1935 Atlantic hurricane season

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1935 Atlantic hurricane season
1935 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedMay 15, 1935
Last system dissipatedNovember 14, 1935
Strongest storm
Name Three
(Third most intense hurricane in the Atlantic basin)
 • Maximum winds185 mph (295 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions10
Total storms8
Hurricanes5
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		3
Total fatalities2,761 total
Total damage> $136 million (1935 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937

The 1935 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-normal hurricane season. Altogether, ten tropical cyclones developed, eight of which intensified into tropical storms. Five of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricanes, while three of those reached major hurricane intensity. [nb 1] [2] The season ran from June 1 through November 15, 1935.

Contents

There were five notable systems in 1935. A weakening late-August hurricane sank numerous ships off the coast of Newfoundland, causing 50 fatalities. In early September, the Labor Day hurricane made landfall in Florida twice, the first time as a Category 5 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale, the first Category 5 U.S. landfall on record, resulting in about 490 deaths and $100 million (1935  USD) in damage along its path. [nb 2] It was the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of barometric pressure, a record later surpassed by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, [3] as well as the strongest at landfall by 1-minute sustained winds, a record equalled by Hurricane Dorian in 2019. [4] It is also one of only four Category 5 hurricanes on record to strike the contiguous United States, along with Hurricane Camille (1969), Hurricane Andrew (1992), and Hurricane Michael (2018). [5]

Late in September, the Cuba hurricane struck the country as a Category 3 and later the Bahamas as a Category 4. The hurricane caused 52 fatalities and roughly $14.5 million in damage. The Jérémie hurricane caused significant impacts in Cuba, Haiti, Honduras, and Jamaica in the month of October. Overall, the storm was attributed to about 2,150 deaths and $16 million in damage, with more than 2,000 fatalities in Haiti alone. The Yankee hurricane struck the Bahamas and Florida in early November. The system resulted in 19 deaths, while damage totaled roughly $5.5 million. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season caused roughly $136 million in damage and 2,761 fatalities.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 106 units, [6] slightly higher than the 1931–1943 average of 91.2. [7] ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here. [6]

Timeline

1935 Yankee hurricane1935 Jérémie hurricane1935 Cuba hurricane1935 Labor Day hurricaneSaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale1935 Atlantic hurricane season

Systems

Tropical Storm One

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm One surface analysis May 17, 1935.png   1935 Atlantic tropical storm 1 track.png
DurationMay 15 – May 18
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1003  mbar  (hPa)

Historical weather maps and ship data indicate that a low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression about 105 mi (170 km) south of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, at 00:00  UTC on May 15. [2] The depression moved north-northwestward and made landfall in Santo Domingo Este, Dominican Republic, about 12 hours later. After emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near the Turks and Caicos Islands, the cyclone intensified and became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC on May 16. The storm then began to curve northeastward and accelerate. [8] On May 18, the Dutch ship Magdala observed sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.6 inHg), marking the storm's peak intensity. The system was absorbed by a frontal boundary by 00:00 UTC on May 19, [2] about 860 mi (1,385 km) east-southeast of Bermuda. [8]

Hurricane Two

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Two surface analysis August 21, 1935.png   1935 Atlantic hurricane 2 track.png
DurationAugust 16 – August 25
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
< 955  mbar  (hPa)

Data from ships and nearby Windward Islands indicate that a tropical depression formed approximately 275 mi (445 km) southeast of Barbados around 06:00 UTC on August 16. [2] [8] The depression tracked north-northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on August 18, while situated between the islands of Antigua and Barbuda. Continuing north-northwestward, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane while north of the Lesser Antilles at 00:00 UTC on August 19. Curving west-northwest, the storm gradually intensified into a Category 2 hurricane the following day. On August 20, the system began to curve northward and later north-northeastward. The cyclone peaked with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) on August 22, but weakened to a minimal Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (195 km/h) by the time it passed just west of Bermuda later that day. On August 24, the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane and began to turn more northward. Continuing to curve northwestward on August 25, the system continued to weaken to a Category 1 hurricane, later striking Newfoundland as an extratropical cyclone on August 26. The storm dissipated later that day. [8]

