National Hurricane Center

Last updated

National Hurricane Center
National Hurricane Center.jpg
Front view of the National Hurricane Center headquarters
Agency overview
Formed1965;59 years ago (1965)
Jurisdiction United States government
Headquarters University Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States
25°45′16″N80°23′01″W / 25.75444°N 80.38361°W / 25.75444; -80.38361
Agency executive
  • Mike Brennan, Director
Parent agency NOAA
Website www.nhc.noaa.gov

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) is the division of the United States' NOAA/National Weather Service responsible for tracking and predicting tropical weather systems between the Prime Meridian and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The agency, which is co-located with the Miami branch of the National Weather Service, is situated on the campus of Florida International University in University Park, Miami, Florida. [1] [2]

Contents

The NHC's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) routinely issues marine forecasts, in the form of graphics and high seas forecasts year round, with the Ocean Prediction Center having backup responsibility for this unit. The Technology and Science Branch (TSB) provides technical support for the center, which includes new infusions of technology from abroad. The Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) unit tasks planes, for research and operational purposes, to tropical cyclones during the Atlantic hurricane season and significant weather events, including snow storms, during winter and spring. Research to improve operational forecasts is done through the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project (HFIP) and Joint Hurricane Test Bed (JHT) initiatives.

During the Atlantic and northeast Pacific hurricane seasons, the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) issues routine tropical weather outlooks for the northeast Pacific and northern Atlantic oceans. When tropical storm or hurricane conditions are expected within 48 hours, the center issues watches and warnings via the news media and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio.

Although the NHC is an agency of the United States, the World Meteorological Organization has designated it as the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific, making it the clearinghouse for tropical cyclone forecasts and observations occurring in these areas. If the NHC loses power or becomes incapacitated, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center backs tropical cyclone advisories and tropical weather outlooks for the northeast Pacific Ocean while the Weather Prediction Center backs up tropical cyclone advisories and tropical weather outlooks for the North Atlantic Ocean.

History

Early history

Location of Miami Hurricane Warning Office, depicted by the arrow, 1958-1964 Miamihwo1958.png
Location of Miami Hurricane Warning Office, depicted by the arrow, 1958–1964

The first hurricane warning service was set up in the 1870s from Cuba with the work of Father Benito Viñes. After his death, hurricane warning services were assumed by the United States Signal Corps and United States Weather Bureau over the next decade, first based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C., in 1902. [3] [4]

The central office in Washington, which evolved into the National Meteorological Center and Weather Prediction Center (formerly known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center), assumed hurricane warning/advisory responsibility at that time. This responsibility passed to regional hurricane offices in 1935, and the concept of the Atlantic hurricane season was established to keep a vigilant lookout for tropical cyclones during certain times of the year. Hurricane advisories issued every six hours by the regional hurricane offices began at this time. [5]

The Jacksonville hurricane warning office moved to Miami, Florida, in 1943. Tropical cyclone naming began for Atlantic tropical cyclones using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet by 1947. [6] In 1950, the Miami Hurricane Warning Office began to prepare the annual hurricane season summary articles. [7] In the 1953 Atlantic season, the United States Weather Bureau began naming storms which reach tropical storm intensity with human names. [8]

Building which housed NHC from 1964 to 1978 at the University of Miami (Ungar Building) National Hurricane Center (Old Building) 1964.png
Building which housed NHC from 1964 to 1978 at the University of Miami (Ungar Building)

The National Hurricane Research Project, begun in the 1950s, used aircraft to study tropical cyclones and carry out experiments on mature hurricanes through its Project Stormfury. [9] On July 1, 1956, a National Hurricane Information Center was established in Miami, Florida, which became a warehouse for all hurricane-related information from one United States Weather Bureau office. [10] The Miami Hurricane Warning Office (HWO) moved from Lindsey Hopkins Hotel to the Aviation Building 4 miles (6.4 km) to the northwest on July 1, 1958. [11] Forecasts within the hurricane advisories were issued one day into the future in 1954 before being extended to two days into the future in 1961, three days into the future in 1964, and five days into the future in 2001. [12] The Miami HWO moved to the campus of the University of Miami in 1964, [13] and was referred to as the NHC in 1965. [14] The Miami HWO tropical cyclone reports were done regularly and took on their modern format in 1964. [15]

