bahamas, and northern Cuba. [10] On September 15, hurricane-force winds were expected to affect areas from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, through the Florida Keys, and hurricane warnings were accordingly released for this region. Storm warnings also extended north to Melbourne and Tampa. [9] Military personnel sought shelter at Hialeah Race Track, while residents boarded homes and evacuated from coastal areas to public structures. [9] Boats were utilized to transport people from barrier islands, and small watercraft were secured along the Miami River. [9] However, Grady Norton, the head of the United States Weather Bureau, stated before the storm that Miami would "miss the worst of it". [11] The American Red Cross reported that 25,000 people sought shelter within their services during the storm. [11] Local officials from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Brunswick, Georgia, ordered evacuations for coastal locations. [12]

Impact, aftermath, and records

In the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, 22 people were killed. [13] The hurricane demolished three-quarters of the structures on Grand Turk Island and caused at least some damage to the remainder. A number of sturdy structures that survived the 1926  and 1928  hurricanes collapsed; century-old trees were laid low and in some cases carried aloft. [2] Some reports indicated that the storm was worse than that in 1926. [14] The cyclone also produced heavy damage on Acklins, Crooked Island, Long Cay, and Long Island, though damages were not reported in Nassau. Numerous homes on the southern tip of Andros were flattened as well. [4] Peak gusts were estimated near 40 mph (64 km/h) in Nassau. After the storm, The Daily Gleaner, in Kingston, Jamaica, initiated a fund to offer aid for residents in the Turks and Caicos Islands. [2]

In South Florida, peak gusts were estimated near 150 mph (240 km/h) at the Army Air Base in Homestead. The strong winds destroyed 1,632 residences across the state, while 5,372 homes received damages. Four deaths were confirmed statewide. [13] The storm was described as the most significant to impact Greater Miami since the 1926 Miami hurricane, but its worst impacts were confined to a comparatively narrower area and were not as severe overall. [15] In Miami, gusts reached 107 mph (172 km/h), and damages were minimal, mostly snapped power lines, compared to communities in southern Dade County. [13] Damages to the Miami area was estimated at $40 million. [11] Blown-off roofs were strewn across a flooded Collins Avenue during the storm, and several watercraft were stranded near Mary Street. [16] An additional fire also destroyed a furniture factory and a tile manufacturing plant in the northwestern portion of downtown Miami. [17] One death was reported in the area, the fire chief of Richmond's fire department, and 26 required hospitalization. Another death was recorded after a schooner ran aground in present-day Bal Harbour, Florida, killing its chief engineer. [11]

The storm's most adverse impacts occurred in a 40-mile-wide (64 km) swath across southern Dade County, principally affecting the communities of Goulds, Redlands, South Miami, Perrine, Kendall, Princeton, Richmond, Homestead, and Florida City. [18] Homestead was mostly flooded underwater, with the first floor of city hall and the fire department completely flooded and nearly all its residences damaged. The historical Horde Hardware building collapsed while a local church was flattened by the winds. [11] Unofficially winds at Homestead Army Air Corps Base reached 145 mph (233 km/h), virtually destroying the airbase. Numerous structures were flattened, including the base exchange, the nurses' dormitory, and enlisted housing facilities. Building 741, the so-called "Big Hangar", was unroofed. The fire station and base laundry were deemed irreparable. The few aircraft left intact were reportedly "tossed about like leaves." [19] At Cutler Ridge a 13.7-foot-high (4.2 m) storm tide was reported. [20] The Florida East Coast Railway station at Goulds collapsed. Crop losses at Homestead were estimated to be $4 million and most of its avocado harvest was destroyed. [11] Dozens of felled Australian pines impeded traffic near Florida City. [21]

Nearly 200 people were injured at the Naval Air Station (NAS) Richmond, when a fire ignited during the storm, affecting three large hangars worth $3 million each and destroying 150 automobiles, 366 airplanes, and 25 blimps; [17] losses at the base were greater than at any other single point in Florida as a result of the storm, owing mostly to the destruction of the hangars. [13] At the NAS Richmond, an anemometer unofficially registered sustained winds of 170 mph (270 km/h) for a couple of minutes, along with a peak gust of 196 mph (315 km/h); these values were not officially accepted as reliable. Based on structural damage peak gusts at the base were believed to have exceeded 161 mph (259 km/h), equivalent to low-end Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale. [22] Steel-framed doors at the NAS incurred structural deformation, which engineers deemed to be consistent with sustained winds of 125–130 mph (201–209 km/h)—an estimate later incorporated into a reanalysis of the storm. [5] [3]