Called Newfoundland's "worst gale in 36 years," [9] the remnants of the hurricane battered the island with damaging winds. [9] Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island received 5.6 in (140 mm) of rain over a three-day span. In St. John's, Newfoundland, wind gusts averaged 52 mph (83 km/h) and caused extensive property damage. Total losses were estimated in the thousands of dollars. [10] Communication lines across the island were downed, though the greatest effects were felt offshore. [9] Gale-force winds and rough seas wrecked multiple schooners off the coast of Newfoundland, claiming an estimated 50 lives. [11] Every ship that set sail within a day of the storm was damaged. [12] Six people drowned when Walter sank near Trepassey. [13] The SS Argyle was dispatched on search and rescue for three other vessels; however, upon discovery of the ships they reported no sign of life and their crew are believed to have been washed overboard. [14] In the days following the storm, wrecks of schooners, such as the Carrie Evelyn, washed ashore. [11]

Hurricane Three

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Labor Day hurricane 1935-09-04 weather map.gif   1935 Labor Day hurricane track.png
DurationAugust 29 – September 6
Peak intensity185 mph (295 km/h) (1-min);
892  mbar  (hPa)

The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935

An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on August 29 while situated roughly 200 mi (320 km) northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands. [2] [8] The depression initially strengthened slowly as it moved west-northwestward and then westward, reaching tropical storm intensity by early on August 31. Later that day and on the following day, the system passed through the Bahamas and reached hurricane intensity around 12:00 UTC on September 1. After passing near the south end of Andros Island, the storm rapidly intensified while moving across the Straits of Florida, achieving major hurricane status by 06:00 UTC on the next day. At approximately 00:00 UTC on September 3, the cyclone intensified into a Category 5 hurricane, with winds peaking at 185 mph (295 km/h). [8] Around that time, a weather station on Craig Key, Florida, observed a barometric pressure of 892  mbar (26.3  inHg ), the lowest in relation to the storm. [2] About two hours later, the hurricane made landfall on Long Key at the same intensity. The storm made its final landfall on the sparsely populated Apalachee coast near Cedar Key on September 4 as a Category 2 hurricane. Turning northeast, the system weakened to a tropical storm over Georgia on September 5, but re-intensified into a hurricane on September 6 shortly after emerging into the Atlantic offshore Virginia. The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day, [8] but persisted until being absorbed by another extratropical cyclone offshore southern Greenland on September 10. [2]

In the Bahamas, the press stated that no damage occurred, though one report indicated that the storm caused some damage in extreme southern Andros Island. [2] The Florida Climatological Data report notes that islands in the vicinity of the storm's landfall location "undoubtedly" experienced sustained winds between 150 and 200 mph (240 and 320 km/h) and gusts "probably exceeding" 200 mph (320 km/h). Additionally, tides reached about 30 ft (9.1 m) above mean water level, [2] while a storm surge of 18 to 20 ft (5.5 to 6.1 m) lashed the Upper Keys. [15] A train intending to evacuate people to safety arrived too late; storm surge prevented the train from advancing past Islamorada and instead washed it off the tracks except for the locomotive and tender. The hurricane caused near total destruction of all buildings, bridges, roads, and viaducts between Tavernier and Key Vaca, including portions of the Florida East Coast Railway in the Upper Keys. [16] Also heavily impacted were three Federal Emergency Relief Administration camps of World War I veterans. By March 1, 1936, officials had confirmed 485 deaths in the Florida Keys, with 257 veterans and 228 civilians killed. [17] Along Florida's gulf coast, the hurricane impacted Cedar Key particularly severely. Nearly all roofs experienced at least minor damage, many of which were blown off, while winds also downed many trees and power lines. The cyclone also severely damaged docks and fishing vessels. Three deaths occurred in the town. [2] Rains and winds damaged some crops and properties in Georgia and the Carolinas. In Virginia, one tornado in Norfolk caused about $22,000 in property damage while a second near Farmville resulted in about $55,000 in damage and two deaths. Further, flooding along the James River inflicted damage around $1.65 million. [2] Overall, the hurricane caused approximately $100 million in damage. [18]

Tropical Storm Four

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm Four surface analysis September 1, 1935.png   1935 Atlantic tropical storm 4 track.png
DurationAugust 30 – September 2
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1001  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean on August 30. The system moved westward and soon made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula near Playa del Carmen. [8] After emerging into the Bay of Campeche on the following day, the cyclone intensified into a tropical storm. By early on September 1, the system peaked with sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Around 18:00 UTC that day, the storm made landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz to the southeast of the city of Veracruz. [8] After moving inland, the storm quickly weakened to a tropical depression early on September 2, before dissipating several hours later. [8] Authorities closed the Port of Veracruz. [19] A weather station in the city of Veracruz recorded sustained winds up to 67 mph (108 km/h). [2] Heavy rains generated by the system washed out train tracks, delaying railroad traffic. [19]