As the National Hurricane Center

National Hurricane Center directors
DirectorTenureRef.
Gordan Dunn [16]
Robert Simpson [17]
Neil Frank [18]
Bob Sheets [16] [19]
Bob Burpee [20]
Jerry Jarrell [21]
Max Mayfield [22]
Bill Proenza [23]
Edward Rappaport [Note 1] [22]
Bill Read [22]
Richard Knabb [24] [25]
Edward Rappaport [Note 1] [25]
Kenneth Graham [26]
Jamie Rhome [Note 2] [27]
Mike Brennan [28]

Beginning in 1973, the National Meteorological Center duties (renamed the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center; renamed for a second time in 2013) [29] gained advisory responsibility for tracking and publicizing inland tropical depressions. The World Meteorological Organization assumed control of the Atlantic hurricane naming list in 1977. [30] In 1978, the NHC's offices moved off the campus of the University of Miami across U.S. Highway 1 to the IRE Financial Building. [31] Male names were added into the hurricane list beginning in the 1979 season. [32] The hurricane warning offices remained active past 1983. [33]

In 1984, the NHC was separated from the Miami Weather Service Forecast Office, which meant the meteorologist in charge at Miami was no longer in a supervisory position over the hurricane center director. [34] By 1988, the NHC gained responsibility for eastern Pacific tropical cyclones as the former Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center in San Francisco was decommissioned. [35] In 1992, Hurricane Andrew blew the WSR-57 weather radar and the anemometer off the roof of NHC's/the Miami State Weather Forecast offices. [36] The radar was replaced with a WSR-88D NEXRAD system in April 1993 installed near Metro Zoo, [37] near where Hurricane Andrew made landfall.

In 1995, the NHC moved into a new hurricane-resistant facility on the campus of Florida International University, capable of withstanding 130 mph (210 km/h) winds. [38] Its name was changed to the Tropical Prediction Center in 1995. [39] After the name change to TPC, the hurricane specialists were grouped as a separate NHC unit under the Tropical Prediction Center, [39] separating themselves from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch. On October 1, 2010, the Tropical Prediction Center was renamed the NHC, [40] and the group formerly known as the NHC became known as the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU). [41]

Tropical cyclone forecasting uses statistical methods based on tropical cyclone climatology, as well as methods of numerical weather prediction where computers use mathematical equations of motion to determine their movement. [42] [43] The World Meteorological Organization continues to create and maintain the annual hurricane naming lists. Naming lists use a six-year rotation, with the deadliest or most infamous storm names retired from the rotation. [44]

Organization

For the fiscal year of 2008, the budget for the NHC was $6.8 million. [43] The NHC staff has 66 members including 12 managers. [41] The NHC is one of nine national centers which compose the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). [45]

Hurricane Specialist Unit

The HSU operations area comprises four desks (pictured) from which the tropics are monitored National Hurricane Center HSU desk.jpg
The HSU operations area comprises four desks (pictured) from which the tropics are monitored

Known as the NHC from 1995 through 2010, the hurricane specialists within the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) are the chief meteorologists that predict the actions of tropical storms. The specialists work rotating eight-hour shifts from May through November, monitoring weather patterns in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans. Whenever a tropical or subtropical cyclone forms, they issue advisories every six hours until the storm is over. Public advisories are issued more often when the storm expected to be of tropical storm or hurricane intensity threatens land. [46] The specialists coordinate with officials in each country likely to be affected. They forecast and recommend watches and warnings. [47]

During the hurricane season, the HSU routinely issues their Tropical Weather Outlook product, which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones. If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season, the HSU issues special Tropical Weather Outlooks. [48] Backup responsibility for their northeast Pacific area resides at the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC), [49] and vice versa if CPHC were to have communication issues. [50] North Atlantic responsibilities are backed up by the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). [43] Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics, and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future. [51] Outside of the hurricane season, the specialists concentrate on public education efforts. [52]

On April 30, 2020, senior hurricane specialist Lixion Avila retired after working at the NHC since 1987. [53] On January 3, 2022, it was announced that senior hurricane specialist Stacy Stewart, who also served in the U.S. Navy reserves, retired after working at the NHC since 1999. He retired due to surgeries and post-surgical effects after being injured in Iraq. [54]