This graphic shows rainfall in the eastern United States from September 13-18, 1945 Pcpn1945091318isohyet.png
This graphic shows rainfall in the eastern United States from September 13–18, 1945

In the Florida Keys, hundreds of residences were damaged.[ citation needed ] On the Overseas Highway a number of boats were grounded and utility poles downed. [21] An elevated weather station at Carysfort Reef observed sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h), suggesting sustained winds of 117 mph (188 km/h) at standard elevation relative to sea level. [5] [nb 1]

Minor reports of damage was reported in Central and Northern Florida, with St. Augustine reporting a 70-mile-per-hour (110 km/h) wind gust. [12] In Charleston, South Carolina, strong winds caused high waves, but the storm arrived at low tide and produced modest damage. [24] An estimated F2 tornado wrecked a logging camp at Gourdin, leaving mattresses in treetops, killing one person, injuring a few others, and causing $100,000 in losses. [25] Rainfall peaked at 8.0 inches (200 mm) at Belton. [26] In Aiken, heavy precipitation caused damage to unpaved streets. [27] Inland, the system produced heavy rainfall over North Carolina, [28] peaking at 14.8 inches (380 mm) in Rockingham, North Carolina, in the period covering September 13–18. [26] Laurinburg reported total rainfall of 11.2 inches (280 mm). [29] This rain led to saturated grounds, allowing new water to spill into streams. Many crop fields and dwellings were flooded near the Cape Fear River as levels rose to record heights. The towns of Moncure, Fayetteville, and Elizabethtown exceeded flood stage levels. Broken dams in Richmond County produced significant flash floods. Few deaths were reported, but economic losses were extensive. [28] In Hopewell, New Jersey, the remnants of the system produced winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), though major damage was not reported. [30]

In the aftermath of the storm, more than 1,000 Red Cross workers were activated in response to the cyclone. [31] A force of 400 German prisoners of war and 200 Bahamian laborers participated in the cleanup process. [11]

Land-based radar at Orlando, Florida, detected the eye of the storm at 05:00 UTC on September 16. [32] When the radar image was taken, it was only the third time in history that a hurricane passed close enough to a radar site to reveal its structure. [33] In 1992  Homestead and its vicinity would once again be severely affected by a tropical cyclone, Hurricane Andrew. A home, sited in Homestead, that was erected in the same year as the 1945 hurricane later registered the lowest pressure associated with Andrew to be measured on land in South Florida. [34] [35] During landfall the 1945 storm was comparable to Andrew track-, size-, and damage-wise. [36]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Saffir–Simpson scale uses an elevation of 10 m (33 ft) above mean sea level. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active season since 1952. The season officially began on June 15, and lasted until November 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first system, an unnamed storm, developed in the Bay of Campeche on June 22. It brought severe local flooding to southeastern Texas and was considered the worst disaster in some towns since a Hurricane in 1945. The unnamed storm moved across the United States for almost a week before dissipating on June 29. In July, Hurricane Abby resulted in minor damage in the Leeward Islands, before impacting a few Central American counties — the remnants of the storm would go on to form Hurricane Celeste in the East Pacific. Later that month, Tropical Storm Brenda caused flooding across much of the East Coast of the United States. The next storm, Hurricane Cleo, caused no known impact, despite its close proximity to land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1961 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1961 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) total of 189, the highest since 1950 and until being surpassed by 1995. The season, however, was an average one in terms of named storms. The season featured eight hurricanes and a well above average number of five major hurricanes. It was previously thought that the season had a record-tying seven major hurricanes, before the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project downgraded two storms in 2019. Two Category 5 hurricanes were seen in 1961, making it one of only eight Atlantic hurricane seasons to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes in one season. The season started on June 15, and ended on November 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first system, an operationally unclassified tropical depression, formed offshore east Central Florida on June 10, but dissipated a few days later. Next, Hurricane Anna developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea near the Windward Islands on July 20. It brought minor damage to the islands in, as well as wind and flood impacts to Central America after striking Belize as a hurricane. Anna caused one death and about $300,000 (1961 USD) in damage. Activity went dormant for nearly a month and a half, until Hurricane Betsy developed on September 2. Betsy peaked as a Category 4 hurricane, but remained at sea and caused no impact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1981 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season featured direct or indirect impacts from nearly all of its 12 tropical or subtropical storms. Overall, the season was fairly active, with 22 tropical depressions, 12 of which became named storms. 7 of those reached hurricane status and a further 3 intensified into major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1981, and lasted until November 30, 1981. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, tropical cyclogenesis can occur before these dates, as demonstrated with the development of two tropical depressions in April and Tropical Storm Arlene in May. At least one tropical cyclone formed in each month between April and November, with the final system, Subtropical Storm Three, becoming extratropical on November 17, 1981.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Donna</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1960