Hurricane Five

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
1935 Cuba hurricane analysis 29 Sep.png   1935 Atlantic hurricane 5 track.png
DurationSeptember 23 – October 5
Peak intensity140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);
< 945  mbar  (hPa)

The Cuba Hurricane of 1935

The origin of this hurricane is uncertain, though it is believed to have coalesced into a tropical depression over the central Caribbean Sea on September 23. [20] The disturbance gradually organized as it moved to the west, and strengthened to tropical storm intensity less than a day after formation and further to a hurricane by September 25. The cyclone subsequently curved northward from its initial westward motion. On September 27, the storm reached major hurricane intensity before making landfall near Cienfuegos, Cuba, as a Category 3 hurricane the next day. [8] [20] After passing the island, the system reintensified and peaked with a minimum barometric pressure below 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg) [nb 3] and maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h), making it a Category 4 hurricane. At the same time, the tropical cyclone passed over the Bahamian island of Bimini before moving out to sea. As it progressed northeastward, the hurricane gradually weakened before transitioning into an extratropical storm on October 2. The extratropical remnants traversed Newfoundland before dissipating later that day. [8] [20]

The hurricane caused widespread destruction from destruction from the Greater Antilles to Atlantic Canada. [21] In Jamaica, the storm's strong winds and heavy rain destroyed roughly 3 percent of the island's banana production and damaged road networks. [22] Damage on the island country totaled to $2.7 million and two people died. [23] In Cayman Brac, strong winds damaged infrastructure and crops, though no fatalities resulted. [21] Most of the cyclone's deaths occurred in Cuba, where the storm made its first landfall. The hurricane's effects left a 100 mi (160 km) wide swath of damage across the country. [24] A large storm surge destroyed low-lying coastal towns, particularly in Cienfuegos where numerous homes were destroyed and 17 people died. [25] [26] Throughout the nation, the hurricane wrought $12 million in damage and killed 35 people. [21] As it crossed Cuba, widespread evacuation procedures occurred in southern areas of Florida, heightened due to the effects of a disastrous hurricane which struck less than a month prior. [27] [28] However, damage there was only of moderate severity. [21] Passing directly over Bimini in The Bahamas, a large storm surge destroyed nearly half of the island; 14 people were killed here. [20] Farther north, the storm had slight impacts in Bermuda and Atlantic Canada, though a person drowned off of Halifax, Nova Scotia, due to rough seas. [29]

Hurricane Six

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
1935 Atlantic hurricane 6 map October 24.jpg   1935 Atlantic hurricane 6 track.png
DurationOctober 18 – October 27
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
988  mbar  (hPa)

A broad low-pressure area organized into a tropical depression over the southwestern Caribbean around 12:00 UTC on October 18. [8] [2] Initially moving eastward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm roughly 24 hours later. The cyclone then began to curve north-northeastward and move very slowly. Around 13:00 UTC on October 21, the system made landfall in Jamaica near the Morant Point Lighthouse with winds of 60 mph (100 km/h). The storm reached hurricane intensity early on October 22 and made landfall near Santiago de Cuba later that day with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Although the storm curved southwestward and re-entered the Caribbean, land interaction with Cuba weakened it to a tropical storm early on October 23. [8] The storm re-intensified into a hurricane about eight hours later. [8] On October 26, it made landfall in Honduras near Cabo Gracias a Dios as a Category 1 hurricane. The cyclone maintained intensity after moving inland before weakening to a tropical storm on October 26, eventually weakening to a tropical depression on October 27 over interior Central America. The system dissipated shortly thereafter. [8]