Hurricane Specialist Unit
Daniel BrownJack Beven, Ph.D.Richard Pasch, Ph.D.Robbie BergJohn CangialosiVacant
Daniel Brown (meteorologist).png
Jack Beven (meteorologist).png
Richard Pasch (meteorologist).png
Robbie Berg (meteorologist).png
John Cangialosi (meteorologist).png
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Branch ChiefSenior Hurricane SpecialistSenior Hurricane SpecialistSenior Hurricane SpecialistSenior Hurricane SpecialistWarning Coordination Meteorologist
Eric BlakeLisa Bucci, Ph.D.Larry KellyDave RobertsPhilippe Papin, Ph.D.Brad Reinhart
Eric Blake (meteorologist).png
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Philippe Papin (meteorologist).png
Brad Reinhart (meteorologist).jpg
Senior Hurricane SpecialistHurricane SpecialistHurricane SpecialistU.S. Navy Hurricane SpecialistHurricane SpecialistHurricane Specialist

Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch

A panoramic view of TAFB's operations at the NHC in 2018 NHC TAFB New.png
A panoramic view of TAFB's operations at the NHC in 2018
The National Weather Service areas of marine weather forecasting responsibility NWSmarinezones.gif
The National Weather Service areas of marine weather forecasting responsibility

The Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB, formerly the Tropical Satellite Analysis and Forecast unit and the Tropical Analysis Center) is a part of the National Hurricane Center and was created in 1967. [55] The TAFB is responsible for high seas analyses and forecasts for tropical portions of the Atlantic and Pacific between the Prime Meridian and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean. [56] Unlike the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU), TAFB is staffed full-time around the year. Other responsibilities of the TAFB include satellite-derived tropical cyclone position and intensity estimates, WSR-88D radar fixes for tropical cyclones, tropical cyclone forecast support, media support, and general operational support. [57] The Ocean Prediction Center backs up TAFB in the event of a communications outage, and vice versa. [58]

Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch
Christopher Landsea, Ph.D.Eric ChristenenAndrew LevineJeffrey LewitskyScott StriplingStephen Konarik
Christopher Landsea (meteorologist).png
Eric Christenen (meteorologist).png
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Jeffery Lewitsky (meteorologist).png
Scott Stripling.jpg
Stephen Konarik.jpg
Branch ChiefLead ForecasterLead ForecasterLead ForecasterLead ForecasterLead Forecaster
Jorge Aguirre-EchevarriaAmanda ReinhartVacantGladys RubioNelsie Ramos, Ph.D.Evelyn Rivera-Acevedo
Jorge Aguirre-Echevarria.jpg
Amanda Reinhart.jpg
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Gladys Rubio (meteorologist).png
Nelsie Ramos (meteorologist).png
Evelyn Rivera-Acevedo.jpg
ForecasterForecasterForecasterForecasterForecasterForecaster
Mike TichacekSandy DelgadoPatrick ChanCassandra MoraAndrew HagenHeather Nepaul, Ph.D.Dylan FlynnAidan Mahoney
Temporary cyclone north.svg
Sandy Delgado.jpg
Patrick Chan.jpg
Cassandra Mora.jpg
Andrew Hagen (meteorologist).png
Heather Nepaul.jpg
Dylan Flynn.jpg
Aidan Mahoney NHC Mahoney NHC.jpg
Aidan Mahoney NHC
Surface Analyst ForecasterSurface Analyst ForecasterSurface Analyst ForecasterSurface Analyst ForecasterSurface Analyst ForecasterSurface Analyst ForecasterSurface Analyst ForecasterPathways Intern

Technology and Science Branch

The Technology & Science Branch (TSB) develops and transitions new tools and techniques into operations for tropical weather prediction in conjunction with other government and academic entities. TSB created and continues development of the Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting (ATCF) system, used to incorporate various data and model outputs, create and update HURDAT, and to generate tropical cyclone forecasts. The TSB provides support for NHC computer and communications systems including its website. TSB maintains a number of statistical and dynamical models used in predicting both tropical cyclone behavior and associated weather conditions. The Storm Surge Unit, which develops and maintains software to forecast the storm surge of tropical cyclones, is part of this branch. [47] The Techniques Development and Applications Unit (TDAU) is part of TSB. [59]