Hurricane Donna, known in Puerto Rico as Hurricane San Lorenzo, was the strongest hurricane of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season, and caused severe damage to the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles, and the East Coast of the United States, especially Florida, in August–September. The fifth tropical cyclone, third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29, spawned by a tropical wave to which 63 deaths from a plane crash in Senegal were attributed. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day. Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly 20 mph (32 km/h) and by September 1, it reached hurricane status. Over the next three days, Donna deepened significantly and reached maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) on September 4. Thereafter, it maintained intensity as it struck the Lesser Antilles later that day. On Sint Maarten, the storm left a quarter of the island's population homeless and killed seven people. An additional five deaths were reported in Anguilla, and there were seven other fatalities throughout the Virgin Islands. In Puerto Rico, severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities, 85 of them in Humacao alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1948 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1948 Atlantic hurricane season featured the first tropical cyclone before the month of June since 1940. The season officially began on June 15, 1948, and lasted until November 15, 1948. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. There were fifteen tropical cyclones; ten systems strengthened into a tropical storm, six storms attained hurricane status, and four storms intensified into major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Operationally, it was believed that a weak tropical disturbance formed over the southeast Bahamas in May and moved northwest into the Georgia coast near Savannah. This system was later excluded from HURDAT. The seventh tropical cyclone was not operationally considered a tropical cyclone, but was later added to HURDAT.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1947 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1947 Atlantic hurricane season was the first Atlantic hurricane season to have tropical storms labeled by the United States Air Force. The season officially began on June 16, 1947, and ended on November 1, 1947. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the first tropical cyclone developed on June 13, while the final system was absorbed by a cold front on December 1. There were 10 tropical storms; 5 of them attained hurricane status, while two became major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. Operationally, the third tropical storm was considered two separate tropical cyclones, resulting in the storm receiving two names. The eighth tropical storm went undetected and was not listed in HURDAT until 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1946 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1946 Atlantic hurricane season resulted in no fatalities in the United States. The season officially began on June 15, 1946, and lasted until November 15, 1946. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the first storm, developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 13, while the final system dissipated just offshore Florida on November 3. There were seven tropical storms; three of them attained hurricane status, while none intensified into major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. This had not occurred since 1940 and would not again until 1968. Operationally, the fifth tropical storm, which existed near the Azores in early October, was not considered a tropical cyclone but was added to HURDAT in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1945 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1945 Atlantic hurricane season produced multiple landfalling tropical cyclones. It officially began on June 16 and lasted until October 31, dates delimiting the period when a majority of storms were perceived to form in the Atlantic Ocean. A total of 11 systems were documented, including a late-season cyclone retroactively added a decade later. Five of the eleven systems intensified into hurricanes, and two further attained their peaks as major hurricanes. Activity began with the formation of a tropical storm in the Caribbean on June 20, which then made landfalls in Florida and North Carolina at hurricane intensity, causing one death and at least $75,000 in damage. In late August, a Category 3 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale struck the Texas coastline, with 3 deaths and $20.1 million in damage. The most powerful hurricane of the season, reaching Category 4 intensity, wrought severe damage throughout the Bahamas and East Coast of the United States, namely Florida, in mid-September; 26 people were killed and damage reached $60 million. A hurricane moved ashore the coastline of Belize in early October, causing one death, while the final cyclone of the year resulted in 5 deaths and $2 million in damage across Cuba and the Bahamas two weeks later. Overall, 36 people were killed and damage reached at least $82.85 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1944 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1944 Atlantic hurricane season featured the first instance of upper-tropospheric observations from radiosonde – a telemetry device used to record weather data in the atmosphere – being incorporated into tropical cyclone track forecasting for a fully developed hurricane. The season officially began on June 15, 1944, and ended on November 15, 1944. These dates describe the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season's first cyclone developed on July 13, while the final system became an extratropical cyclone by November 13. The season was fairly active season, with 14 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. In real-time, forecasters at the Weather Bureau tracked eleven tropical storms, but later analysis uncovered evidence of three previously unclassified tropical storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1935 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1935 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-normal hurricane season. Altogether, ten tropical cyclones developed, eight of which intensified into tropical storms. Five of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricanes, while three of those reached major hurricane intensity. The season ran from June 1 through November 15, 1935.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was the most destructive Atlantic hurricane season since 2005, causing over 1,000 deaths and nearly $50 billion in damage. The season ranked as the third costliest ever at the time, but has since fallen to tenth costliest. It was an above-average season, featuring sixteen named storms, eight of which became hurricanes, and five which further became major hurricanes. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur caused the season to start one day early. It was the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic. Bertha became the longest-lived July tropical cyclone on record for the basin, the first of several long-lived systems during 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane King</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1950