Flooding and landslides in Jamaica damaged crops, property, and infrastructure; fruit growers alone suffered about $2.5 million in losses. [30] Just offshore, an unidentified vessel went down with her entire crew in the hostile conditions. [31] Strong winds lashed coastal sections of Cuba, particularly in and around Santiago de Cuba. There, the hurricane demolished 100 homes and filled streets with debris. [32] A total of four people died in the country. [2] In Haiti, the storm did most damage along the Tiburon Peninsula of southwestern Haiti, especially in Jacmel and Jérémie. [33] Catastrophic river flooding left roughly 2,000 people dead, [31] razed hundreds of native houses, and destroyed crops and livestock. [33] Entire swaths of countryside were isolated for days, delaying both reconnaissance and relief efforts. [34] The hurricane later unleashed devastating floods in Central America, chiefly in Honduras. [31] Reported at the time to be the worst flood in the nation's history, the disaster decimated banana plantations and communities after rivers flowed up to 50 ft (15 m) above normal. [35] Torrents of floodwaters trapped hundreds of citizens in trees, on rooftops, and on remote high ground, requiring emergency rescue. [36] The storm left thousands homeless and around 150 dead in the country, [31] while monetary damage totaled $12 million. [37] Flooding and strong winds also impacted northeastern Nicaragua, though damage was much less widespread. [31]

Hurricane Seven

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Seven surface analysis November 4, 1935.png   1935 Atlantic hurricane 7 track.png
DurationOctober 30 – November 8
Peak intensity105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
964  mbar  (hPa)

The Yankee Hurricane of 1935 or The Miami Hurricane of 1935

A tropical storm of extratropical origins formed about 220 mi (355 km) east of Bermuda around 06:00 UTC on October 30. [38] [8] The storm steadily intensified and moved west-northwestward, passing about 55 mi (90 km) north of Bermuda early on October 31. After reaching hurricane intensity around 12:00 UTC on the next day, the cyclone curved west-southwestward. The system then turned south-southwestward by early on November 3, around the time that it reached Category 2 strength. Peaking with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 964 mbar (28.5 inHg) shortly thereafter, the storm curved southwestward later that day while approaching the Bahamas. Just after 00:00 UTC on November 4, the hurricane struck North Abaco at the same intensity. The cyclone then continued west-southwestward and made landfall in Miami-Dade County, Florida, near present-day Bal Harbour around 18:00 UTC on November 4 with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). The storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico early the following day and weakened to a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on November 6 while beginning to curve west-northwestward. Thereafter, the system decelerated and curved westward late on November 7, at which time it weakened to a tropical depression. By 12:00 UTC on November 8, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 140 mi (230 km) west of St. Petersburg, Florida, and dissipated several hours later. [8]

While the storm passed north of Bermuda on October 31, a weather station recorded sustained winds of 35 mph (56 km/h). [2] Hurricane-force winds lashed the Abaco Islands for approximately 1–3 hours, while Grand Bahama observed sustained winds of 60 mph (97 km/h). On the former, the storm sank five sponging vessels and caused 14 deaths. [38] The storm is known as the Yankee hurricane in Florida due to its unusual approach toward Florida from the north and its arrival late in the season. [39] In Florida, storm surge and abnormally high tides flooded and eroded portions of Miami Beach, including about 10 ft (3.0 m) of the causeway linking the city to Miami. [38] However, little structural damage occurred except to buildings with defect roofs. [40] In Hialeah, considered the worst hit city in the Miami area, approximately 230 homes suffered complete destruction, while many others sustained damage. Among the others buildings severely damaged or destroyed in the city included two churches, a building occupied by two businesses, and a warehouse. [41] The storm uprooted 75 percent of avocado trees and 80 percent of citrus trees, while floodwaters inundated about 95 percent of potatoes in Miami-Dade County. [40] In Broward County, the town of Dania Beach appeared to suffer the worst damage in the county, with approximately 90 percent of buildings damaged to some degree there. [42] Throughout the county, the hurricane damaged at least 40 homes beyond repairs, while over 350 homes suffered minor damages requiring repairs. [40] A total of 5 deaths were reported, along with injuries to 115 people. The hurricane caused approximately $5.5 million in damage in Florida, $4.5 million of which was incurred to properties. [38]

Tropical Storm Eight

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm Eight surface analysis November 7, 1935.png   1935 Atlantic tropical storm 8 track.png
DurationNovember 3 – November 14
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1001  mbar  (hPa)

Based on historical weather maps, a weak trough developed into a tropical depression about 215 mi (345 km) northeast of Bermuda around 00:00 UTC on November 3. [2] [8] The cyclone initially moved northeastward and reached tropical storm intensity around 18:00 UTC. [8] On November 4, the system attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg), the latter being observed by a ship. [2] The storm curved southeastward late on November 4 and then southwestward about 24 hours later. Late on November 6, the system turned to the west. On the following day as the cyclone began turning south-southwestward, [8] a weather station on Bermuda observed sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h). [2] The storm weakened to a tropical depression early on November 9 and began to execute a cyclonic loop. Around 12:00 UTC on November 10, it re-intensified into a tropical storm. The storm completed its cyclonic loop by November 12 and resumed moving south-southwestward. Around 06:00 UTC on November 13, the cyclone fell below tropical storm intensity again and dissipated early on November 14 while located about 300 mi (485 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. [8]