CARCAH

The Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) is a subunit of the 53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (Hurricane Hunters). CARCAH's mission is to provide a point-of-contact and to coordinate all tropical cyclone operational reconnaissance requirements at NHC and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center for the North Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and the North Pacific basin east of the International Date Line in accordance with the National Hurricane Operations Plan (NHOP). During the winter, CARCAH coordinates the Atlantic and Pacific winter storm requirements in support of the National Winter Storms Operations Plan (NWSOP). Missions are flown in advance of the high-impact weather events forecast to affect the U.S., such as heavy snowfall, [47] and at times when there is significant uncertainty within/between numerical weather prediction output. [60]

HLT

The Hurricane Liaison Team (HLT) supports hurricane response through information exchange between the NHC, the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS), and the emergency management community. The HLT is composed of federal, state, and local emergency managers, as well as NWS meteorologists and hydrologists, who maintain open lines of communication about the progress and threat level of the storm with appropriate Federal, state, and local officials. The team establishes and facilitates video and/or teleconferences with the NHC, FEMA and other Federal agencies, state Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs), Weather Prediction Center (WPC), Storm Prediction Center (SPC), and River Forecast Centers (RFCs). [47] During significant landfalling hurricanes, the President of the United States as well as affected city mayors and state governors join the daily briefing call, which occurs at noon Eastern Daylight Time. [61]

Research

As part of their annual tropical cyclone activity, the agency issues a tropical cyclone report on every tropical cyclone in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Ocean basins, which are available since 1958 and 1988, respectively. The report summarizes the synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track of a storm. [62] The reports were formally known as Preliminary Reports up until 1999. [63] The agency maintains archives and climatological statistics on Atlantic and Pacific hurricane history, including annual reports on every tropical cyclone, a complete set of tropical cyclone advisories, digitized copies of related materials on older storms, season summaries published as the Monthly Weather Review, and HURDAT, which is the official tropical cyclone database. [64]

Programs are dedicated to improving the accuracy of tropical cyclone forecasts from the center. The Joint Hurricane Testbed (JHT) is a joint operation between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and United States Weather Research Program to speed up the transfer of tropical cyclone-related research into forecast operations. Since 2001, with its annual budget of between $1.0 and $1.5 million, the JHT has funded 62 initiatives, with most of them being implemented operationally. The projects have had varied success, ranging from minor to significant advances in the way the NHC operates. [65] The Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program's (HFIP) five-year goal is to lead to a 20 percent improvement within the numerical weather prediction models provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction to NHC by 2015 and a 50 percent improvement within tropical cyclone track forecasting and intensity guidance by 2020. [66]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Rappaport served as acting director following the retirements of Proenza and Knabb until a new director was appointed.
  2. ↑ Rhome served as acting director following the promotion of Kenneth Graham to the position of director of the National Weather Service.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclone naming</span> Tables of names for tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to simplify communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin. Once storms develop sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots, names are generally assigned to them from predetermined lists, depending on the basin in which they originate. Some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must contain a significant amount of gale-force winds before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclone warnings and watches</span> Levels of alert issued to areas threatened by a tropical cyclone

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches are alerts issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane intensity. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather Prediction Center</span> United States weather agency

The Weather Prediction Center (WPC), located in College Park, Maryland, is one of nine service centers under the umbrella of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), a part of the National Weather Service (NWS), which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Government. Until March 5, 2013, the Weather Prediction Center was known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC). The Weather Prediction Center serves as a center for quantitative precipitation forecasting, medium range forecasting, and the interpretation of numerical weather prediction computer models.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic hurricane season</span> Tropical cyclone season

The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year, from June 1 through November 30, when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the North Atlantic Ocean. These dates, adopted by convention, encompass the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the basin. Even so, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, and often does occur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific hurricane</span> Mature tropical cyclone that develops within the eastern and central Pacific Ocean

A Pacific hurricane is a tropical cyclone that develops within the northeastern and central Pacific Ocean to the east of 180°W, north of the equator. For tropical cyclone warning purposes, the northern Pacific is divided into three regions: the eastern, central, and western, while the southern Pacific is divided into 2 sections, the Australian region and the southern Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. Identical phenomena in the western north Pacific are called typhoons. This separation between the two basins has a practical convenience, however, as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific due to high vertical wind shear, and few cross the dateline.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dvorak technique</span> Subjective technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity

The Dvorak technique is a widely used system to estimate tropical cyclone intensity based solely on visible and infrared satellite images. Within the Dvorak satellite strength estimate for tropical cyclones, there are several visual patterns that a cyclone may take on which define the upper and lower bounds on its intensity. The primary patterns used are curved band pattern (T1.0-T4.5), shear pattern (T1.5–T3.5), central dense overcast (CDO) pattern (T2.5–T5.0), central cold cover (CCC) pattern, banding eye pattern (T4.0–T4.5), and eye pattern (T4.5–T8.0).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre</span>

A Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) is responsible for the distribution of information, advisories, and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of, agreed by consensus at the World Meteorological Organization as part of the World Weather Watch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclone basins</span> Areas of tropical cyclone formation

Traditionally, areas of tropical cyclone formation are divided into seven basins. These include the north Atlantic Ocean, the eastern and western parts of the northern Pacific Ocean, the southwestern Pacific, the southwestern and southeastern Indian Oceans, and the northern Indian Ocean. The western Pacific is the most active and the north Indian the least active. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones, super typhoons, or major hurricanes.

Tropical cyclone seasonal forecasting is the process of predicting the number of tropical cyclones in one of the world's seven tropical cyclone basins during a particular tropical cyclone season. In the north Atlantic Ocean, one of the most widely publicized annual predictions comes from the Tropical Meteorology Project at Colorado State University. These reports are written by Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2010 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season on record, tied with 1977. The season accumulated the second-fewest ACE units on record, as many of the tropical cyclones were weak and short-lived. Altogether, only three of the season's eight named storms strengthened into hurricanes. Of those, two became major hurricanes, with one, Celia, reaching Category 5 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Despite the inactivity, however, it was the costliest Pacific hurricane season on record at the time, mostly due to Tropical Storm Agatha. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern North Pacific and on June 1 in the central North Pacific. It ended in both regions on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as evidenced by the formation of Tropical Storm Omeka on December 19. This was below normal hurricane season was since 1996, had 9 named storms. Only 2010 had 8 named storms.

The Hurricane Databases (HURDAT), managed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC), are two separate databases that contain details on tropical cyclones that have occurred within the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Pacific Ocean since 1851 and 1949 respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invest (meteorology)</span> Area of weather monitored for cyclones

In meteorology, an invest is a designated area of disturbed weather that is being monitored for potential tropical cyclone development. Invests are designated by three separate United States forecast centers: the National Hurricane Center, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean Prediction Center</span> One of the National Centers for Environmental Predictions service centers

The Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), established in 1995, is one of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's (NCEP's) original six service centers. Until 2003, the name of the organization was the Marine Prediction Center. Its origins are traced back to the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. The OPC issues forecasts up to five days in advance for ocean areas north of 31° north latitude and west of 35° west longitude in the Atlantic, and across the northeast Pacific north of 30° north latitude and east of 160° east longitude. Until recently, the OPC provided forecast points for tropical cyclones north of 20° north latitude and east of the 60° west longitude to the National Hurricane Center. OPC is composed of two branches: the Ocean Forecast Branch and the Ocean Applications Branch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of tropical cyclone terms</span>

The following is a glossary of tropical cyclone terms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Atlantic hurricane warnings</span> Aspect of meteorological history

The history of Atlantic tropical cyclone warnings details the progress of tropical cyclone warnings in the North Atlantic Ocean. The first service was set up in the 1870s from Cuba with the work of Father Benito Viñes. After his death, hurricane warning services were assumed by the US Army Signal Corps and United States Weather Bureau over the next few decades, first based in Jamaica and Cuba before shifting to Washington, D.C. The central office in Washington, which would evolve into the National Meteorological Center and the Weather Prediction Center, assumed the responsibilities by the early 20th century. This responsibility passed to regional hurricane offices in 1935, and the concept of the Atlantic hurricane season was established to keep a vigilant lookout for tropical cyclones during certain times of the year. Hurricane advisories issued every 12 hours by the regional hurricane offices began at this time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System</span> Software used to predict and forecast tropical cyclogenesis and to track tropical cyclones