Hurricane King was the most severe hurricane to strike the city of Miami, Florida, since the 1926 Miami hurricane. It was the eleventh tropical storm and the last of six major hurricanes in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone formed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13, and initially moved northeastward, slowly strengthening. Hurricane King crossed Cuba on October 17, causing seven deaths and $2 million in damage (1950 USD). It reached its peak intensity of 130 mph (215 km/h) and subsequently made landfall on downtown Miami. The hurricane damaged 20,861 houses in southern Florida, 580 of them severely, and destroyed a further 248. Further inland, King caused heavy crop damage, particularly to the Citrus industry. After weakening to a tropical storm, King moved across Georgia, where it caused isolated power outages and minor damage. Across the United States, the hurricane left four fatalities and $30 million in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Dennis (1981)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1981

Hurricane Dennis caused severe flooding in Miami-Dade County, Florida, in August 1981. The tenth tropical cyclone and fourth named storm of the season, Dennis developed from a tropical wave well south of Cabo Verde on August 7. The depression intensified into a tropical storm early the next day. Dennis then encountered strong wind shear, causing the storm to weaken to a tropical depression on August 11. After crossing the Windward Islands on August 12, Dennis degenerated into a tropical wave several hours later over the Caribbean Sea. The wave became a tropical depression again late on August 15 while approaching Cuba. Dennis reintensified into a tropical storm before landfall in Matanzas Province. The cyclone emerged into the Straits of Florida on August 16, before striking the Florida Keys and then mainland Monroe County early the next day. It drifted across Florida, reaching the Atlantic near Cape Canaveral on August 19. Dennis continued to intensify and made landfall near Emerald Isle, North Carolina, but moved east-northeastward and soon tracked offshore. Late on August 20, Dennis deepened into a hurricane with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), before weakening to a tropical storm over colder waters on August 21. Dennis became extratropical northeast of Bermuda early on August 22 and persisted until being absorbed by a frontal system on August 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1924 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1924 Atlantic hurricane season featured the first officially recorded Category 5 hurricane, a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds exceeding 155 mph (249 km/h) on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. The first system, Tropical Storm One, was first detected in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on June 18. The final system, an unnumbered tropical depression, dissipated on November 24. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Of the 13 tropical cyclones of the season, six existed simultaneously. The season was average with 11 tropical storms, five of which strengthened into hurricanes. Further, two of those five intensified into major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

The 1891 Martinique hurricane, also known as Hurricane San Magín, was an intense major hurricane that struck the island of Martinique and caused massive damage. It was the third hurricane of the 1891 Atlantic hurricane season and the only major hurricane of the season. It was first sighted east of the Lesser Antilles on August 18 as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm made landfall on the island of Martinique, where it caused severe damage, over 700 deaths and at least 1,000 injuries. It crossed eastern Dominican Republic while tracking on a northwestward direction on August 19–20, passed the Mona Passage on August 20 and the Bahamas on August 22–23. It crossed the U.S. State of Florida and dissipated in the Gulf of Mexico after August 25. Total damage is estimated at $10 million (1891 USD). The storm is considered to be the worst on Martinique since 1817.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1949 Florida hurricane</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1949