Other systems

In addition to the eight gale-force systems identified within HURDAT, two other cyclones were classified as tropical depressions. The first of these developed over the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 23. On this day, a ship observed sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h)—the highest in relation to the system. The lowest observed pressure of 1008 mbar (hPa; 29.77 inHg) was recorded on August 25. Researchers at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted that the system may have become a weak tropical storm, but a lack of concrete evidence prevented classification as such. Remaining nearly stationary for four days, the depression finally moved northeast on August 27 and made landfall over the Florida Panhandle. The system weakened once onshore and dissipated over Georgia on August 29. The second depression was identified near the Cape Verde Islands on October 2. A nearly stationary system, the depression lingered for three days before diminishing. Ships on October 2 reported sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a pressure of 1006 mbar (hPa; 29.71 inHg). The depression may have been a tropical storm, but this could not be conclusively assessed. [43]

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed during the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their names, duration, peak strength, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1935 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TDTSC1C2C3C4C5
1935 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name		Dates activeStorm category
at peak intensity		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)		Min.
press.
(mbar)		Areas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRef(s)
OneMay 15–18Tropical storm60 (95)1003 Hispaniola MinimalNone
TwoAugust 16–25Category 4 hurricane130 (215)< 955 Lesser Antilles, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada Unknown50 [11]
DepressionAugust 23–29Tropical depression35 (55)1008 Southeastern United States NoneNone
"Labor Day" August 29 – September 6Category 5 hurricane185 (295)892 Bahamas, Southeastern United States (particularly the Florida Keys), Northeastern United States $100 million490 [17] [2] [18]
FourAugust 30 – September 2Tropical storm60 (95)1001 Mexico MinimalNone
Five September 23 – October 2Category 4 hurricane140 (220)< 945 Jamaica, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda, Newfoundland$14.5 million52 [23] [21] [20] [29]
DepressionOctober 2–5Tropical depression35 (55)1006NoneNoneNone
Six October 18–27Category 1 hurricane85 (140)988Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua $16 million2,150 [30] [32] [34] [37]
Seven October 30 – November 8Category 2 hurricane105 (165)964Bahamas, Florida$5.5 million19 [38]
EightNovember 3–14Tropical storm45 (75)1001BermudaNoneNone
Season aggregates
10 systemsMay 15 – November 14 185 (295)892>$136 million2,761 

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [1]
  2. ↑ All damage figures are in 1935 USD, unless otherwise noted
  3. ↑ A pressure of 945  mbar (hPa; 27.91  inHg) was observed on Bimini island in the Bahamas; however, this value was not measured in the hurricane's eye and indicates the storm was even more intense. [20]