The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF) is a piece of software originally developed to run on a personal computer for the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) in 1988, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in 1990. ATCF remains the main piece of forecasting software used for the United States Government, including the JTWC, NHC, and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Other tropical cyclone centers in Australia and Canada developed similar software in the 1990s. The data files with ATCF lie within three decks, known as the a-, b-, and f-decks. The a-decks include forecast information, the b-decks contain a history of center fixes at synoptic hours, and the f-decks include the various fixes made by various analysis center at various times. In the years since its introduction, it has been adapted to Unix and Linux platforms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Genevieve (2014)</span> Pacific hurricane and typhoon in 2014

Hurricane Genevieve, also referred to as Typhoon Genevieve, was the first tropical cyclone to track across all three northern Pacific basins since Hurricane Dora in 1999. Genevieve developed from a tropical wave into the eighth tropical storm of the 2014 Pacific hurricane season well east-southeast of Hawaii on July 25. However, increased vertical wind shear caused it to weaken into a tropical depression by the following day and degenerate into a remnant low on July 28. Late on July 29, the system regenerated into a tropical depression, but it weakened into a remnant low again on July 31, owing to vertical wind shear and dry air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclone tracking chart</span> Chart used in plotting tropical cyclone tracks

A tropical cyclone tracking chart is used by those within hurricane-threatened areas to track tropical cyclones worldwide. In the north Atlantic basin, they are known as hurricane tracking charts. New tropical cyclone information is available at least every six hours in the Northern Hemisphere and at least every twelve hours in the Southern Hemisphere. Charts include maps of the areas where tropical cyclones form and track within the various basins, include name lists for the year, basin-specific tropical cyclone definitions, rules of thumb for hurricane preparedness, emergency contact information, and numbers for figuring out where tropical cyclone shelters are open.

References

  1. ↑ "NHC Visitor Information. Archived October 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine ." National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on July 10, 2015. "The National Hurricane Center is co-located with the Miami National Weather Service Forecast Office on the main campus of Florida International University at 11691 S.W. 17th Street, Miami, Florida. This location is about 12 miles west of downtown Miami and 8 miles southwest of Miami International Airport."
  2. ↑ "2010 CENSUS – CENSUS BLOCK MAP: University Park CDP, FL". (Archive). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 10, 2015.
  3. ↑ R. H. Simpson (September 1998). "Stepping Stones in the Evolution of a National Hurricane Policy". Weather and Forecasting. 13 (3): 617–620. Bibcode:1998WtFor..13..617S. doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0617:SSITEO>2.0.CO;2 .
  4. ↑ Staff (June 1959). "WB Hurricane Forecasting Service" (PDF). Weather Bureau Topics. United States Weather Bureau: 102–104. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  5. ↑ Staff (September 22, 1939). "Hurricane Warnings of the U. S. Weather Bureau". Science. 90 (2334): 266. doi:10.1126/science.90.2334.266-a. Archived from the original on September 16, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
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  7. ↑ Grady Norton (January 1951). "Hurricanes of the 1950 Season" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 79 (1): 8. Bibcode:1951MWRv...79....8N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-79.1.8 (inactive November 1, 2024). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
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  9. ↑ Hurricane Research Division (2004). "Hurricane Research Division History". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  10. ↑ Staff (December 1956). Hurricane Warning Service Activities. Archived October 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Weather Bureau Topics. Retrieved on 2012-04-21.
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  13. ↑ Hurricane Research Division (2004). "The STORMFURY Era". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  14. ↑ Staff (January–February 1965). "Miami Center Opens" (PDF). Weather Bureau Topics: 14–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  15. ↑ National Hurricane Center (December 17, 2002). "Storm Wallet Archive". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  16. 1 2 Robert C. Sheets (June 1990). "The National Hurricane Center – Past, Present, and Future". Weather and Forecasting. 5 (2): 196. Bibcode:1990WtFor...5..185S. doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0185:tnhcpa>2.0.co;2 .
  17. ↑ Robert Simpson (1963). "The Disaster Potential Scale". Weatherwise. 27: 169–180.
  18. ↑ "Neil Frank Takes Post in Houston". Gainesville Sun. Associated Press. February 21, 1987. p. 11A. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
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