The 1949 Florida hurricane, also known as the Delray Beach hurricane, caused significant damage in the southern portions of the state late in the month of August. The second recorded tropical cyclone of the annual hurricane season, the system originated from a tropical wave near the northern Leeward Islands on August 23. Already a tropical storm upon initial observations, the cyclone curved west-northwestward and intensified, becoming a hurricane on August 25. Rapid intensification ensued as the storm approached the central Bahamas early on August 26, with the storm reaching Category 4 hurricane strength later that day and peaking with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) shortly after striking Andros. Late on August 26, the storm made landfall near Lake Worth, Florida, at the same intensity. The cyclone initially weakened quickly after moving inland, falling to Category 1 status early the next day. Shortly thereafter, the system curved northward over the Nature Coast and entered Georgia on August 28, where it weakened to a tropical storm. The storm then accelerated northeastward and became extratropical over New England by August 29. The remnants traversed Atlantic Canada and much of the Atlantic Ocean before dissipating near Ireland on September 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1941 Florida hurricane</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1941

The 1941 Florida hurricane was a compact but strong tropical cyclone that affected the Bahamas, Florida, and the southeastern United States in October 1941. The fifth known storm of the 1941 Atlantic hurricane season, it was first observed to the north of the Virgin Islands on October 3. The storm tracked generally westward, reaching peak winds of 120 miles per hour (193 km/h) before passing through the Bahamas. After weakening somewhat, the storm later passed across southern Florida with winds of 100 mph (161 km/h). The hurricane then emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical storm, but regained hurricane intensity and made another landfall along the Florida Panhandle. Turning northeast, it crossed Georgia and South Carolina, and entered the Atlantic Ocean on October 8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1948 Miami hurricane</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1948

The 1948 Miami hurricane(Air Weather Service designation: Fox) caused no fatalities in Florida, despite moving across the Miami area as a hurricane. The ninth tropical storm and fifth hurricane of the 1948 season, the storm developed from a large low pressure area over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 3. The storm intensified into a tropical storm early the next day and a hurricane several hours later. Fox then significantly deepened, peaking with winds of 125 mph (201 km/h) early on October 5. Around that time, Fox made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba. Fox crossed the island and emerged into the Straits of Florida. Late on October 5, the hurricane struck Bahia Honda Key, Florida, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and two hours later, hit Flamingo. Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale early on October 6. The storm moved northeastward and later curved to the east-northeast. Late on October 7, Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). Fox weakened over the next several days and later executed a large cyclonic loop. By October 16, it became extratropical while well east-southeast of Newfoundland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Andrew</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1992

Hurricane Andrew was a compact, but very powerful and devastating tropical cyclone that struck the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana in August 1992. It was the most destructive hurricane to ever hit Florida in terms of structures damaged or destroyed, and remained the costliest in financial terms until Hurricane Irma surpassed it 25 years later. Andrew was also the strongest landfalling hurricane in the United States in decades and the costliest hurricane to strike anywhere in the country, until it was surpassed by Katrina in 2005.