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The 1927 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive season, with eight tropical storms, four of which became hurricanes. One of these became a major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on August 13, while the final cyclone, a tropical storm, merged with a cold front on November 21. No hurricane made landfall in the United States, in contrast to the four that struck the U.S. in the previous season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1921 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1921 Atlantic hurricane season was an active hurricane season, with 12 tropical cyclones forming. Among them, seven became tropical storms, of which five strengthened into hurricanes. Furthermore, two of these strengthened into a major hurricane, Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, the most since the 1917 season. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on June 1, while the last, a tropical storm, dissipated on November 25. Of note, three tropical cyclones co-existed with another during the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1920 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1920 Atlantic hurricane season featured tropical storms and hurricanes only in the month of September. The first system, a hurricane, developed on September 7 while the last, a tropical depression, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 27. Of note, four of the six cyclones co-existed with another tropical cyclone during the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1919 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1919 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic on record, featuring only five tropical storms. Of those five tropical cyclones, two of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening into a major hurricane Two tropical depressions developed in the month of June, both of which caused negligible damage. A tropical storm in July brought minor damage to Pensacola, Florida, but devastated a fleet of ships. Another two tropical depressions formed in August, the first of which brought rainfall to the Lesser Antilles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1913 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1913 Atlantic hurricane season was the third consecutive year with a tropical cyclone developing before June. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on May 5 while the last transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 30. Of note, the seventh and eighth cyclones existed simultaneously from August 30 to September 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1912 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season that featured the first recorded November major hurricane. There were eleven tropical cyclones, seven of which became tropical storms; four of those strengthened into hurricanes, and one reached major hurricane intensity. The season's first cyclone developed on April 4, while the final dissipated on November 21. The season's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm, known as the Jamaica hurricane. It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica, leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage. The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1904 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1904 Atlantic hurricane season featured no tropical cyclones during the months of July and August. The season's first cyclone was initially observed in the southwestern Caribbean on June 10. After this storm dissipated on June 14, the next was not detected until September 8. The sixth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone offshore South Carolina on November 4. Two of the six tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1901 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1901 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active season without a major hurricane – tropical cyclones that reach at least Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – until 2013. The first system was initially observed in the northeastern Caribbean on June 11. The fourteenth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near Bermuda on November 5. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Eight of the fourteen tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. It was the second most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, and the most extreme in the satellite era. Officially, the season began on June 1, 2005 and ended on November 30, 2005. These dates, adopted by convention, historically delimit the period in each year when most tropical systems form. The season's first storm, Tropical Storm Arlene, developed on June 8. The final storm, Tropical Storm Zeta, formed in late December and persisted until January 6, 2006. Zeta is only the second December Atlantic storm in recorded history to survive into January, joining Hurricane Alice in 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. An above-average Atlantic hurricane season, it was the first on record to have a major hurricane in every month from July to November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. This Atlantic hurricane season saw a near-record number of named tropical storms. This extremely active season followed four consecutive years in which there was below normal activity. The season officially began on June 1, 1995 and ended on November 30, 1995. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical systems form. The season's first system, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 3; its last, Hurricane Tanya, became extratropical on November 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual hurricane season in the north Atlantic Ocean. For the third year in a row there were 19 named storms. The season officially began on June 1, 2012, and ended on November 30, 2012, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. Surprisingly, two preseason storms formed: Alberto on May 19, and Beryl on May 26. This was the first such occurrence since the 1951 season. The final storm to dissipate was Sandy, on October 29. Altogether, ten storms became hurricanes, of which two intensified into major hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record, in terms of number of systems. It featured a total of 31 tropical or subtropical cyclones, with all but one cyclone becoming a named storm. Of the 30 named storms, 14 developed into hurricanes, and a record-tying seven further intensified into major hurricanes. It was the second and final season to use the Greek letter storm naming system, the first being 2005, the previous record. Of the 30 named storms, 11 of them made landfall in the contiguous United States, breaking the record of nine set in 1916. During the season, 27 tropical storms established a new record for earliest formation date by storm number. This season also featured a record ten tropical cyclones that underwent rapid intensification, tying it with 1995, as well as tying the record for most Category 4 hurricanes in a singular season in the Atlantic Basin. This unprecedented activity was fueled by a La Niña that developed in the summer months of 2020, continuing a stretch of above-average seasonal activity that began in 2016. Despite the record-high activity, this was the first season since 2015 in which no Category 5 hurricanes formed.