References

  1. ↑ Written at West Palm Beach, Florida. "Aviators Tell of Fury of Screaming Winds". Miami Herald . Vol. 35, no. 286. Miami, Florida. Associated Press. September 15, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2022– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  2. 1 2 3 Written at Grand Turk Island. "Not A House In Turks Islands Escapes Damage". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica (published September 15, 1945). September 16, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 23 March 2023– via Newspaper Archive.
  3. 1 2 3 Sumner 1946, p. 3.
  4. 1 2 Neely 2019, pp. 572–3.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Multiple sources:
  6. ↑ "Sleepless Weathermen Cling to Charts as Gale Sways Loft". Miami Herald. Vol. 35, no. 287. Miami, Florida. September 16, 1945. p. 12. Retrieved 22 March 2022– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  7. ↑ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ Written at Miami, Florida. "Tropical Wind Nears Florida". The Lima News . Vol. 61, no. 254 (Home ed.). Lima, Ohio (published September 15, 1945). Associated Press. September 14, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 10 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  9. 1 2 3 4 Written at Miami, Florida. "Advance Hurricane Winds Hit Florida". Dunkirk Evening Observer . Vol. 198, no. 64. Dunkirk, New York (published September 16, 1945). United Press International. September 15, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 10 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  10. ↑ Written at Miami, Florida. "Florida On Alert As Gale Sweeps Towards The Keys". The Lewiston Daily News . Vol. 53. Lewiston, Maine (published September 15, 1945). Associated Press. September 14, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Worst Storm Candidate". The Miami News. Vol. 62, no. 82 (Final ed.). Miami. August 4, 1957. p. 27G. Retrieved 22 March 2022– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  12. 1 2 Written at Miami, Florida. "Tropical Storm Loses Its Fury As It Heads North". The St. Petersburg Evening Independent . Vol. 38, no. 271. St. Petersburg, Florida (published September 17, 1945). Associated Press. September 16, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Sumner 1946, p. 4.
  14. ↑ "Great Damage Reported". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. September 15, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 23 March 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  15. ↑ Barnes 1998, pp.  167–8.
  16. ↑ Barnes 1998, p.  168.
  17. 1 2 Written at Miami, Florida. "Violent Hurricane Sweeps Florida". La Crosse Tribune . Vol. 41, no. 121. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Associated Press. September 16, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 11 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  18. ↑ Multiple sources:
  19. ↑ Stokes, Brittany T. (November 2012). "Factsheets: History of Homestead Air Reserve Base". Homestead Air Reserve Base. United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  20. ↑ Multiple sources:
  21. 1 2 Sosin, Milt (September 16, 1945). "Damage Heavy Near Tavernier". The Miami News. Vol. 50, no. 275 (Final ed.). Miami. p. 1A. Retrieved 22 March 2022– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  22. ↑ Tannehill 1952, p.  283.
  23. ↑ Simiu, Vickery & Kareem 2007, p. 1043.
  24. ↑ Written at Charleston, South Carolina. "Atlantic Hurricane Losing Fury After Striking S. Carolina". Charleston Daily Mail . Vol. 105, no. 78 (Final ed.). Charleston, West Virginia. United Press International. September 17, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 25 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  25. ↑ Grazulis 1993, p. 921.
  26. 1 2 USACE 1945, p.  SA 5–27.
  27. ↑ "Worst Fury of Storm Missed Aiken But Some Damage Done". Aiken Daily Standard and Review . Vol. 76. Aiken, South Carolina. September 19, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 11 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  28. 1 2 Hudgins 2000, p. 29.
  29. ↑ Schoner & Molansky 1956, p. 198.
  30. ↑ "Borough Deluged for Two Days". Hopewell Herald. Vol. 70, no. 49. Hopewell, New Jersey. September 19, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 11 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  31. ↑ "Hurricane Lashes Southern Florida". Ogden Standard-Examiner . Vol. 66, no. 40. Ogden, Utah (published September 16, 1945). Associated Press. September 15, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 11 April 2023– via Newspaper Archive. Lock-green.svg
  32. ↑ Tannehill 1952, p.  266.
  33. ↑ "wea01228, Historic NWS Collection". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 19, 2001. Archived from the original on April 18, 2001.
  34. ↑ Edward Rappaport (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew. National Hurricane Center (Preliminary Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 6, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  35. ↑ Clark, Robert H., ed. (April 4, 2018). "History of Homestead Air Reserve Base". Homestead Air Reserve Base . United States Air Force. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  36. ↑ Andrew Hagen; Cristina Carrasco; Sandy Delgado; et al. (June 19, 2013). "Re-analysis of 1941 to 1945 Atlantic hurricane seasons completed" (PDF). National Hurricane Center . Miami: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 8 December 2024.

Sources

Hurricane Nine
1945 Hurricane.jpg
Radar imagery of the hurricane over Florida at 05:00 UTC on September 16
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Tropical cyclones of the 1945 Atlantic hurricane season
1945 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
2
One
TS
Two
TS
Three
TS
Four
3
Five
TS
Six
TS
Seven
TS
Eight
4
Nine
1
Ten
2
Eleven
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.