References

  1. ↑ Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 23, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Christopher W. Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  3. ↑ Hensen, Bob. "Remembering the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 in the Florida Keys". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  4. ↑ Jeff Masters (August 30, 2019). "How Might Cat 4 Dorian Compare to the Great Florida Keys Labor Day Hurricane of 1935?". Weather Underground. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  5. ↑ Hurricane Camille - August 17, 1969 (Report). National Weather Service Mobile, Alabama. August 2019. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  6. 1 2 "Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  7. ↑ Christopher W. Landsea; et al. (August 15, 2014). "A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database" (PDF). Journal of Climate. 27 (16). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 6111. Bibcode:2014JCli...27.6093L. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00503.1 . S2CID   1785238 . Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. 1 2 3 "Worst Gale In 36 Years Lashes Newfoundland; 40 Persons Are Missing". The News-Palladium. Associated Press. August 28, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved November 27, 2015– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  10. ↑ "1935 – [Hurricane One]". Environment Canada. Canadian Hurricane Centre. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 "NFLD. Gale Toll Elevated To 50 After Checkup". The Winnipeg Tribune. Canadian Press Cable. August 29, 1935. p. 3. Retrieved November 27, 2015– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  12. ↑ "Patrol Beaches After Gale To Locate Bodies". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. Associated Press. August 29, 1935. p. 10. Retrieved March 14, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  13. ↑ "Storm Lashes Coast; Death Toll Unknown". Miami Daily News-Record. Associated Press. August 26, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved November 27, 2015– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  14. ↑ "Crews Of 4 Schooners Feared Lost As Gale Hits Newfoundland". The Index-Journal. Associated Press. August 27, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved November 27, 2015– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  15. ↑ Craig Setzer (September 8, 2017). "Irma Draws Comparison To Great Labor Day Hurricane Of 1935". WFOR-TV. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  16. ↑ W.F. McDonald (September 1, 1935). "The Hurricane of August 31 to September 6, 1935" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 63 (9). Washington, D.C.: American Meteorological Society: 269. Bibcode:1935MWRv...63..269M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1935)63<269:THOATS>2.0.CO;2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2017. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  17. 1 2 Florida Hurricane Disaster: Hearings Before the Committee On World War Veterans' Legislation, House of Representatives, Seventy-fourth Congress, Second Session (Report). World War Veterans' Legislation. 1936. p. 332. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  18. 1 2 "A look back: Five of Florida's worst hurricanes". New Haven Register. August 30, 2019. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  19. 1 2 "Small Boats Feared Lost in Gulf of Mexico Storm". The Knoxville Journal. Associated Press. September 3, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved March 6, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Christopher Landsea; et al. (December 2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1935 Storm Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 W.F. McDonald (September 1, 1935). "West Indian Hurricane, September 23 To October 2, 1935" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 63 (9). Washington, D.C.: American Meteorological Society: 271–272. Bibcode:1935MWRv...63..271M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1935)63<271:WIHSTO>2.0.CO;2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Banana Crop Damaged". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 27, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  23. 1 2
  24. ↑ Haas, Lawrence S. (September 28, 1935). "300 Cubans Injured". Berkeley Daily Gazette. United Press. p. 1. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Relief Rushed". The Deseret News. Associated Press. September 28, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Storm Leaves 37 Dead And 300 Hurt In Cuba". The Meriden Daily Journal. Associated Press. September 30, 1935. p. 8. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Storm Warnings Hoisted in Florida; Hurricane Threat". The Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. September 28, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Keys Evacuated As Danger Becomes Known". The Miami News. September 28, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  29. 1 2 "1935 – [Hurricane Four]". Environment Canada. Canadian Hurricane Centre. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  30. 1 2 "Cuba Clearing Storm Debris". The Racine Journal-Times. Associated Press. October 23, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 W.F. McDonald (October 1935). "The Caribbean Hurricane of October 19–26, 1935" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 63 (10). Washington, D.C.: American Meteorological Society: 294–295. Bibcode:1935MWRv...63..294M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1935)63<294:TCHOO>2.0.CO;2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  32. 1 2 "Hurricane on Way Out to Sea". The Olean Times-Herald. October 23, 1935. p. 10. Retrieved March 7, 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  33. 1 2 "Death Toll May Reach 1,000 In Haiti Hurricane-Flood; 200 Bodies Are Recovered". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Associated Press. October 27, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  34. 1 2 "1500 Feared Dead in Haiti Flood". The Salt Lake Tribune. United Press International. October 27, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  35. ↑ "Deaths in Honduras". Montana Butte Standard. Associated Press. October 28, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved March 7, 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  36. ↑ "Many Trapped by High Water in Honduras". The Daily Mail. Associated Press. October 29, 1935. p. 12. Retrieved March 7, 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  37. 1 2 Edward W. Pickard (November 8, 1935). "News Review of Current Events the World Over". The Bode Bugle. Retrieved March 7, 2020. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Willis E. Hurd (November 1935). "The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 63 (11). Washington, D.C.: American Meteorological Society: 316–318. Bibcode:1935MWRv...63..316H. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1935)63<316:TAOMHO>2.0.CO;2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  39. ↑ Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1958). "The Florida Keys, 1935". Rinehart and Company. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  40. 1 2 3 "Work of Repairing is Moving Forward". Miami Herald. November 6, 1935. p. 4-A. Retrieved March 7, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  41. ↑ "Work of Repairing is Moving Forward". Miami Herald. November 6, 1935. p. 5-A. Retrieved March 7, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  42. ↑ "Repair Work Begun in Broward County". Miami Herald. November 6, 1935. p. 5-A. Retrieved March 7, 2020– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  43. ↑ Christopher Landsea; et al. (December 2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1935 Storm Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
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